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somnifacient

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Facial reconstruction of a 2,500-year-old mixed Koban-Scythian woman from... Ghazhara-Yurt, Ingushetia (Nesterovsky burial) The Nesterovsky burial ground, one of the type-sites of the eastern variant of the Koban culture, was discovered and partially damaged in 1938. The Eastern Koban variant developed from the main Central Koban tradition through interactions with the Kayakent-Kharachoy culture, the latter likely representing a Northeast Caucasian-speaking population, possibly Nakh. Regarding the Nesterovsky burial ground in particular, E. I. Krupnov noted the presence of mixed Koban and Scythian elements. The Koban culture was a major Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age culture of the Central Caucasus, renowned for its advanced bronze metallurgy and craftsmanship. It bordered the Proto-Maeotian culture in the west and the Kayakent-Kharachoy culture in the east. The language of the Koban population remains unknown. Some scholars, including Valentina Ivanovna Kozenkova, have proposed a Kartvelian affiliation based on the culture's origins in the Great Liakhvi Basin (such as the site of Tlia in Georgia, the prototypical and one of the longest-inhabited Koban site, which has archaeological parallels with the even older site of Brili to the west), although no direct linguistic evidence has survived. Genetic studies reveal high levels of CHG ancestry and a predominance of Y-DNA haplogroup G2a1 within the main Koban genetic cluster. Similar genetic profiles are found among populations associated with the Late Bronze Age expansion of Kartvelian-speaking groups into eastern Georgia. Together with archaeological parallels, particularly similarities between Colchian and Koban axe forms, this evidence supports a possible Kartvelian connection. A facial reconstruction was created by Mikhail Gerasimov based on one of the best-preserved cranium from the Nesterovsky burial ground. Gerasimov noted her overall gracility and very pronounced Europoid features, a characteristic trait of the Koban population. However, he also observed that this individual differed from typical Koban crania in its large absolute dimensions (188 mm cranial length, 148 mm cranial breadth, and 140 mm bizygomatic breadth). On this basis, Gerasimov agreed with the archaeological interpretation that individuals from the Nesterovsky burial ground possessed a Scythian component. Koban ceramics and metal artifacts have been discovered in Scythian burials, while Scythian-style akinakai and a masterpiece of the Koban variant of the Scythian animal style - sword chapes depicting an elk - have likewise been found in Koban graves. Metallographic studies have shown that, after adopting the akinakes from the Scythians, Koban craftsmen quickly learned to manufacture such weapons themselves, employing even more advanced production techniques. The Scythians left a significant imprint on Koban culture, while the local Koban population also influenced Scythian cultural development - as seen in Kobanian ceramics and metal objects found in Scythian burials. The initial contact was likely military in nature and probably involved armed conflict, although clear archaeological evidence of such clashes has not yet been identified. Aside from the Scythians, the Koban population maintained contacts with the tribes of the Colchian cultural-historical sphere to the south, including tribes inhabiting the territory of modern Svaneti, through passes like Donguzorun/Babis mta and Becho, while also participating, alongside the Scytho-Cimmerians, in campaigns against the Kingdom of Urartu.show more