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Facial reconstruction of a 8,500-year-old man from Kennewick, Washington, USA Kennewick Man was discovered on July 28, 1996, by two college students, Will Thomas and David Deacy, while wading in the Columbia River near Kennewick during a hydroplane race. Thomas found a human skull in shallow water about 3 meters from shore. Police and archaeologist James Chatters later recovered about 350 bones and fragments, forming a nearly complete skeleton. The cranium was intact with all teeth present. All major bones were recovered except the sternum and a few hand and foot bones. Chatters determined the individual was a tall (170–176 cm), muscular but slender male aged about 40–55. Isotope analysis of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen showed that for roughly the last 20 years of his life he relied heavily on marine mammals and drank glacial meltwater, suggesting a highly mobile, water-oriented lifestyle possibly connected to the northern Pacific coast, even as far as Alaska. He also had arthritis in his right elbow, knees, and several vertebrae, along with healed injuries including a fractured rib and cranial depressions. Early cranial comparisons by Chatters and others suggested similarities to the Ainu, Polynesians, and so-called Caucasoids, leading to controversy regarding the origins of Kennewick Man. However, racial undifferentiation in archaic human remains is common, and many Paleo-Indian and even archaic Eurasian remains show similar morphological affinities. Later genetic tests concluded that his genome was nested within the diversity of contemporary Native Americans. The study determined that Kennewick Man belonged to a population closely related to present-day Native Americans. His Y-DNA was Q1b1a1a1e1a1, a common Native American haplogroup. His mtDNA was X2a, which is also found among Northern Native Americans, while other branches of haplogroup X appear in Eurasia, particularly in the Middle East. This mtDNA lineage was likely introduced by a later wave of migrants into the Americas, as it is absent among the earliest known settlers.

Ancestral Whispers

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