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A STUDENT TURNED A FRUIT FLY BRAIN INTO AN AI AGENT AND STEERS IT WITH HER BARE HAND Google and HHMI Janelia spent 10 years mapping the nervous system of 1 male fruit fly, and on September 3 they released the whole map for free. 166,700 neurons and 24.5M...

102,643 просмотров • 3 дней назад •via X (Twitter)

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a real fly brain saw its 40th video 3 seconds ago. it did not choose any of them. it never will. that's FLYTOK. I open-sourced a live simulation of a real fruit fly connectome and gave it a phone. here's exactly what 166,700 neurons do while you scroll: THE WIRING MaleCNS v1.0. the reconstructed central nervous system of a real male Drosophila. 166,700 neurons. 25,582,938 directed connections. 124,177,617 synaptic contacts. nothing cropped. no "simplified 1,000-neuron version" running behind the scenes. the whole graph is in memory on every single step. THE LOCK the app checksums the connectome against SHA-256 before it's allowed to boot. one array off by a byte and the brain refuses to start. you are either watching the real MaleCNS graph or you are watching nothing. THE SPIKES every neuron is a leaky integrate-and-fire cell. crosses −45 mV, it fires. the spike lands 1.8 ms later. 2.2 ms of silence, then it's live again. the network advances in 0.1 ms steps inside a compiled C++ kernel. roughly 1.2 million spikes per simulated second. THE EYES the browser captures the phone at 90×160 pixels. brightness drives 3,335 R1–R6 photoreceptors. color drives 811 R8 cells, blue and green. each one is placed on the screen by inferring its eye column from its real connections onto L1, L2, L3. real input, through real visual wiring. it's measurable. same brain, same saved state. 100 ms of white produced 127,378 spikes. black produced 92,952. the screen changes the brain. THE ALGORITHM while a video plays, I inject a fixed current into all 15 PAM11 dopamine neurons in the mushroom body. that's it. that's the whole trick. matched 200 ms control: 0 PAM11 spikes. drive on: 261. live, it sits at 85–97 Hz for as long as the feed runs. the fly does not earn it. an app decided watching one more should feel good. THE PLASTICITY 7,835 Kenyon-cell connections onto MBON07 and MBON11 can change. dopamine fires while Kenyon cells were active, those synapses weaken, floored at 10% and never flipping sign. after one stimulated run, 3,087 of them no longer matched their original weight. freeze it and they stay put. restore a checkpoint, replay the input, identical spikes bit for bit. THE SWIPE every 3 seconds the front right leg reaches up and strokes the screen, on the same 900 ms timeline as the video transition. wings, legs and head turns come from actual motor firing, MN9, DNp09, left-vs-right DNa02. those are real. the swipe is not. the fly never decides to swipe. the feed decides for it. ONE BRAIN this isn't a video of a simulation. it's the simulation. there is exactly one brain on one server. whoever loads the page first becomes its eyes and supplies the frames. everyone else watches the same brain react in real time. no video, no input, it just waits. no data, no numbers, the overlay shows nothing. it never invents a reading to look alive. THE HONEST PART the wiring is real. the physiology is approximate. the eyes are approximate. the dopamine is artificial. the feed is on a timer. the learning rule is unvalidated on this connectome. nothing here shows the fly enjoys it, prefers it, is addicted, or experiences anything at all. no living fly was involved. it took a few hundred lines of glue code to build a loop out of a screen, a timer and a reward signal wired to the right cells. imagine what an industry with a budget can do. open source. MaleCNS under CC BY 4.0. runs on your own machine, 16 GB RAM and a few GB of disk. the fly is still scrolling. nobody is coming to take the phone away. links in the reply.

sopersone

37,608 просмотров • 7 дней назад

I've been editing this article about "brain mapping" and connectomics, and I'm just stunned by how quickly the cost estimates to map, say, a mouse brain have plummeted in just the last couple years. It actually seems feasible that we could map the entire human brain -- all 86 billion neurons, and their connections -- in this lifetime. In the 1970s, Sydney Brenner started mapping all the connections between neurons in C. elegans. His team sliced the worm into thin pieces, took photos using an electron microscope, and manually traced and reconstructed each synapse for 302 neurons total. This project took more than a decade of work, and it cost about $16,500 to reconstruct each neuron. Scaling this up to a human brain boggles the mind. Electron microscopy remained the norm in connectomics for decades, because it was the only option available to see synapses at a resolution high enough to be able to trace their paths. Each electron microscope costs several hundreds of thousands of dollars, though, and you need lots of them to map even a mouse brain in a reasonable timeframe. In 2023, the Wellcome Trust released a report estimating how long, and how expensive, it would be to map the mouse connectome (~70M neurons). They estimated that imaging alone would cost $200-300M, and that proofreading (or ensuring that traces between neurons are correct) would cost $7-21 BILLION. (A human can only manually trace about 1 mm of neuron per hour.) Also, the images would occupy about 500 petabytes of data, and getting those data would require 20 electron microscopes running in parallel for about 5 years, continuously. They estimated the whole project would take about 17 years of work. This is, understandably, insane. But now it seems like there's an actual path toward mapping the full mouse brain in about five years for ~$100M dollars. There have been three major breakthroughs in the last year or so: 1/ Expansion microscopy, first developed in 2015, showed that it's possible to "enlarge" the brain by about 5x using a swellable polymer. But an improved method increases this number to >20x expansion, meaning we can now expand brains and image neurons much more easily using cheap light microscopes, rather than expensive electron ones. 2/ E11 Bio (a nonprofit research org) developed protein barcodes that get delivered into brain tissue; each neuron gets a unique combination of barcodes. These cells are then stained with colorful antibodies, which stick to a matching protein barcode, causing each neuron to light up in a distinct color. This makes tracing neurons so much easier. 3/ Google Research released PATHFINDER this May, an AI-based neuron tracing tool that can proofread about 67,200 cubic microns of brain tissue per hour, with very high accuracy. It works on electron micrographs, but something similar could be presumably be developed for the E11 / colorful tag approach. This is an extremely exciting time for neuroscience. (C. elegans connectome below.)

Niko McCarty.

67,050 просмотров • 9 месяцев назад

LEONARDO, also called LEO, was built by researchers at Caltech’s Center for Autonomous Systems and Technologies. Its full name means LEgs ONboARD drOne. The idea is simple but unusual: • Build a small biped robot • Give it drone-style thrust • Use the legs for ground contact • Use the propellers for balance and lift • Combine walking, hopping and flying in one system LEO is basically a hybrid between a walking robot and a flying drone. How it was built: • Two lightweight legs • Three actuated joints in each leg • Four propeller thrusters near the shoulders • A lightweight body • Leg motors for ground movement • Propellers for balance, lift and aerial control • Real-time control software that synchronizes the legs and propellers How it walks: • The legs move the robot forward • The feet touch the ground like a normal biped • The propellers constantly correct balance from above • The robot can stay upright even in unstable situations • The thrust reduces the risk of falling during difficult motions How it flies: • The legs stop being the main locomotion system • The four propellers generate lift • The robot behaves more like a drone • It can take off, fly over obstacles and land back on its legs What makes it different: • It does not walk like a normal humanoid • It does not fly like a normal drone • It blends both systems • The legs handle contact with the ground • The propellers act like fast stabilizers • The control system decides how much help comes from the legs and how much comes from thrust That is why LEO can: • Walk • Hop • Fly over obstacles • Ride a skateboard • Balance on a slackline The key idea is walking with aerial stabilization.

Techniahqrobot | humanoid robots

135,515 просмотров • 2 месяцев назад