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Another Circle

38,837 görüntüleme • 3 ay önce •via X (Twitter)

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Facial reconstruction of a 3,600-year-old Mycenaean Greek In the middle of the 20th century, archaeologists discovered in Mycenae Grave Circle B, another royal cemetery that preceded Grave Circle A. The burial complex was discovered accidentally in 1951 when workers were excavating a nearby 13th-century BCE tomb known as the Tomb of Clytemnestra. Grave Circle B consists of 26 graves, dated to 1675–1550 BC, including 14 shaft graves. The shafts, up to 12 meters deep, were marked by burial mounds or stone stelae. The cemetery was probably used for about 100 years. The remains of 35 individuals were found in the graves. The large number of undisturbed graves allowed archaeologists to gain insight into the life of the Mycenaean elite of that time. In the women’s graves, many ornaments were found: earrings, necklaces, and gold and silver pins. Alongside the male skeletons were swords, daggers, and arrowheads; men’s clothing was decorated with gold. In one of the graves, a helmet made entirely of boar’s tusks was discovered. There are more female skeletons than male ones, and overall the female burials are richer. A unique find is a posthumous mask made of electrum, which was not placed on the deceased’s face but kept in a wooden box beside him. Another interesting artifact is a duck-shaped bowl made of rock crystal. Unlike the remains from Grave Circle A, the skeletons from the burials of Grave Circle B are well preserved. The bones of the men show traces of combat injuries, suggesting that some of these individuals likely died in battle. As early as the 1950s, it was suggested that members of several (probably four) noble families were buried in Cemetery B over 3–4 generations. To test this hypothesis, in 1995 anthropologists reconstructed faces from seven skulls found in the burials. Researchers discovered a clear resemblance between two individuals — Z59 and F51 — and divided the seven buried individuals into three groups: “heart-shaped,” “elongated,” and “beak-shaped” faces. In 2008, a genetic study was conducted on 22 skeletons from Grave Circle A. Samples were taken from mandibles and clavicles. Mitochondrial DNA was successfully obtained from four individuals, showing that a man and woman from the same grave (where the posthumous mask was found) were brother and sister. Researchers believe that both men and women of the royal lineage in this ancient society inherited power by right of birth. The skull of an individual from grave Sigma (Σ131) is particularly well preserved. It is the only one in which the lower jaw was present. It is believed that he may have been the founder of the dynasty that established this cemetery, since his grave is one of the earliest in Circle B. There were no pottery or metal objects in his grave, but the burial was marked by a large heap of stones. The anthropologist Lawrence Angel reckoned that he lived to be about 55 years old, judging from the exostoses on his shoulders and feet. Although today these would not be considered precise indicators of age—and his dental age may have been slightly younger than 55—he was still the oldest of all those buried in Circle B. Angel described him as a massively built man, big enough to draw attention in a crowd, and estimated his height at 1.75 m. He suffered from osteoporosis and had a large abscess above the upper right permanent lateral incisor.

Ancestral Whispers

143,631 görüntüleme • 4 ay önce

The Circle 🐜 Nobody told the ant about the circle. That, as far as anyone can tell, is the whole problem. A researcher named Kostowski – this was in the early 1970s, at a laboratory in Warsaw that smelled permanently of formaldehyde and institutional coffee – discovered quite by accident that if you draw a continuous line around an ant using a felt-tip pen, the ant will not cross it. It will walk right up to the line, pause with what appears to be genuine philosophical unease, and turn back. It will do this indefinitely. For hours. Sometimes for days. The ant is not stupid. Let’s be clear about that. The creature you are looking at in this photograph – this tiny, improbable machine of chitin and chemical signals, this six-legged marvel that can carry fifty times its own body weight and navigate by polarized light – has a brain roughly the size of a pinhead, and yet that brain contains approximately 250,000 neurons dedicated entirely to making sense of the world. It has survived as a species for 130 million years. It watched the dinosaurs arrive, flourish, and disappear, and then went back to work. And yet here it is. Trapped by a drawing. The reason is chemistry, not cognition. Ants navigate by pheromones – volatile chemical compounds that their legs read like a blind man reads braille. When they encounter the solvent in a felt-tip pen, something in their nervous system fires an alarm. The signal says: boundary. The signal says: edge of the known world. And the ant, loyal to its chemistry in the way that all of us are loyal to ours, obeys. This is the part that stays with you if you think about it too long. The ant’s prison has no walls. No bars. No lock. It is made entirely of information – a chemical whisper laid down by a felt-tip marker – and the ant cannot see past it, because it has no framework for doing so. The circle is not a circle to the ant. The circle is simply: where the world ends. I find myself thinking about this more than is probably healthy. We are, most of us, walking around inside our own circles. They were drawn for us gradually, by parents and teachers and early disappointments, by the limits of what we saw done and the boundaries of what we were told was possible. We bump up against them occasionally – in those moments when a job offer from another city seems too frightening, or a new idea feels somehow presumptuous – and we turn back. Not because anything is stopping us. Because the world, as far as we can tell, simply ends there. The ant in the photograph is walking the inner edge of its circle with a kind of purposeful calm that is almost admirable. It has not given up. It is still looking. It is still moving. It simply cannot conceive of a direction that leads out. Kostowski, for what it’s worth, eventually just picked the ant up and moved it. Sometimes that’s what it takes. Gandalv / Gandalv

Gandalv

28,294 görüntüleme • 4 ay önce