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Bacteria Flagellar Motor #learnontiktok #intelligentdesign #evolution #molecular #nanomachine #learning #funfacts #biotok #science #stem #3danimation #atp #biochemistry #coolscience #simulation #atpsynthase #ATP #blender3d A cut-open E. coli slice simulated based on real structures and biology, every molecule you see is a real one: its shape was worked out atom by atom...

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What sunlight actually hits inside a leaf #photosynthesis #chloroplast #molecularbiology #biochemistry #scienceanimation #learnontiktok #learning #funfacts #coolscience #simulation #nanomachine #biotok #science #3danimation From a leaf to the atoms that catch the light, in one continuous dive. Every molecule here is a real structure from crystallography and cryo-EM: photosystem II (the water-splitting machine), cytochrome b6f, photosystem I, and ATP synthase, the rotary motor that makes ATP. Red and blue photons land on the antenna, the energy hops chlorophyll to chlorophyll into P680, electrons flow across the membrane, and protons spin the rotor.#atpsynthase #ATP #atp
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What sunlight actually hits inside a leaf #photosynthesis #chloroplast #molecularbiology #biochemistry #scienceanimation #learnontiktok #learning #funfacts #coolscience #simulation #nanomachine #biotok #science #3danimation From a leaf to the atoms that catch the light, in one continuous dive. Every molecule here is a real structure from crystallography and cryo-EM: photosystem II (the water-splitting machine), cytochrome b6f, photosystem I, and ATP synthase, the rotary motor that makes ATP. Red and blue photons land on the antenna, the energy hops chlorophyll to chlorophyll into P680, electrons flow across the membrane, and protons spin the rotor.#atpsynthase #ATP #atp

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The tiniest engine on Earth#learnontiktok #atpsynthase #flagellum #biotok #funfacts #biology #nanomachine #learning #molecularbiology #coolscience #scienceanimation #molecularmotor #stem Powered by a natural outboard engine, a bacterium relies on flowing protons to spin its flagellum hundreds of times a second through water. Inside, thousands of nanomachines operate in a dense labyrinth of DNA that spans a thousand times the cell's length. As food grows scarce, surface receptors trigger a messenger that reverses the motor. The cell tumbles, recalibrates, and races off in a new direction. By repeating this cycle, these invisible organisms successfully hunt for food and navigate their environment.
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The tiniest engine on Earth#learnontiktok #atpsynthase #flagellum #biotok #funfacts #biology #nanomachine #learning #molecularbiology #coolscience #scienceanimation #molecularmotor #stem Powered by a natural outboard engine, a bacterium relies on flowing protons to spin its flagellum hundreds of times a second through water. Inside, thousands of nanomachines operate in a dense labyrinth of DNA that spans a thousand times the cell's length. As food grows scarce, surface receptors trigger a messenger that reverses the motor. The cell tumbles, recalibrates, and races off in a new direction. By repeating this cycle, these invisible organisms successfully hunt for food and navigate their environment.

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Zorya, the bacterial defense system that reels in a virus’s DNA and shreds it A virus lands on a bacterium, locks on with its tail fibres, drives its needle through the cell wall and pumps its genome inside. The cell was ready. Its defense system, Zorya, works like a motor: a flow of protons spins a long tail inside the cell, the spinning tail winds up the incoming viral DNA like a winch, and two enzymes arrive to cut it to pieces. The virus is left empty on the surface. The cell lives. Zorya was discovered by scientists in 2025, and it’s named after the Slavic goddess of the dawn, the guardian who keeps watch. Every bacterium carries defenses like this; this is what one of them looks like in action. #flagellarmotor #atpsynthase #learning #coolscience #molecularbiology #flagellum #scienceanimation #molecularmotor #biotok #phage #bacteria #virus #immunesystem #microbiology #molecularbiology #sciencevisualization #zorya #biology #science#learnontiktok #stem
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Zorya, the bacterial defense system that reels in a virus’s DNA and shreds it A virus lands on a bacterium, locks on with its tail fibres, drives its needle through the cell wall and pumps its genome inside. The cell was ready. Its defense system, Zorya, works like a motor: a flow of protons spins a long tail inside the cell, the spinning tail winds up the incoming viral DNA like a winch, and two enzymes arrive to cut it to pieces. The virus is left empty on the surface. The cell lives. Zorya was discovered by scientists in 2025, and it’s named after the Slavic goddess of the dawn, the guardian who keeps watch. Every bacterium carries defenses like this; this is what one of them looks like in action. #flagellarmotor #atpsynthase #learning #coolscience #molecularbiology #flagellum #scienceanimation #molecularmotor #biotok #phage #bacteria #virus #immunesystem #microbiology #molecularbiology #sciencevisualization #zorya #biology #science#learnontiktok #stem

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Your Cells Have Tiny Rotating Motors. Right now, trillions of microscopic motors are spinning inside you. ATP synthase is a real molecular machine. Protons flow through it and spin its rotor at up to 100 turns per second. Every turn makes 3 ATP, the energy that keeps you alive. Scientists filmed it spinning in 1997, and the discovery won a Nobel Prize. 🧬⚡ Follow for more incredible machines that keep you alive! #science #biology #ATP #mitochondria #cells #molecularbiology #biochemistry #sciencefacts
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Your Cells Have Tiny Rotating Motors. Right now, trillions of microscopic motors are spinning inside you. ATP synthase is a real molecular machine. Protons flow through it and spin its rotor at up to 100 turns per second. Every turn makes 3 ATP, the energy that keeps you alive. Scientists filmed it spinning in 1997, and the discovery won a Nobel Prize. 🧬⚡ Follow for more incredible machines that keep you alive! #science #biology #ATP #mitochondria #cells #molecularbiology #biochemistry #sciencefacts

novextri

38,200 Aufrufe • vor 28 Tagen

This is why science is the GOAT. I’m officially a super fan of SpudCell. Scientists at the University of Minnesota just built a cell entirely from nonliving chemical components and then watched it grow, replicate its DNA, and divide. A complete cell cycle for the first time in history. No one has ever gotten a synthetic cell to divide before. This news is making big waves in the scientific community in both directions. For example, the paper was submitted to the journal Cell, but was rejected with one of the reviewers stating that SpudCells “weren’t real biology.” But here’s what IS true: for the first time, a fully defined chemical system, where every single molecule is known, executed a complete cell cycle. Chemical components were induced to become biology, in a lab, on purpose. And Adamala is releasing all 190 pages of her methodology and data so any synthetic biologist in the world can build their own. #science #biology #mindblown #breakingnews
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This is why science is the GOAT. I’m officially a super fan of SpudCell. Scientists at the University of Minnesota just built a cell entirely from nonliving chemical components and then watched it grow, replicate its DNA, and divide. A complete cell cycle for the first time in history. No one has ever gotten a synthetic cell to divide before. This news is making big waves in the scientific community in both directions. For example, the paper was submitted to the journal Cell, but was rejected with one of the reviewers stating that SpudCells “weren’t real biology.” But here’s what IS true: for the first time, a fully defined chemical system, where every single molecule is known, executed a complete cell cycle. Chemical components were induced to become biology, in a lab, on purpose. And Adamala is releasing all 190 pages of her methodology and data so any synthetic biologist in the world can build their own. #science #biology #mindblown #breakingnews

Dr. Harini Bhat, PharmD

455,300 Aufrufe • vor 4 Monaten

DNA relication machinery #learnontiktok #atpsynthase #flagellum #biotok #funfacts #biology #nanomachine #learning #molecularbiology #coolscience #scienceanimation #molecularmotor #biochemistry #stem Every time a bacterium divides, it must copy more than four million letters of DNA with astonishing accuracy. Behind this feat is a molecular assembly line called the replisome. At the front is the helicase, a ring-shaped motor made of six subunits. Fueled by ATP, it races along the DNA, pulling apart the double helix and exposing two single strands. But exposed DNA is unstable. Single-strand binding proteins quickly coat the strands, keeping them separated and protecting them until they can be copied. Now comes the copying machinery: two DNA polymerases, one for each strand. Each polymerase grips the DNA through a sliding clamp, a molecular ring that keeps it attached while it adds thousands of new DNA letters. But there's a problem. DNA polymerases can only build in one direction: from 5′ to 3′. At the replication fork, that creates two very different jobs. The leading strand runs in the right direction, allowing its polymerase to follow the helicase and copy DNA continuously. The lagging strand faces the opposite direction. It must be copied in short, separate pieces called Okazaki fragments. First, primase lays down a short RNA primer, creating a starting point for DNA synthesis. Then comes the clamp loader. Powered by ATP, it opens a sliding clamp, positions it around the primer, and snaps it shut, ready for the next round of copying. The lagging-strand polymerase then grabs the new clamp and starts building an Okazaki fragment. As synthesis continues, the DNA template loops out, forming a remarkable trombone-like structure. Once the polymerase reaches the previous fragment, it releases the DNA and jumps to a freshly loaded clamp to start again. Flexible tau proteins connect both polymerases and the helicase to the clamp loader, coordinating the entire machine into one synchronized molecular factory. Together, they can copy roughly a thousand DNA letters every second. And accuracy is just as remarkable as speed. A proofreading subunit catches many incorrectly paired letters and removes them before they become permanent mistakes. Finally, the RNA primers are removed and replaced with DNA, and DNA ligase seals the remaining gaps, joining all the fragments into one continuous strand. Two complete DNA molecules, copied from one, ready for the next generation.
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DNA relication machinery #learnontiktok #atpsynthase #flagellum #biotok #funfacts #biology #nanomachine #learning #molecularbiology #coolscience #scienceanimation #molecularmotor #biochemistry #stem Every time a bacterium divides, it must copy more than four million letters of DNA with astonishing accuracy. Behind this feat is a molecular assembly line called the replisome. At the front is the helicase, a ring-shaped motor made of six subunits. Fueled by ATP, it races along the DNA, pulling apart the double helix and exposing two single strands. But exposed DNA is unstable. Single-strand binding proteins quickly coat the strands, keeping them separated and protecting them until they can be copied. Now comes the copying machinery: two DNA polymerases, one for each strand. Each polymerase grips the DNA through a sliding clamp, a molecular ring that keeps it attached while it adds thousands of new DNA letters. But there's a problem. DNA polymerases can only build in one direction: from 5′ to 3′. At the replication fork, that creates two very different jobs. The leading strand runs in the right direction, allowing its polymerase to follow the helicase and copy DNA continuously. The lagging strand faces the opposite direction. It must be copied in short, separate pieces called Okazaki fragments. First, primase lays down a short RNA primer, creating a starting point for DNA synthesis. Then comes the clamp loader. Powered by ATP, it opens a sliding clamp, positions it around the primer, and snaps it shut, ready for the next round of copying. The lagging-strand polymerase then grabs the new clamp and starts building an Okazaki fragment. As synthesis continues, the DNA template loops out, forming a remarkable trombone-like structure. Once the polymerase reaches the previous fragment, it releases the DNA and jumps to a freshly loaded clamp to start again. Flexible tau proteins connect both polymerases and the helicase to the clamp loader, coordinating the entire machine into one synchronized molecular factory. Together, they can copy roughly a thousand DNA letters every second. And accuracy is just as remarkable as speed. A proofreading subunit catches many incorrectly paired letters and removes them before they become permanent mistakes. Finally, the RNA primers are removed and replaced with DNA, and DNA ligase seals the remaining gaps, joining all the fragments into one continuous strand. Two complete DNA molecules, copied from one, ready for the next generation.

iJEP Studio

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For the first time in history, GPT-6 Astra created a fly that is simply a fly. Not a chatbot pretending to be a fly. Not a simplified animation. A digital fly running its own connectome brain, perceiving a real room through its own senses and interacting with the environment using the power of AR. The entire loop is surprisingly wild: Spectacles capture the retina, light rays, hands, and the surrounding room → the room is converted into an inventory → sensory information is fed into the fly’s neural system → the MaleCNS connectome processes it → descending neurons and motor pools generate actions → the commands return to the Spectacles → wings, legs, and head respond. In other words, the fly sees through its own eyes, processes the world through its own simulated brain, and acts through its own virtual body. We are moving from AI that generates outputs to AI that actually has a body, senses, a brain, and a closed perception-action loop. The 🪰 is no longer just simulated. It is experiencing a world The developer Pavlo Tkachenko is pinned below in the post
0:28

For the first time in history, GPT-6 Astra created a fly that is simply a fly. Not a chatbot pretending to be a fly. Not a simplified animation. A digital fly running its own connectome brain, perceiving a real room through its own senses and interacting with the environment using the power of AR. The entire loop is surprisingly wild: Spectacles capture the retina, light rays, hands, and the surrounding room → the room is converted into an inventory → sensory information is fed into the fly’s neural system → the MaleCNS connectome processes it → descending neurons and motor pools generate actions → the commands return to the Spectacles → wings, legs, and head respond. In other words, the fly sees through its own eyes, processes the world through its own simulated brain, and acts through its own virtual body. We are moving from AI that generates outputs to AI that actually has a body, senses, a brain, and a closed perception-action loop. The 🪰 is no longer just simulated. It is experiencing a world The developer Pavlo Tkachenko is pinned below in the post

Zentrix⌚️

323,275 Aufrufe • vor 2 Monaten

Evolution says you can turn anything into anything if you tweak it long enough. But that house of cards collapses immediately when you realize what it takes to make even a single cell. They say new cell types arise one mutation at a time. Is that plausible? Here is the issue: Different cell types are created through a massive coordinated stack of genetic information, and it's not all just about DNA sequences. First you need a whole suite of new genetic systems related to the cell: new genes for the cell’s internal systems, instructions for its specific functional role in the body, the regulators that coordinate everything, markers to tell them where to go and when, and the controls that keep the wrong programs off. But the DNA structure itself must also be manipulated. You see, every cell in your body contains the DNA instructions to make any other cell. So how does a bone cell become a bone cell instead of a skin cell? Because of how the DNA is folded. DNA is folded in certain ways for different cell types, so that only the "bone cell instructions" are able to be read by the "cell construction program." The DNA fold decides which programs are open for each cell type. This is critical. If DNA is not folded properly so that specific cell-type information can be read, catastrophe ensues. Then you need placement blueprints, so the cells form in the right place, in the right number, and lock together to form a functional tissue. These developmental instructions are passed from parent to offspring - but research shows that tweaking these master developmental programs ends badly for the child. One mutation at a time cannot invent that entire programming stack and keep it coordinated. Research has confirmed this. To convert one cell type into another in the lab, researchers have to force many changes to happen at the same time in coordination. And even when directed by the researcher, cell conversion almost always fails. Change the sequence without the fold and you cannot get a new cell type. Fold the DNA without the new systems and you can only rearrange old programs. Make the cell without the map and it shows up in the wrong place. Break one layer in the stack and the others do not patiently wait - they fail. So creating a new cell type is not simply "tweak a gene one at a time." It requires a coordinated stack of entirely new programmed instructions: > New suite of internal systems, programmed into the DNA > New functional DNA fold so only the right systems are activated > New mapping blueprints so everything goes where it's needed Step-by-step mutation does not coordinate those layers. It produces broken cells before it produces new ones. Coordination of this level of complexity has only ever been known to come from one place: Intelligence.
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Evolution says you can turn anything into anything if you tweak it long enough. But that house of cards collapses immediately when you realize what it takes to make even a single cell. They say new cell types arise one mutation at a time. Is that plausible? Here is the issue: Different cell types are created through a massive coordinated stack of genetic information, and it's not all just about DNA sequences. First you need a whole suite of new genetic systems related to the cell: new genes for the cell’s internal systems, instructions for its specific functional role in the body, the regulators that coordinate everything, markers to tell them where to go and when, and the controls that keep the wrong programs off. But the DNA structure itself must also be manipulated. You see, every cell in your body contains the DNA instructions to make any other cell. So how does a bone cell become a bone cell instead of a skin cell? Because of how the DNA is folded. DNA is folded in certain ways for different cell types, so that only the "bone cell instructions" are able to be read by the "cell construction program." The DNA fold decides which programs are open for each cell type. This is critical. If DNA is not folded properly so that specific cell-type information can be read, catastrophe ensues. Then you need placement blueprints, so the cells form in the right place, in the right number, and lock together to form a functional tissue. These developmental instructions are passed from parent to offspring - but research shows that tweaking these master developmental programs ends badly for the child. One mutation at a time cannot invent that entire programming stack and keep it coordinated. Research has confirmed this. To convert one cell type into another in the lab, researchers have to force many changes to happen at the same time in coordination. And even when directed by the researcher, cell conversion almost always fails. Change the sequence without the fold and you cannot get a new cell type. Fold the DNA without the new systems and you can only rearrange old programs. Make the cell without the map and it shows up in the wrong place. Break one layer in the stack and the others do not patiently wait - they fail. So creating a new cell type is not simply "tweak a gene one at a time." It requires a coordinated stack of entirely new programmed instructions: > New suite of internal systems, programmed into the DNA > New functional DNA fold so only the right systems are activated > New mapping blueprints so everything goes where it's needed Step-by-step mutation does not coordinate those layers. It produces broken cells before it produces new ones. Coordination of this level of complexity has only ever been known to come from one place: Intelligence.

Divinely Designed

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Watch hemoglobin grab oxygen, one at a time#learnontiktok #scienceanimation #coolscience Your blood is never blue 🩸 Veins only look blue because skin bounces blue light back while dark blood soaks up the red. The red is hemoglobin: 4 protein chains (2 α, 2 β), each holding a heme with an iron atom at its heart. When the first O₂ lands, the iron pulls on a histidine, a helix shifts… and the whole molecule rocks from the tense T state to the relaxed R state. Each oxygen makes the next one easier: that’s cooperativity. Fully loaded in the lungs, it lets go in your tissues. Carbon monoxide is deadly because it grabs those same irons and won’t let go.#biochemistry #learning #nanomachine #biology #science #molecularbiology #biochemistry #blood #oxygen #learnontiktok #scitok #animation #blender3d #protein #structuralbiology
1:02

Watch hemoglobin grab oxygen, one at a time#learnontiktok #scienceanimation #coolscience Your blood is never blue 🩸 Veins only look blue because skin bounces blue light back while dark blood soaks up the red. The red is hemoglobin: 4 protein chains (2 α, 2 β), each holding a heme with an iron atom at its heart. When the first O₂ lands, the iron pulls on a histidine, a helix shifts… and the whole molecule rocks from the tense T state to the relaxed R state. Each oxygen makes the next one easier: that’s cooperativity. Fully loaded in the lungs, it lets go in your tissues. Carbon monoxide is deadly because it grabs those same irons and won’t let go.#biochemistry #learning #nanomachine #biology #science #molecularbiology #biochemistry #blood #oxygen #learnontiktok #scitok #animation #blender3d #protein #structuralbiology

iJEP Studio

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This is how DNA turns coded information into functional proteins - the building blocks of the nanomachines that keep the cells in your body alive. This complex process highlights the sophisticated interconnected systems of Life which must all exist together from the beginning, or Life doesn't happen. First, an RNA molecule is copied from a short segment of DNA. Without the specifically ordered DNA information, RNA cannot form, proteins cannot be built, cells stop working, and life ceases to exist. Life is information first. Once the RNA Molecule is created, it gets ejected from the Polymerase where it was built, and it travels through a complex molecular machine called a Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC), which is an information recognition device that controls the flow of information in and out of a cell's nucleus. The NPC is highly complex - composed of about 500-1,000 protein subunits, derived from a set of about 35 distinct proteins. Without this molecular machine, there is no regulation for what goes in and out of the cell's nucleus, which would lead to catastrophic death for the cell. It must exist for cells to exist. Once the RNA Molecule passes through the NPC, it travels to the Ribosome, a 2-part chemical factory which reads the information on RNA and uses it to construct functional proteins using a specifically sequenced chain of amino acids. Once complete, this protein will then be sent to the section of the cell it belongs to integrate into another molecular machine and do its job. The Ribosome is another highly complex molecular machine - consisting of between 56-80 proteins. Without this molecular machines, proteins cannot be built. Proteins are the building blocks of every cell in every organism on Earth. Without Ribosomes, Life doesn't exist. If you're paying attention, you'll start to realize that Life relies on a highly sophisticated interdependent network of complex machines, which all rely on each other for the function of the system. DNA requires the cell for stability, but the cell requires the proteins for its structure and function, but those proteins require DNA and RNA to be built - it's a circle of necessary interdependence. Systems like this cannot be built by evolutionary processes, which requires that each piece of the process is built by gradual incremental means over lots of time. Without all the pieces there, from the beginning, none of it works. There is only one known source of complex & interdependent informational systems like those we find in life: and that is from Intelligence. Molecular Biology is the best and most obvious evidence of the Intelligent Design in Life.
0:55

This is how DNA turns coded information into functional proteins - the building blocks of the nanomachines that keep the cells in your body alive. This complex process highlights the sophisticated interconnected systems of Life which must all exist together from the beginning, or Life doesn't happen. First, an RNA molecule is copied from a short segment of DNA. Without the specifically ordered DNA information, RNA cannot form, proteins cannot be built, cells stop working, and life ceases to exist. Life is information first. Once the RNA Molecule is created, it gets ejected from the Polymerase where it was built, and it travels through a complex molecular machine called a Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC), which is an information recognition device that controls the flow of information in and out of a cell's nucleus. The NPC is highly complex - composed of about 500-1,000 protein subunits, derived from a set of about 35 distinct proteins. Without this molecular machine, there is no regulation for what goes in and out of the cell's nucleus, which would lead to catastrophic death for the cell. It must exist for cells to exist. Once the RNA Molecule passes through the NPC, it travels to the Ribosome, a 2-part chemical factory which reads the information on RNA and uses it to construct functional proteins using a specifically sequenced chain of amino acids. Once complete, this protein will then be sent to the section of the cell it belongs to integrate into another molecular machine and do its job. The Ribosome is another highly complex molecular machine - consisting of between 56-80 proteins. Without this molecular machines, proteins cannot be built. Proteins are the building blocks of every cell in every organism on Earth. Without Ribosomes, Life doesn't exist. If you're paying attention, you'll start to realize that Life relies on a highly sophisticated interdependent network of complex machines, which all rely on each other for the function of the system. DNA requires the cell for stability, but the cell requires the proteins for its structure and function, but those proteins require DNA and RNA to be built - it's a circle of necessary interdependence. Systems like this cannot be built by evolutionary processes, which requires that each piece of the process is built by gradual incremental means over lots of time. Without all the pieces there, from the beginning, none of it works. There is only one known source of complex & interdependent informational systems like those we find in life: and that is from Intelligence. Molecular Biology is the best and most obvious evidence of the Intelligent Design in Life.

Divinely Designed

62,743 Aufrufe • vor 10 Monaten

This is mind ATP Synthase The energy pump that powers every cell in every lifeform on Earth, slowed down by over 1,000x. Without ATP Synthase, life cannot exist. This little nano-machine is made up of a minimum of 8 distinct proteins, all designed perfectly to fit together and operate in a coordinated system that takes in ADP and turns it into ATP, which the cell uses to power metabolic processes. It's designed to only allow certain molecules in & out. Any mistakes, and it could flood the cell with toxic waste in a matter of seconds, killing everything. Each protein building block must fit perfectly together, much like all the pieces inside your phone. Without all the proteins fit & working together from the start, ATP Synthase cannot function, and Life cannot exist. But making things even more complex, ATP Synthase doesn't operate alone. It's located inside the cell membrane, where it actively works with other molecules to ensure the ATP it creates gets to the right place. It's a whole integrated network of energy movement within each cell, without which, Life could not exist. All these pieces must exist together, from the beginning, for Life to be possible. Which means it can't arise piece by piece through evolution - because the very process of evolution requires the whole system. Life requires this system in order to produce the energy it needs to replicate & evolve - but replication & evolution is supposed to have created it. You can't have one without the other. There are no simpler versions - it's literally all or nothing. This is clear evidence of an intelligently designed system. What more evidence do you need?
0:21

This is mind ATP Synthase The energy pump that powers every cell in every lifeform on Earth, slowed down by over 1,000x. Without ATP Synthase, life cannot exist. This little nano-machine is made up of a minimum of 8 distinct proteins, all designed perfectly to fit together and operate in a coordinated system that takes in ADP and turns it into ATP, which the cell uses to power metabolic processes. It's designed to only allow certain molecules in & out. Any mistakes, and it could flood the cell with toxic waste in a matter of seconds, killing everything. Each protein building block must fit perfectly together, much like all the pieces inside your phone. Without all the proteins fit & working together from the start, ATP Synthase cannot function, and Life cannot exist. But making things even more complex, ATP Synthase doesn't operate alone. It's located inside the cell membrane, where it actively works with other molecules to ensure the ATP it creates gets to the right place. It's a whole integrated network of energy movement within each cell, without which, Life could not exist. All these pieces must exist together, from the beginning, for Life to be possible. Which means it can't arise piece by piece through evolution - because the very process of evolution requires the whole system. Life requires this system in order to produce the energy it needs to replicate & evolve - but replication & evolution is supposed to have created it. You can't have one without the other. There are no simpler versions - it's literally all or nothing. This is clear evidence of an intelligently designed system. What more evidence do you need?

Divinely Designed

28,434 Aufrufe • vor 6 Monaten

They are now making fruit flies write. They are even using them to create entire fonts. The method is surprisingly fascinating. First, an image of a letter is projected into the fruit fly’s eye. The visual information is transmitted through its visual neurons and processed by a trained neural network connected to its neural circuitry. The resulting signal is then sent to the motor neurons controlling the fly’s right foreleg. Those motor neurons activate the leg muscles, causing the fly to move its foreleg in a specific pattern that traces the shape of the letter. A tiny black pen is attached to the foreleg, allowing the movement to leave an actual written mark on the surface. In other words, visual information enters through the fly’s eyes, is translated into neural commands, and ultimately becomes physical handwriting through its own muscles. Researchers have even used this system to create fonts based on the letters drawn by fruit flies. At this point, I’m becoming increasingly curious about what else fruit flies could be made to do.
0:28

They are now making fruit flies write. They are even using them to create entire fonts. The method is surprisingly fascinating. First, an image of a letter is projected into the fruit fly’s eye. The visual information is transmitted through its visual neurons and processed by a trained neural network connected to its neural circuitry. The resulting signal is then sent to the motor neurons controlling the fly’s right foreleg. Those motor neurons activate the leg muscles, causing the fly to move its foreleg in a specific pattern that traces the shape of the letter. A tiny black pen is attached to the foreleg, allowing the movement to leave an actual written mark on the surface. In other words, visual information enters through the fly’s eyes, is translated into neural commands, and ultimately becomes physical handwriting through its own muscles. Researchers have even used this system to create fonts based on the letters drawn by fruit flies. At this point, I’m becoming increasingly curious about what else fruit flies could be made to do.

Clunk

80,786 Aufrufe • vor 2 Monaten

One motor. One propeller. A serious control problem. Would you try building it? This open-source project by Joshua Bird takes a different approach to fly a drone powered by just one motor and one propeller. The secret is a hinged propeller mechanism and precisely timed motor torque pulses that control pitch and roll. Custom firmware handles the high-speed control loop at around 300 updates per second. It even uses an infrared beacon to estimate its heading as the body rotates. The CAD files and firmware forks are available to explore.
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One motor. One propeller. A serious control problem. Would you try building it? This open-source project by Joshua Bird takes a different approach to fly a drone powered by just one motor and one propeller. The secret is a hinged propeller mechanism and precisely timed motor torque pulses that control pitch and roll. Custom firmware handles the high-speed control loop at around 300 updates per second. It even uses an infrared beacon to estimate its heading as the body rotates. The CAD files and firmware forks are available to explore.

Praveen Kumar Verma

21,399 Aufrufe • vor 27 Tagen

166,000 neurons from a dead fruit fly now pilot a robot that drives and flies. It's the wildest piece of engineering on the internet right now, and the pilot has been dead the whole time. The robot rolls across a bedroom floor like a toy until the wheels stop being wheels: 4 propellers inside the rims spin up, and it lifts off, hangs at desk height, turns and lands. The body came out of a cardboard box of drone parts, and the brain it copies is smaller than a poppy seed and was never designed by a human. Janelia and Google spent years turning 1 male fruit fly into a spreadsheet, with every neuron and up to 125M synapses labeled, and on September 3 they posted it free for anyone to download. To build it, the fly was cut into thousands of layers and traced cell by cell under an electron microscope. Camera frames get turned into what a fly's eyes would see. The spikes run through the real wiring, where each neuron is 1 equation that rests at -52 mV and fires at -45. When something rushes at the lens, LPLC2 and LC4 light up, the same cells a fly uses to dodge your swatter, while DNg02 at the far end sets climb and turn. Inside the brain there's no flight code, no PID loop and no line that says "avoid the bed." Tesla's self-driving learned from billions of miles of driving, and this pilot learned from 400 million years of flies that didn't get swatted. A real fly walks on 6 legs and flies on 2 wings, and this one got 4 wheels and 4 propellers. The fly is dead, the brain is a file, and the file just took off.
0:27

166,000 neurons from a dead fruit fly now pilot a robot that drives and flies. It's the wildest piece of engineering on the internet right now, and the pilot has been dead the whole time. The robot rolls across a bedroom floor like a toy until the wheels stop being wheels: 4 propellers inside the rims spin up, and it lifts off, hangs at desk height, turns and lands. The body came out of a cardboard box of drone parts, and the brain it copies is smaller than a poppy seed and was never designed by a human. Janelia and Google spent years turning 1 male fruit fly into a spreadsheet, with every neuron and up to 125M synapses labeled, and on September 3 they posted it free for anyone to download. To build it, the fly was cut into thousands of layers and traced cell by cell under an electron microscope. Camera frames get turned into what a fly's eyes would see. The spikes run through the real wiring, where each neuron is 1 equation that rests at -52 mV and fires at -45. When something rushes at the lens, LPLC2 and LC4 light up, the same cells a fly uses to dodge your swatter, while DNg02 at the far end sets climb and turn. Inside the brain there's no flight code, no PID loop and no line that says "avoid the bed." Tesla's self-driving learned from billions of miles of driving, and this pilot learned from 400 million years of flies that didn't get swatted. A real fly walks on 6 legs and flies on 2 wings, and this one got 4 wheels and 4 propellers. The fly is dead, the brain is a file, and the file just took off.

Spike 1%

57,304 Aufrufe • vor 1 Monat

Every chemistry teacher you had lied a little. The hydrogen atom isn’t a frozen blob, it’s this. This is hydrogen, the simplest atom there is, with its probability current drawn as moving particles. The small shape in the corner is the orbital you were taught. The swirling field is what the Pauli equation says is flowing through it. Orange spins one way, blue the other. Even the ground state, the one textbooks call perfectly still, carries a current, because the electron’s spin adds a flow of its own. None of this is an electron racing on a track. It’s the math of where it’s likely to be, and that math refuses to sit still.
1:33

Every chemistry teacher you had lied a little. The hydrogen atom isn’t a frozen blob, it’s this. This is hydrogen, the simplest atom there is, with its probability current drawn as moving particles. The small shape in the corner is the orbital you were taught. The swirling field is what the Pauli equation says is flowing through it. Orange spins one way, blue the other. Even the ground state, the one textbooks call perfectly still, carries a current, because the electron’s spin adds a flow of its own. None of this is an electron racing on a track. It’s the math of where it’s likely to be, and that math refuses to sit still.

Alex Carten

292,347 Aufrufe • vor 1 Monat

This video is one of the first times I thought biology was “cool.” It shows a neutrophil cell chasing a bacterium. Originally recorded in the 1950s by David Rogers at Vanderbilt University, the video gave me a deeper appreciation for life, even at the level of a single cell, because the neutrophil's movements seem so intentful, purposeful, aware. It wasn’t until recently, though, that I actually tried to demystify the neutrophil’s movements and understand how they happen. Here's what I learned: 1. The neutrophil's surface has thousands of protein receptors. Molecules secreted by the bacteria collide with these receptors. When that happens, the proteins change shape, slightly, and initiate a signaling cascade. 2. The neutrophil “knows” where to go because of a discrepancy in bound vs. unbound receptors. The side of the cell closest to the microbe will, probabilistically, have more "bound" receptors than the other side (because the molecules secreted by the microbe have a concentration gradient). This is how the neutrophil figures out which way to move. 3. Each bound receptor activates several G proteins located inside the cell membrane. Each G protein, in turn, switches on PI3K enzymes. In this way, the original signal is amplified; a single "activated" receptor might cause ~100 copies of PI3K to get switched on downstream. 4. The PI3K enzymes stick phosphates onto lipids in the cell membrane. The side of the neutrophil facing the bacterium now has more phosphates than the "back" side. Phosphate-binding proteins, such as GEF, accumulate and then recruit Rac, thus activating it. Rac, in turn, acts like a molecular switch, ultimately recruiting Arp2/3. (TL;DR: A bunch of proteins get activated, and the high phosphate concentration at the leading edge is the key signal for all this.) 5. At any given moment, the neutrophil has millions of actin molecules. These are the proteins used to build the cytoskeleton. Half of the actins are already “assembled” into filaments, but the other half are just floating around. Arp2/3 acts as a nucleator, grabbing onto actin and then starting a new cytoskeletal branch. More actin is assembled at the leading edge (where the Arp2/3 has accumulated), where they each push on the cell membrane with ~2 piconewtons of force. Hundreds of actin chains, pushing together, causes the cell to form protrusions. 6. The assembling actin chains push the cell at a speed of ~20 micrometers per minute (the length of about ten E. coli cells placed end-to-end.) As all of this is happening, another signaling cascade, nucleated at the back end of the cell, is dismantling actin filaments and recycling them. All this happens over a span of about 30 seconds. Much of this process is invisible; what we see, instead, is "just" a cell chasing its prey. But that's the wonderful thing about biology: A singular observation is usually more than enough fodder for a lifetime of work. The well is deep. There is always more to learn.
0:28

This video is one of the first times I thought biology was “cool.” It shows a neutrophil cell chasing a bacterium. Originally recorded in the 1950s by David Rogers at Vanderbilt University, the video gave me a deeper appreciation for life, even at the level of a single cell, because the neutrophil's movements seem so intentful, purposeful, aware. It wasn’t until recently, though, that I actually tried to demystify the neutrophil’s movements and understand how they happen. Here's what I learned: 1. The neutrophil's surface has thousands of protein receptors. Molecules secreted by the bacteria collide with these receptors. When that happens, the proteins change shape, slightly, and initiate a signaling cascade. 2. The neutrophil “knows” where to go because of a discrepancy in bound vs. unbound receptors. The side of the cell closest to the microbe will, probabilistically, have more "bound" receptors than the other side (because the molecules secreted by the microbe have a concentration gradient). This is how the neutrophil figures out which way to move. 3. Each bound receptor activates several G proteins located inside the cell membrane. Each G protein, in turn, switches on PI3K enzymes. In this way, the original signal is amplified; a single "activated" receptor might cause ~100 copies of PI3K to get switched on downstream. 4. The PI3K enzymes stick phosphates onto lipids in the cell membrane. The side of the neutrophil facing the bacterium now has more phosphates than the "back" side. Phosphate-binding proteins, such as GEF, accumulate and then recruit Rac, thus activating it. Rac, in turn, acts like a molecular switch, ultimately recruiting Arp2/3. (TL;DR: A bunch of proteins get activated, and the high phosphate concentration at the leading edge is the key signal for all this.) 5. At any given moment, the neutrophil has millions of actin molecules. These are the proteins used to build the cytoskeleton. Half of the actins are already “assembled” into filaments, but the other half are just floating around. Arp2/3 acts as a nucleator, grabbing onto actin and then starting a new cytoskeletal branch. More actin is assembled at the leading edge (where the Arp2/3 has accumulated), where they each push on the cell membrane with ~2 piconewtons of force. Hundreds of actin chains, pushing together, causes the cell to form protrusions. 6. The assembling actin chains push the cell at a speed of ~20 micrometers per minute (the length of about ten E. coli cells placed end-to-end.) As all of this is happening, another signaling cascade, nucleated at the back end of the cell, is dismantling actin filaments and recycling them. All this happens over a span of about 30 seconds. Much of this process is invisible; what we see, instead, is "just" a cell chasing its prey. But that's the wonderful thing about biology: A singular observation is usually more than enough fodder for a lifetime of work. The well is deep. There is always more to learn.

Niko McCarty.

127,486 Aufrufe • vor 10 Monaten

Anthropic went after the largest bacterium ever found, a single cell you can see with the naked eye, and read the machinery packed inside it. The size was never the interesting part. The question was how one cell keeps millions of copies of its own factory working in sync. > COUNT - every ribosome location in the cell mapped, rather than averaged across it > WRAP - the membrane sacs holding DNA and ribosomes treated as separate rooms > FLOW - what each room produces compared against what sits next to it > SPLIT - rooms with different output flagged as independent units > SCALE - the whole layout tested against how large a normal cell can grow Bacteria are supposed to be simple bags. One compartment, everything mixed, nothing filed away. This one files. Its DNA and its ribosomes sit inside membranes, which textbooks reserve for complex cells. That single arrangement is what lifts the size ceiling. A cell without rooms hits a physical wall long before a centimetre. The rooms are not identical either. Output varies from one to the next, meaning parts of the same cell are doing different jobs. That edges close to what tissue does, inside something that is still one organism by every definition we use. The line between simple and complex life was drawn before anyone had seen this, and it was drawn on compartments. Every room, its output and the size math behind it sit in the breakdown below.
0:34

Anthropic went after the largest bacterium ever found, a single cell you can see with the naked eye, and read the machinery packed inside it. The size was never the interesting part. The question was how one cell keeps millions of copies of its own factory working in sync. > COUNT - every ribosome location in the cell mapped, rather than averaged across it > WRAP - the membrane sacs holding DNA and ribosomes treated as separate rooms > FLOW - what each room produces compared against what sits next to it > SPLIT - rooms with different output flagged as independent units > SCALE - the whole layout tested against how large a normal cell can grow Bacteria are supposed to be simple bags. One compartment, everything mixed, nothing filed away. This one files. Its DNA and its ribosomes sit inside membranes, which textbooks reserve for complex cells. That single arrangement is what lifts the size ceiling. A cell without rooms hits a physical wall long before a centimetre. The rooms are not identical either. Output varies from one to the next, meaning parts of the same cell are doing different jobs. That edges close to what tissue does, inside something that is still one organism by every definition we use. The line between simple and complex life was drawn before anyone had seen this, and it was drawn on compartments. Every room, its output and the size math behind it sit in the breakdown below.

wast3

172,504 Aufrufe • vor 1 Monat

This Motor Keeps You Alive - Inside nearly every cell in your body, a microscopic motor called ATP synthase spins over 100 times per second, converting proton flow into ATP—the energy that powers your cells. Trillions of these tiny molecular machines work continuously to keep you alive.
0:50

This Motor Keeps You Alive - Inside nearly every cell in your body, a microscopic motor called ATP synthase spins over 100 times per second, converting proton flow into ATP—the energy that powers your cells. Trillions of these tiny molecular machines work continuously to keep you alive.

TheBrainMaze TBM

25,241 Aufrufe • vor 1 Tag

One of the largest trading firms in the world teaches new hires poker before it lets them near a book. A newspaper brought a camera to the table and sat down to play. The men across the felt are working Wall Street traders. The firm is Susquehanna, which built poker into its training programme decades ago and still runs it that way, on the argument that the card room teaches something no finance degree does. Gunjan Banerji from the Wall Street Journal plays the hands herself rather than interviewing them about it. A green table, a dealer, chips, 4 people who do this for a living. No lecture hall, no slides. The teaching happens between deals, while money is actually at stake. They break it into parts on camera. Risk management first. Then bet sizing. Then patience, which sounds like the soft one and is not. Then reading the person opposite when the only data available is how they behave with money on the table. The section on patience is the one most people skip. Folding is the correct action in the overwhelming majority of hands, and almost nobody can do it for hours without inventing a reason to play. The same failure shows up in a trading account as overtrading, and it kills more people than bad analysis. Then bet sizing, which is where the video earns the watch. Being right about the odds is the easy half. How much you put behind a correct read is the part that ends careers, and they work through it hand by hand instead of describing it in the abstract. The turn is what the traders admit about being wrong. A good decision loses regularly, a bad decision wins regularly, and the only way to last is to grade the process instead of the result. Everything else in the video sits downstream of that. It matters more now than when the firm started running these tables. Every model prices probability in a second and hands it to you for free. Nothing on the screen tells you how much of your account to put behind the number, or what to do after the number was right and you lost anyway. Free on YouTube, produced by a newspaper, filmed at a real table with real hands. The maths is public. The sizing is the job. 1 table. 4 traders. It is in the video.
16:30

One of the largest trading firms in the world teaches new hires poker before it lets them near a book. A newspaper brought a camera to the table and sat down to play. The men across the felt are working Wall Street traders. The firm is Susquehanna, which built poker into its training programme decades ago and still runs it that way, on the argument that the card room teaches something no finance degree does. Gunjan Banerji from the Wall Street Journal plays the hands herself rather than interviewing them about it. A green table, a dealer, chips, 4 people who do this for a living. No lecture hall, no slides. The teaching happens between deals, while money is actually at stake. They break it into parts on camera. Risk management first. Then bet sizing. Then patience, which sounds like the soft one and is not. Then reading the person opposite when the only data available is how they behave with money on the table. The section on patience is the one most people skip. Folding is the correct action in the overwhelming majority of hands, and almost nobody can do it for hours without inventing a reason to play. The same failure shows up in a trading account as overtrading, and it kills more people than bad analysis. Then bet sizing, which is where the video earns the watch. Being right about the odds is the easy half. How much you put behind a correct read is the part that ends careers, and they work through it hand by hand instead of describing it in the abstract. The turn is what the traders admit about being wrong. A good decision loses regularly, a bad decision wins regularly, and the only way to last is to grade the process instead of the result. Everything else in the video sits downstream of that. It matters more now than when the firm started running these tables. Every model prices probability in a second and hands it to you for free. Nothing on the screen tells you how much of your account to put behind the number, or what to do after the number was right and you lost anyway. Free on YouTube, produced by a newspaper, filmed at a real table with real hands. The maths is public. The sizing is the job. 1 table. 4 traders. It is in the video.

kompot

63,388 Aufrufe • vor 3 Monaten