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Building a machine learning model isn’t just about finding the right algorithm—it’s about the right process. In Machine Learning in Production, Andrew Ng breaks down the iterative loop of model development: training, error analysis, refining hyperparameters, and improving data. Getting to a high test set accuracy is one thing,... show more

DeepLearning.AI

333,137 subscribers

45,248 views • 1 year ago •via X (Twitter)

Education Science & Technology

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5 Comments

DataInsta1 year ago

exactly! it’s that feedback loop that turns models into masterpieces!

Rainmaker2 years ago

Which Machine Learning model delivers stronger trading results? Check out this free Substack post where I compare several powerful models that beat the market and show yearly returns of over 20%.

Lester Smartfield1 year ago

Technical stuff indeed! But, Andrew Ng always makes it sound feasible, right? Looking forward to diving in!

QuantumQuinn Kierra1 year ago

Models seldom salute business bosses. Sounds like a data-driven adventure awaits!

Zephyr Cristo1 year ago

Absolutely, the process is key in ML. Ng's iterative approach highlights how continuous refinement drives model performance, much like how entrepreneurs must iterate on their business models to find success.

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Watch "Endless experimentation: Building AI models in the wild." This is a 50-minute, MIT lecture about problems when deploying models and LLMs in the real world and how to prepare to solve them. This is a great lecture for those building production machine learning.

Watch "Endless experimentation: Building AI models in the wild." This is a 50-minute, MIT lecture about problems when deploying models and LLMs in the real world and how to prepare to solve them. This is a great lecture for those building production machine learning.

Santiago

117,204 views • 1 year ago

VPS or visual positioning system... this is how AR glasses and robots will understand where they are in the real world and know where to go. It’s also how you can spatially annotate reality with cm level accuracy - all using a machine readable model of the world.

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Bilawal Sidhu

27,820 views • 6 months ago

We’re tired of empty meme coins no purpose, no impact, just noise 🏰 The Emperor coin is something bigger. A movement with meaning. A bridge between the online world and real-life connection. We’re using crypto to bring people together in the real world, through powerful events, shared vision, and true progress. It’s not just about tokens. It’s about opening doors, building futures, and improving real lives. We’re here to fill the gap and be the bridge ⚔️❤️

We’re tired of empty meme coins no purpose, no impact, just noise 🏰 The Emperor coin is something bigger. A movement with meaning. A bridge between the online world and real-life connection. We’re using crypto to bring people together in the real world, through powerful events, shared vision, and true progress. It’s not just about tokens. It’s about opening doors, building futures, and improving real lives. We’re here to fill the gap and be the bridge ⚔️❤️

Emperor Coin 🏰

12,802 views • 1 year ago

Getting started with an ML project? Andrew Ng shares practical tips to set up a strong foundation—choosing a reasonable algorithm, running quick sanity checks, and focusing on data quality over chasing the latest models. These steps can save time, prevent errors, and make iteration more efficient. Streamline your workflow and build better ML systems in the Machine Learning in Production course:

Getting started with an ML project? Andrew Ng shares practical tips to set up a strong foundation—choosing a reasonable algorithm, running quick sanity checks, and focusing on data quality over chasing the latest models. These steps can save time, prevent errors, and make iteration more efficient. Streamline your workflow and build better ML systems in the Machine Learning in Production course:

DeepLearning.AI

11,307 views • 1 year ago

New video series: Physics Informed Machine Learning! Physics may be embedded into AI/ML in 5 stages: 1 choose what to Model 2 curate training Data 3 design an Architecture 4 craft a Loss Function, and 5 implement Optimization Algorithm to train the model

New video series: Physics Informed Machine Learning! Physics may be embedded into AI/ML in 5 stages: 1 choose what to Model 2 curate training Data 3 design an Architecture 4 craft a Loss Function, and 5 implement Optimization Algorithm to train the model

Steven Brunton

78,431 views • 2 years ago

New PNAS paper. Historical GDP per capita data is scarce, but data on the places of birth, death, and occupations of famous individuals is abundant. In this paper we estimate the historical GDP per capita of hundreds of regions in Europe and North America using a machine learning model that leveraged data on about 500k famous biographies. Our estimates more-or-less quadruple the availability of historical GDP per capita estimates for the last 700 years. So why use biographies to augment historical GDP per capita data? Biographical data contains information about people who might have contributed directly to economic growth, like James Watt, or that were attracted to wealthy places looking for patrons, like Michelangelo. So we--mainly Philipp (Philipp Koch)--used this data to construct hundreds of features describing each European region. Then, we trained a machine learning model to find the features that explained most of the variance in a cross-validation test, where we split regions multiple times into a training set and a test set. On average, the model explained about 90% of the variance in GDP per capita of the regions it had not seen during training. But we wanted to go further, and Philipp really went to town by looking at different ways to validate our estimates. We found our estimates correlate positively with historical measures of wellbeing, church building activity, urbanization, and body height. We also used these measures to reproduce the basic Atlantic trade result of Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robison and to explore the economic consequences of the famous Lisbon earthquake of 1755. But what I personally loved most about this project, other than working with Philipp Koch and V, is that it shows that we can use machine learning methods not only to explore the future, but the past. There is a bright and growing future in the use of machine learning for economic history. Hope you enjoy the paper and the data. You can find links to the paper and a data exploration tool in the first comment.

New PNAS paper. Historical GDP per capita data is scarce, but data on the places of birth, death, and occupations of famous individuals is abundant. In this paper we estimate the historical GDP per capita of hundreds of regions in Europe and North America using a machine learning model that leveraged data on about 500k famous biographies. Our estimates more-or-less quadruple the availability of historical GDP per capita estimates for the last 700 years. So why use biographies to augment historical GDP per capita data? Biographical data contains information about people who might have contributed directly to economic growth, like James Watt, or that were attracted to wealthy places looking for patrons, like Michelangelo. So we--mainly Philipp (Philipp Koch)--used this data to construct hundreds of features describing each European region. Then, we trained a machine learning model to find the features that explained most of the variance in a cross-validation test, where we split regions multiple times into a training set and a test set. On average, the model explained about 90% of the variance in GDP per capita of the regions it had not seen during training. But we wanted to go further, and Philipp really went to town by looking at different ways to validate our estimates. We found our estimates correlate positively with historical measures of wellbeing, church building activity, urbanization, and body height. We also used these measures to reproduce the basic Atlantic trade result of Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robison and to explore the economic consequences of the famous Lisbon earthquake of 1755. But what I personally loved most about this project, other than working with Philipp Koch and V, is that it shows that we can use machine learning methods not only to explore the future, but the past. There is a bright and growing future in the use of machine learning for economic history. Hope you enjoy the paper and the data. You can find links to the paper and a data exploration tool in the first comment.

César A. Hidalgo

54,324 views • 1 year ago

Aroon Purie lays it out clearly: India’s media may be unmatched in scale, but underneath is a crumbling business model crippled by overregulation. But the real danger? A system where survival hinges on appeasement, not independence. When business breaks, bias fills the gap. Fixing media economics isn’t just about profit, it’s about preserving trust.

Aroon Purie lays it out clearly: India’s media may be unmatched in scale, but underneath is a crumbling business model crippled by overregulation. But the real danger? A system where survival hinges on appeasement, not independence. When business breaks, bias fills the gap. Fixing media economics isn’t just about profit, it’s about preserving trust.

Anshul Saxena

47,960 views • 8 months ago

The Machine That Learns The Law Behind The Data A very very interesting US Patent US10963540B2 - Physics Informed Learning Machine describes a learning system that does not begin with data alone. It begins with a physical model, usually written as a differential equation (or PDE) dx/dt = f(x,t) A normal Machine Learning model sees scattered data and tries to fit it. A physics-informed learning machine starts with a law. Then it treats the data as evidence that updates what the model believes about the physical system. For this application, I use the patent idea on NASA C-MAPSS Turbofan engine data. The machine watches multivariate telemetry from a degrading engine and infers a hidden health state that is not measured directly. From that posterior belief, it estimates the engine’s remaining useful life. In the main 3D scene, the engine lifetime is turned into a tunnel. The spiral ribbons are real sensor channels evolving over cycle-time. The glowing core is the inferred health state. The surrounding cloud is uncertainty. The orange wall ahead is the predicted failure horizon. So the big picture is: sensor evidence comes in, posterior belief tightens, and the machine moves from uncertainty toward a concrete failure prediction. The inset posteriors make that explicit. The health posterior shows where the model believes the hidden engine condition sits at the current moment, and how sharply it believes it. The RUL posterior shows the same idea for remaining life... early on it is broad, later it shifts left and narrows as the machine becomes more certain about how close failure is. This idea is not limited to engines. The same idea can apply to data centers, CPUs, GPUs, cooling systems, power grids, robotics, batteries, and any machine that produces telemetry while obeying physical constraints. In an age where machine learning runs on massive hardware infrastructure, this kind of model matters: it can turn noisy sensor streams into early warnings before expensive systems fail.

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Mathelirium

17,289 views • 1 month ago

The future of robotics isn’t being built in factories, it’s being trained in simulation MasterBOT’s proprietary AI model is learning in real-time, powered by reinforcement and continuous feedback loops This is how machines learn to think $BOT

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MasterBOT

51,108 views • 7 months ago

notes on my reinforcement learning for rocket league side quest so far: i’m in awe that — we live in a time where i can train a reinforcement learning model that is learning to play rocket league and at the same time, test community made rocket league models. where, both processes can run in parallel & locally on my hardware. in the game window — i’m playing against a reinforcement learning ppo model that’s running locally. and in the vscode window — i’m training my own reinforcement learning model (just a dummy example script for now). also, the rocket league botting ecosystem has incredible tooling where you can test out different reinforcement learning ideas against other algorithms + it has great documentation for linux and windows. it’s honestly a beautiful hidden gem of a rabbit hole :)

notes on my reinforcement learning for rocket league side quest so far: i’m in awe that — we live in a time where i can train a reinforcement learning model that is learning to play rocket league and at the same time, test community made rocket league models. where, both processes can run in parallel & locally on my hardware. in the game window — i’m playing against a reinforcement learning ppo model that’s running locally. and in the vscode window — i’m training my own reinforcement learning model (just a dummy example script for now). also, the rocket league botting ecosystem has incredible tooling where you can test out different reinforcement learning ideas against other algorithms + it has great documentation for linux and windows. it’s honestly a beautiful hidden gem of a rabbit hole :)

naklecha

46,302 views • 1 year ago

Real-world robot data is expensive and slow to collect, creating a major challenge for humanoid development. 🤖 The NVIDIA GR00T N1.6 open vision language action model is pre-trained on a diverse mix of data, including thousands of hours of Stanford Vision and Learning Lab’s BEHAVIOR simulation data, which covers long-horizon everyday manipulation tasks. This diverse training is the key to robust cross-embodiment performance and real-world adaptability. 🌍 Read the blog 🔗

Real-world robot data is expensive and slow to collect, creating a major challenge for humanoid development. 🤖 The NVIDIA GR00T N1.6 open vision language action model is pre-trained on a diverse mix of data, including thousands of hours of Stanford Vision and Learning Lab’s BEHAVIOR simulation data, which covers long-horizon everyday manipulation tasks. This diverse training is the key to robust cross-embodiment performance and real-world adaptability. 🌍 Read the blog 🔗

NVIDIA Robotics

13,390 views • 4 months ago

Today, we're joined by Sergey Levine, associate professor at UC Berkeley EECS and co-founder of Physical Intelligence to discuss π0 (pi-zero), a general-purpose robotic foundation model. We dig into the model architecture, which pairs a vision language model (VLM) with a diffusion-based action expert, and the model training "recipe," emphasizing the roles of pre-training and post-training with a diverse mixture of real-world data to ensure robust and intelligent robot learning. We review the data collection approach, which uses human operators and teleoperation rigs, the potential of synthetic data and reinforcement learning in enhancing robotic capabilities, and much more. We also introduce the team’s new FAST tokenizer, which opens the door to a fully Transformer-based model and significant improvements in learning and generalization. Finally, we cover the open-sourcing of π0 and future directions for their research. 🎧 / 🎥 Listen or watch the full episode on our page: 📖 CHAPTERS =============================== 00:00 - Introduction 2:14 - Physical Intelligence 3:47 - Key challenges in robotic learning 6:13 - Reinforcement learning in π0 and robotic foundation models 8:36 - π0 VLM model architecture 15:33 - π0 model recipe 18:39 - Pre-training dataset 22:47 - Post-training 24:23 - Laundry folding demo 31:32 - Scaling laws on π0 model 34:57 - FAST 40:26 - Open sourcing π0 43:37 - Other robot types 46:27 - Future directions

Today, we're joined by Sergey Levine, associate professor at UC Berkeley EECS and co-founder of Physical Intelligence to discuss π0 (pi-zero), a general-purpose robotic foundation model. We dig into the model architecture, which pairs a vision language model (VLM) with a diffusion-based action expert, and the model training "recipe," emphasizing the roles of pre-training and post-training with a diverse mixture of real-world data to ensure robust and intelligent robot learning. We review the data collection approach, which uses human operators and teleoperation rigs, the potential of synthetic data and reinforcement learning in enhancing robotic capabilities, and much more. We also introduce the team’s new FAST tokenizer, which opens the door to a fully Transformer-based model and significant improvements in learning and generalization. Finally, we cover the open-sourcing of π0 and future directions for their research. 🎧 / 🎥 Listen or watch the full episode on our page: 📖 CHAPTERS =============================== 00:00 - Introduction 2:14 - Physical Intelligence 3:47 - Key challenges in robotic learning 6:13 - Reinforcement learning in π0 and robotic foundation models 8:36 - π0 VLM model architecture 15:33 - π0 model recipe 18:39 - Pre-training dataset 22:47 - Post-training 24:23 - Laundry folding demo 31:32 - Scaling laws on π0 model 34:57 - FAST 40:26 - Open sourcing π0 43:37 - Other robot types 46:27 - Future directions

The TWIML AI Podcast

19,942 views • 1 year ago

If your financial model doesn’t tell you how sensitive your outcomes are to key assumptions, you’re only seeing half the picture. That’s where Sensitivity Analysis steps in. Whether you're modeling EBITDA, company valuation, or cash flow, testing the impact of changes in assumptions—like growth rate, margin, or discount rate—is crucial for informed decision-making. 📊 3 Powerful Tools in Excel for Sensitivity Analysis: 1️⃣ Data Tables Easily test the impact of one or two input variables on a key output. Perfect for: Valuation scenarios, breakeven analysis, IRR stress tests. 2️⃣ Scenario Manager Create and store multiple input sets and compare outputs. Perfect for: Best case / base case / worst case planning. 3️⃣ Manual What-Ifs with Named Ranges + Excel Formulas Use dynamic formulas, dropdowns, and structured inputs to test anything. Perfect for: Custom, presentation-ready models with clear audit trails. 💡 Pro Tip: Combine sensitivity analysis with clear data visualization (charts, conditional formatting, slicers) to drive your story home. Finance isn't just about building the model—it's about telling the right story with the right levers. 👇 How do you use sensitivity analysis in your day-to-day modeling? HERE IS A VIDEO

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Bojan Radojicic

14,714 views • 4 months ago

From Palantir and Two Sigma to turning mechanistic interpretability into a production-grade platform, Mark Bissell (Member of Technical Staff) and Myra Deng (Head of Product) are building Goodfire on the belief that “understanding what’s inside the model” is the path to safer, more controllable AI and Goodfire just raised a $150M Series B at a $1.25B valuation to scale that bet. We sat down with Mark and Myra to unpack what actionable interpretability looks like beyond demos: why SAE features can lose to raw-activation probes on real detection tasks, how they deployed token-level PII monitoring with Rakuten across English + Japanese without training on real customer data, and what it takes to do real-time steering on a trillion-parameter model (including the infamous Gen-Z feature). We also dig into hallucination detection, surgical post-training edits for bias/unlearning, the emerging equivalence between activation steering and in-context learning, and their push to bring interpretability into training so model development isn’t just “data in, weights out.” Goodfire mark bissell Myra Deng

From Palantir and Two Sigma to turning mechanistic interpretability into a production-grade platform, Mark Bissell (Member of Technical Staff) and Myra Deng (Head of Product) are building Goodfire on the belief that “understanding what’s inside the model” is the path to safer, more controllable AI and Goodfire just raised a $150M Series B at a $1.25B valuation to scale that bet. We sat down with Mark and Myra to unpack what actionable interpretability looks like beyond demos: why SAE features can lose to raw-activation probes on real detection tasks, how they deployed token-level PII monitoring with Rakuten across English + Japanese without training on real customer data, and what it takes to do real-time steering on a trillion-parameter model (including the infamous Gen-Z feature). We also dig into hallucination detection, surgical post-training edits for bias/unlearning, the emerging equivalence between activation steering and in-context learning, and their push to bring interpretability into training so model development isn’t just “data in, weights out.” Goodfire mark bissell Myra Deng

Latent.Space

19,389 views • 4 months ago

Robots are getting smarter, but most still fail the same way. They don’t learn from their own mistakes. A new paper proposes something different: a way for robots to self-improve directly from their failures in the real world. It’s called PLD (Probe, Learn, Distill). The idea: instead of collecting endless human demos, let the robot figure out where it fails, learn how to recover, and then distill that knowledge back into its main model. Key takeaways from the research: ✅ Uses residual reinforcement learning to recover from policy failures ✅ Achieves 99% success on LIBERO and 100% on real Franka and YAM arms ✅ Runs hour-long manipulation tasks without human resets ✅ Builds a feedback loop between real-world data and model adaptation Unlike supervised fine-tuning, which relies on humans, PLD learns from the robot’s own experience. By training on its own failure distribution, the model becomes both more efficient and more aligned with the real world. It’s not just a technical shift, it’s a step toward robots that improve themselves through real-world practice. Thanks for sharing, Wenli Xiao !! Paper and demos: —- Weekly robotics and AI insights. Subscribe free:

Robots are getting smarter, but most still fail the same way. They don’t learn from their own mistakes. A new paper proposes something different: a way for robots to self-improve directly from their failures in the real world. It’s called PLD (Probe, Learn, Distill). The idea: instead of collecting endless human demos, let the robot figure out where it fails, learn how to recover, and then distill that knowledge back into its main model. Key takeaways from the research: ✅ Uses residual reinforcement learning to recover from policy failures ✅ Achieves 99% success on LIBERO and 100% on real Franka and YAM arms ✅ Runs hour-long manipulation tasks without human resets ✅ Builds a feedback loop between real-world data and model adaptation Unlike supervised fine-tuning, which relies on humans, PLD learns from the robot’s own experience. By training on its own failure distribution, the model becomes both more efficient and more aligned with the real world. It’s not just a technical shift, it’s a step toward robots that improve themselves through real-world practice. Thanks for sharing, Wenli Xiao !! Paper and demos: —- Weekly robotics and AI insights. Subscribe free:

Ilir Aliu

22,812 views • 7 months ago

OpenAI's Kevin Weil 🇺🇸 says 24/7 robotic labs could automate scientific discovery using "reinforcement learning with a loop through the real world": "There’s a lot of science that can be totally automated. There’s no reason at this point that you need to have grad students pipetting one thing into another thing." "The idea is to have robotic labs that are online 24/7 and can scale in parallel. You have models reasoning for two days to find the most efficient experiments to run, once they get to a good point, they pass that to a robotic lab which can experiment in parallel at high volume." "The results pass back into a model which reasons about the results and then goes out and runs a different set of experiments. You’re doing reinforcement learning with a loop through the real world."

OpenAI's Kevin Weil 🇺🇸 says 24/7 robotic labs could automate scientific discovery using "reinforcement learning with a loop through the real world": "There’s a lot of science that can be totally automated. There’s no reason at this point that you need to have grad students pipetting one thing into another thing." "The idea is to have robotic labs that are online 24/7 and can scale in parallel. You have models reasoning for two days to find the most efficient experiments to run, once they get to a good point, they pass that to a robotic lab which can experiment in parallel at high volume." "The results pass back into a model which reasons about the results and then goes out and runs a different set of experiments. You’re doing reinforcement learning with a loop through the real world."

TBPN

98,711 views • 4 months ago

OpenAI's Kevin Weil 🇺🇸 says 24/7 robotic labs could automate scientific discovery using "reinforcement learning with a loop through the real world": "There’s a lot of science that can be totally automated. There’s no reason at this point that you need to have grad students pipetting one thing into another thing." "The idea is to have robotic labs that are online 24/7 and can scale in parallel. You have models reasoning for two days to find the most efficient experiments to run, once they get to a good point, they pass that to a robotic lab which can experiment in parallel at high volume." "The results pass back into a model which reasons about the results and then goes out and runs a different set of experiments. You’re doing reinforcement learning with a loop through the real world."

OpenAI's Kevin Weil 🇺🇸 says 24/7 robotic labs could automate scientific discovery using "reinforcement learning with a loop through the real world": "There’s a lot of science that can be totally automated. There’s no reason at this point that you need to have grad students pipetting one thing into another thing." "The idea is to have robotic labs that are online 24/7 and can scale in parallel. You have models reasoning for two days to find the most efficient experiments to run, once they get to a good point, they pass that to a robotic lab which can experiment in parallel at high volume." "The results pass back into a model which reasons about the results and then goes out and runs a different set of experiments. You’re doing reinforcement learning with a loop through the real world."

TBPN

29,667 views • 4 months ago

If a model is 50% reliable, it's 0% useful. Michael Giannangeli, Head of Agentic AI at Amazon Nova, breaks down one of the hardest problems in agentic AI: reliability. Models need to match or beat human performance, or they won't get adopted. To close the gap, teams are building an ecosystem of reinforcement learning "gyms" where AI agents can hone their skills. Think of it like a virtual training ground where agents practice tasks through trial and error, building reliability one rep at a time. 💪

If a model is 50% reliable, it's 0% useful. Michael Giannangeli, Head of Agentic AI at Amazon Nova, breaks down one of the hardest problems in agentic AI: reliability. Models need to match or beat human performance, or they won't get adopted. To close the gap, teams are building an ecosystem of reinforcement learning "gyms" where AI agents can hone their skills. Think of it like a virtual training ground where agents practice tasks through trial and error, building reliability one rep at a time. 💪

Amazon

33,529 views • 24 days ago

The AI Trillion-Dollar Moat 💰🤖 On the last The All-In Podcast, david friedberg dropped a truth bomb: Data is the REAL moat in AI. This came right after DeepSeek—China’s latest AI model—shook the industry, forcing a hard look at OpenAI’s valuation and the billion-dollar model race. 🚨 AI investors are waking up: Is scaling with NVIDIA chips the endgame? Or is it DATA? 🤔 david friedberg says what we at Masa have always believed: Data is the moat. travis kalanick (Uber co-founder) doubled down—stating data is the tentpole emerging in AI’s future. DeepSeek proved open-source models are winning. Even OpenAI CEO Sam Altman admitted it. But what about open-source data? The AI arms race isn’t just about bigger models—it’s about scalable, high-quality, AI-ready data. That’s why we built Masa: a decentralized, open-source real-time data network on Bittensor SN42. And with dTAO coming soon… The real moat is about to be exposed. $MASA is inevitable. 🚀

The AI Trillion-Dollar Moat 💰🤖 On the last The All-In Podcast, david friedberg dropped a truth bomb: Data is the REAL moat in AI. This came right after DeepSeek—China’s latest AI model—shook the industry, forcing a hard look at OpenAI’s valuation and the billion-dollar model race. 🚨 AI investors are waking up: Is scaling with NVIDIA chips the endgame? Or is it DATA? 🤔 david friedberg says what we at Masa have always believed: Data is the moat. travis kalanick (Uber co-founder) doubled down—stating data is the tentpole emerging in AI’s future. DeepSeek proved open-source models are winning. Even OpenAI CEO Sam Altman admitted it. But what about open-source data? The AI arms race isn’t just about bigger models—it’s about scalable, high-quality, AI-ready data. That’s why we built Masa: a decentralized, open-source real-time data network on Bittensor SN42. And with dTAO coming soon… The real moat is about to be exposed. $MASA is inevitable. 🚀

Masa

22,701 views • 1 year ago