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Elon Musk explains why solving the hands problem is the key to building a true humanoid robot — and why the human hand is one of evolution’s greatest engineering marvels.

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Ian Miles Cheong

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21,813 views • 11 months ago •via X (Twitter)

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Elon Musk on why Optimus is so brutally hard to build (hardware side): “The hands are the majority of the engineering difficulty of the entire robot.” Human hands evolved insane sophistication — ~27–28 degrees of freedom, complex tendon web (mostly forearm muscles), crazy dexterity. No supply chain exists. Tesla had to design every single actuator, motor, gearbox & electronics from physics first principles. “Harder than Cybertruck or Model X… somewhere between Model X and Starship.” Optimus v3 finally aiming for true human-level hand performance. The “hands problem” is massively underestimated.
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Elon Musk on why Optimus is so brutally hard to build (hardware side): “The hands are the majority of the engineering difficulty of the entire robot.” Human hands evolved insane sophistication — ~27–28 degrees of freedom, complex tendon web (mostly forearm muscles), crazy dexterity. No supply chain exists. Tesla had to design every single actuator, motor, gearbox & electronics from physics first principles. “Harder than Cybertruck or Model X… somewhere between Model X and Starship.” Optimus v3 finally aiming for true human-level hand performance. The “hands problem” is massively underestimated.

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.Brett Adcock explains why Figure pivoted away from designing their humanoid robot's hands after human hands: "This is extremely important. If we want to solve AGI and get to human intelligence in the physical world—it's all going to start with the hands." "Our first-generation hand is a tendon-driven hand." "The rationale here is that a human hand is like this: most of our motors are in our forearm and little tendons drive all the fingers." "It ended up becoming the wrong engineering choice." "We recently unveiled our high degree of freedom, next-generation hand a month ago. This hand has human-level dexterity, as many joints in the hand as a human."
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Elon Musk revealed the 3 hardest challenges for humanoid robots and how Tesla is solving them There are really only three hard things for humanoid robots: - Real-world intelligence - ⁠The hand and - ⁠Scale manufacturing "I haven’t seen any demo robots that have a great hand with all the degrees of freedom of a human hand. But Optimus does have that" To reach human-level dexterity, Tesla had to design custom actuators, motors, gears, power electronics, controls, and sensors, everything from physics first principles There is no supply chain for this "From an electromechanical standpoint, the hand is more difficult than everything else combined. The human hand turns out to be quite something" This is why Optimus is on a completely different level. Tesla is solving the hardest problems from the ground up
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