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Field-Reversed Configuration is wild: plasma makes its own magnetic bottle,no coils through the center. Self-organized currents flip the field and confine fusion, like a star holding itself together. Used by TAE Technologies and Helion Energy.

243,388 views • 9 months ago •via X (Twitter)

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Researchers at Tokamak Energy have captured for the first time a real-time, high-speed video of plasma behaviour inside their ST40 spherical tokamak, tracking visible green and red light emissions as the fusion process occurs. This visual insight comes via a camera operating at thousands of frames per second, offering unprecedented detail of how the plasma evolves, interacts with the surrounding lithium blanket and outer regions, and ultimately radiates energy. The imaging enables scientists to observe how the ultra-hot core transitions outward into cooler zones, how magnetic confinement shapes the plasma behaviour, and how impurities or outer-region interactions influence the process. By giving a ‘star-in-a-donut’ view of fusion in action, this breakthrough adds a new diagnostic tool to the development of fusion energy, helping engineers refine the magnetic confinement, optimise plasma stability and better understand the heat and light flows at play. It was slowed down by 100x. All this was for 0.3s A tokamak is one of the most advanced devices ever created to achieve controlled nuclear fusion, the same process that powers the Sun. Its goal is simple in principle but incredibly challenging in practice: heat a gas until it becomes plasma, raise that plasma to over 100 million degrees, and confine it long enough for hydrogen nuclei to fuse and release energy. Because no material container can survive such temperatures, a tokamak uses powerful magnetic fields to hold and shape the plasma like an invisible cage. The device has a distinctive doughnut-shaped (toroidal) chamber surrounded by magnetic coils. When the machine is switched on, electric currents and external magnets work together to create helical magnetic fields that trap the plasma and keep it away from the walls. As the plasma spirals around these magnetic lines, it heats up dramatically. Additional heating comes from methods like radio-frequency waves and neutral-beam injection, pushing the plasma toward the extreme temperatures needed for fusion. Inside this tightly controlled environment, hydrogen isotopes such as deuterium and tritium can collide and fuse, releasing fast neutrons and a burst of energy. The goal of tokamak research is to reach a point where the fusion reactions produce more energy than the system consumes, a milestone known as “net energy gain.” Modern machines like ITER, JET, and Tokamak Energy’s ST40 are bringing this vision closer, using advanced diagnostics, superconducting magnets, and increasingly stable plasma control. 👉

Erika 

162,540 views • 9 months ago

Here we go… This is the moment our ST40 centre column is lifted out. A bit like open-heart surgery on a tokamak. It’s a delicate operation, and a huge milestone for ST40. The centre column has had a tough life, acting as the core of the toroidal magnetic field coil in the world’s highest-field spherical tokamak. After more than 5,000 plasma pulses, it has helped generate magnetic fields above 2 Tesla at the plasma core, confining plasma at temperatures of more than 100 million °C, the threshold for #fusion. Next up, we install the new and improved centre column built by our partners at The Rockwood Group. This is all part of ST40’s major upgrade programme with U.S. Department of Energy and Department for Energy Security and Net Zero, helping transform it into one of the most reactor-relevant fusion devices in the world. What began as an experimental tokamak is becoming something much bigger: a customer testbed for the technologies and expertise needed to put #fusionenergy onto the grid⚡ And for anyone wondering what the centre column actually does… 👇 It forms the inner limb of each turn of the toroidal field coil. Its 24 wedges each carry up to 200 kA of current, generating the powerful magnetic fields needed to confine the plasma. Wrapped around the wedges, a 192-turn central solenoid helps drive and sustain the plasma current, after merging-compression start-up. An impressive piece of equipment with an equally impressive track record! #Fusion #FusionEnergy #Innovation

Tokamak Energy

28,462 views • 3 months ago

Helion energy is building what will be the world’s first commercial fusion power plant, scheduled to be finished in 3 years. Great interview by Lex Fridman with David Kirtley (CEO of Helion). Most power plants are heat engines. You burn fuel or run fission, boil water, spin a turbine, and get about 35% electricity while the rest leaves as waste heat. Helion flips the flow. The fusion reaction makes charged particles that push back on a magnetic field tied to a capacitor bank, so you get direct electricity instead of a steam loop. That path can reach about 85% efficiency from fusion energy to electrical output, which means less conversion gear and tighter control over power delivery. 🧪 How the machine works A giant capacitor bank drives coils that both accelerate and squeeze plasma. Two plasmas, deuterium plus helium‑3, are launched from opposite sides and collide in the center. By rapidly reversing the magnetic field in about 1 microsecond, the plasma self-organizes into a field‑reversed configuration that traps itself. Then the machine compresses it hard. Fusion happens, new charged particles appear, and their pressure pushes the magnetic field so the system dumps energy back into the capacitors. It is pulsed, up to 100Hz in tests, so each shot is a clean measure of input versus recovered electricity. 🛡️ Safety and waste There is no chain reaction. The device only holds about 1 second of fuel at any time, so stopping the drive stops fusion. X‑rays and some neutrons exist during operation, so you use shielding and standard controls, similar to particle‑accelerator facilities. When the pulse stops, the radiation source stops. 🖥️ Why data centers care The output is high‑voltage DC sitting on capacitors. You can invert to AC for the grid, or route DC with fewer conversions into rectifier buses for racks. That cuts losses and simplifies backup. The company is targeting 2028 for a first grid-tied plant for a large buyer, which lines up with growing AI power needs. 🧩 What is still hard Helium‑3 is scarce on Earth, so you must produce it or source it. This fuel also likes higher temperatures, roughly 200M-300M degrees, so the pulsed magnets and power electronics must be very fast and very tough. Stability is managed by giving the plasma enough “spin” and length so it behaves like a fast top that stays upright, plus thousands of synchronized switches that fire with microsecond timing. If this architecture keeps showing pulse gain and high‑efficiency recovery, you get a compact generator that skips steam, feeds a capacitor, and delivers clean power in the exact format modern compute wants.

Rohan Paul

63,912 views • 9 months ago