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for better understanding of how bitcoin works, i decided to build a fork called TETSUO. bitcoin uses secp256k1 ECDSA with SHA256/RIPEMD160 hashing for addresses and transaction signing. TETSUO maintains that exact same cryptographic foundation, we inherit decades of security research. but we optimized the transaction format: - sequence numbers...

80,896 Aufrufe • vor 8 Monaten •via X (Twitter)

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Leonidas 🧡 $DOG

63,042 Aufrufe • vor 11 Monaten

"I used to be a bitcoiner. The transition to a new store of value only happens once every 3,000 years. That's the main prize -- just focus on that. But [security] is the criteria that ultimately convinced me to flip from Bitcoin to ETH." "I have a higher degree of certainty that Ethereum will be around longer [than Bitcoin]. The reason for that is because Bitcoin relies on proof-of-work, which is less efficient than proof-of-stake and doesn't scale with the value of the network. And as the block subsidy of Bitcoin halves every four years, it is increasingly becoming more and more reliant on transaction fees to fund the security budget paid to miners." "If you look at [Bitcoin's] security budget right now, about 0.6% of revenue to miners is transaction fees... The problem with that is if Bitcoin becomes 'digital gold', flips gold, and becomes a $30 trillion asset, but it only costs $10-20 billion to attack it, that's too asymmetric." "You want the security budget to scale with the market cap, similar to how countries spend a % of their GDP on defense. The more valuable something is, the more you need to spend to protect it." "Ethereum, with the Merge, migrated to proof-of-stake, which is fundamentally more secure because it's less reliant on transaction fees and it scales with the value of the network. If 1/3rd of ETH is staked and then you need 1/3rd of those ETH to censor the network, you're looking at roughly 10% of the total market cap as the cost to attack the network." "So if Ethereum flips Bitcoin and gold and becomes a $30 trillion asset, it'll cost ~$3 trillion to attack the Ethereum network versus Bitcoin at like $10 billion." "The other aspect here is that as AI hyperscalers invest more and more in AI, proof-of-work becomes increasingly vulnerable because the cost to attack the Bitcoin network is starting to look close to the quarterly CapEx these hyperscalers are spending on their data centers." Full interview on Bankless with Vivek Raman discussing the new Etherealize "Productive Money" report below.

Michael McGuiness

120,514 Aufrufe • vor 4 Monaten

What if #AI became as decentralized as #Bitcoin? We sat down with our new friend 3700 from Bitcoin Virtual Machine to hear what their incredible team of anons are working on - "Truly Open AI." Full interview here:👇 1: What positive impact will Layer 2s have on Bitcoin? Layer 2s on Bitcoin open up opportunities for innovation, allowing developers to build dApps and smart contracts on top of Bitcoin, expanding its utility and use cases. By submitting transactions for final settlement on the Bitcoin network, Bitcoin Layer 2 networks claim to achieve the same (or close to) level of security and decentralization as the Bitcoin blockchain. Building a separate execution layer allows them the freedom to employ several technologies (such as rollups). Layer 2 can significantly improve Bitcoin's scalability by processing transactions off-chain, reducing congestion on the main blockchain. Overall, Layer 2s on Bitcoin have the potential to address some of Bitcoin's key limitations, making it more efficient, accessible, and versatile in the long run. 2: What does the ETF approval mean for Layer 2 on Bitcoin? The approval of ETF could potentially have several implications for Layer 2 on Bitcoin: Innovation and Development: With a growing interest in Bitcoin spurred by ETF approval, there could be a surge in research and development efforts focused on enhancing Layer 2. Developers and projects may be incentivized to create new and improved Layer 2 protocols to meet the evolving needs of the expanding Bitcoin ecosystem. An ETF approval could boost mainstream Bitcoin adoption and liquidity. This influx of users may also drive interest in Layer 2 on Bitcoin as a means to enhance the scalability and functionality of Bitcoin. 3: What are the primary challenges facing L2s on Bitcoin? The interoperability of different Layer 2s and their compatibility with Bitcoin's main blockchain can be a challenge. Ensuring seamless interaction between various Layer 2 networks and the Bitcoin blockchain is essential for a cohesive and efficient ecosystem. Some Layer 2s may introduce centralization risks if they rely heavily on centralized entities or trusted intermediaries. Maintaining decentralization and censorship resistance, which are core tenets of Bitcoin, while scaling with Layer 2s is a challenge. 4: What aspects of Layer 2 solutions for Bitcoin are you most enthusiastic about? AI represents one of the cornerstones of our modern era. However, achieving a decentralized AI infrastructure, owned and managed by users, has posed significant challenges. The primary obstacle has been the limited capacity to store and execute AI models due to size and computational limitations. 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We're dedicated to expanding the BVM ecosystem by incentivizing more builders to join the Bitcoin network. Through various programs and grants, we support builders in covering their operational costs for Bitcoin Layer 2. Additionally, we offer rewards akin to 'L2 mining' to those who contribute to expanding the user base and total value locked on the network. In summary, BVM stands out with its modular infrastructure, tailored solutions, and efforts to grow the Bitcoin ecosystem.

Supra

83,548 Aufrufe • vor 2 Jahren

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Charles Guillemet

183,451 Aufrufe • vor 10 Monaten

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Maximus Maximalistus

28,668 Aufrufe • vor 14 Tagen

BITCOIN RAILS #50: HISTORY OF SEGWIT & TAPROOT | with Pieter Wuille 🔗 YOUTUBE: A primary maintainer of Bitcoin Core from 2011-2022, Pieter Wuille is arguably the most influential developer in Bitcoin’s history since Satoshi himself. After receiving keys to the Bitcoin codebase from Gavin Andresen, who was tasked with maintaining the codebase by Satoshi Nakamoto, Pieter went on to implement some of Bitcoin’s most dramatic and influential upgrades, including but not limited to: - Implementation of Bitcoin’s Taproot and Segwit upgrades - Implementation of libsecp256k + Bitcoin’s unique encoding structure for the cryptography securing all Bitcoin public/private keys - The first import/export feature for Bitcoin private keys into Bitcoin (now Bitcoin Core) - Development of hierarchical deterministic (HD) wallets, enabling backups via a single seedphrase and paving the way for seedphrases themselves - DER signatures, Miniscript, and so much more A truly special episode of Bitcoin Rails, this is a rare long-form interview with one of the most important historical figures in the arc of Bitcoin’s development. Pieter and I walk through how Bitcoin consensus works in practice, the history of Bitcoin's most critical early developments, and the key role of his good friend, Greg Maxwell, nearly every step of the way. This episode of Bitcoin Rails is powered by: — Best In Slot (Best in Slot | BRC2.0 🧑‍🍳) - the leading API for Ordinals and BRC-20 data aggregation and indexing. — Spark (Lightspark) - a statechains implementation advancing Bitcoin-powered payments. — Citrea (Citrea | Mainnet Live 🍊🍋) - a leading Bitcoin rollup technology and BitVM alliance contributor. TIMESTAMPS: 00:00 Intro 00:42 Early Days in Bitcoin 01:25 First Contributions to Bitcoin Core 04:38 Challenges and Innovations in Bitcoin Development 06:54 The Hal Finney Challenge 12:16 Bitcoin Core Contributors Back Then 14:18 The Creation of HD Wallets and Seed Phrases 17:47 Greg Maxwell Role and Relationship 21:00 Implementing Libsecp256k1 28:39 Why Did Satoshi Choose ECDSA 33:34 Addressing OpenSSL Issues 40:41 Why Pieter Wrote BIP 66 47:54 BIP 103 Proposal and Initial Reactions 49:57 SegWit Development and Implementation 01:05:39 Taproot's History, Details, and Benefits 01:11:09 Why Taproot Has No Hashed Addresses 01:16:55 Pieter's Thoughts on BitVM and other non-softfork dependent scaling solutions cc Robin Linus 🥖 01:18:27 Non-Soft Fork Scaling Solutions 01:23:03 Future Consensus Changes and Challenges 01:25:28 Bitcoin's Miner Centralization and Security Concerns (e.g. MEV) cc Matt Corallo 🟠 01:34:48 Miniscript: Simplifying Bitcoin Script? cc Rob Hamilton

Isabel Foxen Duke⚡️

43,894 Aufrufe • vor 6 Monaten

For 50 years, the US military's unspoken job was to back the fiat petrodollar with aircraft carriers. Now they're running a Bitcoin node. Admiral Paparo, whom I am henceforth dubbing Admiral Bitcoin, just dropped a bombshell on the congressional record. INDOPACOM isn't mining. They're actively using the protocol to monitor the network and run operational tests to secure military infrastructure. Admiral Bitcoin stated explicitly that the computer science behind Bitcoin has "direct implications for the projection of power." Say what now about magic internet money? Here's the ultimate irony. The most heavily funded, secretive defense department on the planet, with an $800 billion budget, just admitted it needs a free, open-source cypherpunk protocol to secure its networks. They looked at every centralized server, every legacy database, every hackable piece of financial infrastructure they've spent decades protecting and concluded: not good enough. We already covered Bessent and the Treasury maneuvering for a strategic reserve. That's the financial hedge. What Admiral Bitcoin just revealed is the structural hedge. The military didn't just decide Bitcoin is a good investment. They decided it's the only architecture that can't be compromised. The state is quietly adopting the infrastructure of sovereign wealth while Wall Street tries to sell you paper ETFs and fiat yields. If the US military refuses to trust a centralized server with their operational security, why are you trusting a corporate exchange with your family's financial future? The arms race isn't coming. The generals are already running nodes.

Bitcoin Well

12,398 Aufrufe • vor 4 Monaten

Making Sense Of Strategy What is happening with $MSTR? If you’ve been following me on X for any meaningful length of time, you will know that I have been attempting to calibrate people’s expectations of the stock's performance for the best part of 2025. Here I have synthesised all of my thoughts and distilled them into a single video. If you prefer YouTube, you can watch it here: If you prefer written format, continue reading. The first thing we need to understand is what Strategy is and why people invest in it. Strategy At the highest level, Strategy is leveraged Bitcoin. That’s it. Strategy leverages debt to acquire more Bitcoin. Therefore, the main reason you invest in Strategy is because you want to outperform Bitcoin. The only thing better than Bitcoin is more Bitcoin. The second thing we need to understand is mNAV. mNAV Generally speaking for a pure-play Bitcoin Treasury Company like Strategy, mNAV is a reflection of the market's expectation of future Bitcoin Yield. Bitcoin Yield comes with diminishing returns because each additional Bitcoin purchase contributes less to Bitcoin Per Share. Thus, the larger your Bitcoin stack, the harder it becomes to generate Bitcoin Yield and by extension the harder it becomes to outperform Bitcoin. This is why on a Bitcoin Standard, over a long enough time horizon, mNAV trends towards 1 since the maximum amount of Bitcoin you can own is 21M. With all this in mind, why is Strategy trading where it is and why is it trading at such a low mNAV? There are a few reasons. 1. Strategy Is A Different Company In 2025 Firstly, Strategy is a totally different company in 2025 to the one it was in 2020. For context, believe it or not, the company only introduced Bitcoin Yield and Bitcoin Per Share in the July 2024 Q2 Earnings Call and so it was only after that that they began optimising for those metrics. In my view, that is also when Michael Saylor truly started to understand the opportunity that was in front of him, which is why in October 2024 we saw Strategy announce the 21/21 plan which became the catalyst for the parabolic run we saw in November 2024 where $MSTR went on to briefly hit an all-time-high of around $550. Since people are comparing $MSTR this cycle to the $MSTR of last cycle when it briefly traded at an mNAV of over 8x, it is distorting their expectations. Again, Strategy is a totally different company today with a totally different set of dynamics. 2. New Industry Secondly, we need to recognise that the Bitcoin Treasury Company industry is entirely new which means that the market has been forced to learn and adapt in real-time. With Strategy being the first and by far the largest Bitcoin Treasury Company, it has gained a disproportionate amount of attention and as a result it has attracted a disproportionate amount of speculative capital along the way while everyone has been trying to figure out how to value it. Consequently, in my view, the move we saw in November 2024 was an over-correction to the upside — which by the way coincided with Bitcoin’s parabolic run following Donald Trump’s election win — and what we’re now seeing is an over-correction to the downside. 3. Bitcoin Yield Thirdly, as I mentioned at the beginning, Bitcoin Treasury Companies are currently valued based on how much Bitcoin Yield they are expected to generate in the future. At the time of recording, Strategy currently holds precisely 637,460 Bitcoin — that’s over 3% of the total Bitcoin supply — which means that it is much, much harder to generate meaningful Bitcoin Yield, which again is why we’re seeing the mNAV compress. However, there is a caveat here. There is another metric that Strategy have introduced which is Bitcoin $ Gain. Bitcoin $ Gain is defined as the $ value of newly acquired Bitcoin within any period. Strategy — and I don’t blame them — have been attempting to encourage the market to interpret Bitcoin $ Gain as “earnings” and to value the company based on how much earnings it is expected to generate in the future. For full disclosure, I personally dislike Bitcoin $ Gain as a valuation metric. I think framing it as “earnings” is misleading and disingenuous. I understand why it has been introduced because it speaks the language of Wall Street. However, traditional earnings are final. Bitcoin $ Gain is not because it is forever subject to the price of Bitcoin. Therefore, for Bitcoin $ Gain to be embraced by Wall Street, the market must collectively agree that Bitcoin is going up forever. I remain very sceptical of that happening — especially in the short-to-medium term. However, I am also not attached to my beliefs and so if Wall Street does decide to embrace Bitcoin $ Gain as its primary valuation metric, then $MSTR is likely undervalued by a factor of 5-10x. If not, then $MSTR is likely undervalued by a factor of 1-2x. If you’re not content with the latter being the worst case scenario, then the stock probably isn’t for you. 4. Preferred Products Fourthly, the Strategy thesis right now revolves entirely around the success of its preferred products. Remember, Michael Saylor wants Strategy to become the Amazon of the fixed income market. Thus, we’re not talking about a small innovation here — we are talking about completely transforming global finance. This means that the process of generating awareness and educating the market that will ultimately drive demand for these products is going to take years — not months — which is why you need to have a long time-horizon. Presently, the market is completely discounting the success of Strategy’s preferred products. What it’s not factoring in however is that the capital markets are desperate for yield right now. Thus, when — not if — but when, they eventually wake up to Bitcoin, how do you think they’re going to get that yield? Who is going to be the entity that is offering Bitcoin-backed credit instruments at scale? The answer is obviously Strategy, but again, this is a 5-to-10 year and beyond story. So with all that said, if you’re reading this right now, what should you do? Valuing Strategy There are 3 steps you need to take: 1. Firstly, you need to define your time horizon. In other words, how long do you intend on holding the stock for? 2. Secondly, you need to estimate either — depending on your preferred metric — how much Bitcoin Yield or how much Bitcoin $ Gain you expect Strategy to generate during that period and then calculate how much you expect $MSTR to outperform Bitcoin based on those values. 3. Thirdly, ask yourself whether you’d be satisfied with the level of outperformance you have calculated? In other words, is the trade-off worth it? Or would you be better off investing in either spot Bitcoin, an alternative Bitcoin Treasury Company or a Bitcoin ETF. If you’re satisfied with the level of outperformance that you’ve calculated, then $MSTR it probably a good choice of investment for you. If you're not satisfied, then $MSTR is probably a bad choice of investment for you. I personally believe that $MSTR will outperform Bitcoin by a minimum factor of 1-2x over the next 5/10 years and potentially much more if Bitcoin $ Gain becomes the primary metric by which it is valued, but again, I remain sceptical of that happening. Regardless, the best is yet to come.

Chris Millas

36,835 Aufrufe • vor 11 Monaten

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COLDCARD

211,534 Aufrufe • vor 2 Jahren

BIG NEWS: Your On-chain Bitcoin Payments Are Now More Private! We are constantly yapping about Zcash and Monero lately but those who have been here long enough know that our roots are in Bitcoin! Bitcoin is where it all started for us and we are still privileged to offer you the most comprehensive Bitcoin experience on mobile wallet. Now, meet private Bitcoin transactions! Today, we are partnering with NEAR Intents and excited to announce support for PRIVATE Bitcoin payments. Private Send will be an optional switch in your send screen. Turn it on whenever you don’t want a payment exposing the rest of your financial life. ⚡ Send BTC without giving the recipient a direct link to your originating wallet UTXOs. ⚡ Send ETH without exposing that wallet’s public balances and transaction history. ⚡ Pay in USDT or USDC without handing the recipient a permanent window into your wallet. Those are just the most common examples. Private Send will work across all assets supported by Unstoppable and NEAR Intents confidentiality protocols. Remember, it’s not a promise of anonymity but rather something that would keep your activity hidden from the recipient and chain lurker. It’s a privacy upgrade over a normal on-chain payment. Powered by the newly released Confidential Intents infrastructure from NEAR. Huge thanks and hugs to the team at NEAR Protocol for making this integration possible.🫂 The feature to be release by the of the week in version 0.51 Be Private! Be Unstoppable!

Unstoppable | Privacy Wallet

69,969 Aufrufe • vor 4 Tagen

Episode 213: Agent Markets Your agents can now hold and trade bitcoin. But how can they earn bitcoin? We introduce the five markets of the OpenAgents Marketplace, launching one per week starting March 11th: 1. COMPUTE - Sell your spare compute for bitcoin. A reboot of our most popular product launch (GPUtopia in 2023), now optimized for agents. Launches March 11. 2. DATA - Sell your spare data. For example those Claude Code or Codex conversations sitting on your computer are highly valuable. Redact the sensitive info, anonymize any of it you want, and sell the rest. Agents as data brokers: what else will they want to buy or sell? Launches March 18. 3. LABOR - Sell autonomous labor. Your Claude Code or Codex sits idle overnight. Turn that downtime into uptime by letting your agents accept and execute coding or other tasks for bitcoin while you sleep. Launches March 25. 4. LIQUIDITY - Provide liquidity for yield. Automate the management of Lightning channels or other Bitcoin-native financial instruments. Let your agent put your idle capital to work earning returns. Launches April 1. 5. RISK - Underwrite verification and performance bonds. The biggest barrier to agent adoption is trust. We built an Economy Kernel based on the recent "Some Simple Economics of AGI" paper where agents stake collateral to verify work and guarantee outcomes. Launches April 8. "Your entry point to all of these markets is going to be Autopilot. We're really focusing on Autopilot as a desktop app. So along with the launch of our compute market, we're going to launch version 0.1 of Autopilot, your personal agent. Think OpenClaw but with a built-in bitcoin wallet, built-in Nostr keypair, and a more curated set of integrations where we can better reason about the security of them." "Because all this is on open networks and open protocols, if you're a Nostr or Bitcoin developer, you'll be able to plug into this same liquidity pool we are building." After 200+ episodes chronicling 2+ years of development, we are excited to finally launch the open marketplace for agents. We are excited for you to participate. And we will measure our success by how much Bitcoin you get paid!

OpenAgents

183,426 Aufrufe • vor 5 Monaten

$1M Bitcoin in 2027 Everyone thinks Michael Saylor and ETFs get us there. I think it’s Paul Sztorc and the eCash.com $BTC hard fork. I sat with Paul Sztorc who made me realise eCash could be one of the most important forks in bitcoins history, stimulating our greatest bullrun ever. The tldr is in August if you hold bitcoin you get the equivalent in eCash. Now eCash on its own merit is already interesting. It’s led by Paul Sztorc who has spent years campaigning to improve bitcoins mechanical utility. He’s a certified legit Bitcoin OG who wants to add functional layers on-top of Bitcoin to enable Bitcoin to be the rails for the broader world of commerce. He plans to achieve this with side chains that are sort of like L2s on Bitcoin. Imagine if Bitcoin had smart contracts and $btc was the currency for all apps in the world. 🤔so technically it’s already very compelling. You will get that for free just by owning Bitcoin. But that’s not all. Paul has figured out a way to finance new forks. I believe this will trigger a new season of fork innovations. Basically fork wars 2.0 only this time it’s based around experimentation and innovation instead of outright kill Bitcoin. Institutions have been all the craze recently but they have never been the source of crypto's biggest expansions. The people who built this industry were. The Cryptographers, the hackers, the builders and the cypherpunks. Everyone is focusing on Strategy selling Bitcoin, meanwhile the upcoming eCash hard fork from Paul Sztorc is being wildly underestimated. Technically, the idea of improving bitcoins mechanical utility is appealing but the event itself is also financially dramatic inducing a huge wealth effect for a whole new generation of Bitcoin holders and it may remind the market who actually drives innovation in this industry. Every major crypto boom began when a small group of weird, intelligent, highly-convicted people challenged the status quo and built something new. And while everyone thinks the next bull market comes from Wall Street, I think much more poetically it comes from the same place every other one did: The real Bitcoiners. Anyway, the interview is linked below. I highly recommend you watch it and I’ll be writing my thesis that goes over wealth effects, network effects, financial incentives, game theory and how this all spills over into a bitcoin and crypto bullrun like we’ve never seen before.

Senator Mak🖖

130,752 Aufrufe • vor 2 Monaten

So, does it matter that Bitcoin seems to be moving away from its cypherpunk roots? Bitcoin ETFs and Bitcoin Treasuries have taken BTC mainstream. So I asked Saifedean Ammous this very question. His answer might surprise you... 👀👇 "If you have very strong feelings about how people should and shouldn't use Bitcoin, you're in for a rough time." "To be honest, a lot of people project too much onto Bitcoin. Ultimately, it's just a bunch of software and anybody can use it in any way they want. Initially, it's a small subset of people that use it and then they start projecting their values onto it. And then over time, they expect it to continue to abide by that," Ammous said. "If it's a successful technology, it's going to be used by everybody. It's going to be used by small businesses, large businesses, governments, individuals. It's money. Everybody uses money. There are 8.5 billion people on Earth, they all use money and they're all going to continue to use money. And Bitcoin is just the best money." Ultimately, the protocol itself is immune to the financial instruments that TradFi has concocted. If people want to lend against their BTC or create complex financial products, that does not actually impact the underlying network. "The way that the protocol works is that it's completely blind to what you're doing with your coins on the Bitcoin blockchain there is no paper Bitcoin there's no such thing as paper Bitcoin there's only 21 million Bitcoin and every node makes sure of that every 10 minutes and then if somebody who has some of these Bitcoin on their private key decides to sell obligations or financial liabilities referring to that Bitcoin under any condition, that's their choice. It's outside of Bitcoin and it's outside of the realm of other Bitcoin users being able to say this is right or wrong and this should happen or shouldn't happen. People are going to do whatever they want with the Bitcoin, including selling access to it or exposure to it in all kinds of different ways. And if you don't like it, you don't buy it, you can stack your own Bitcoin." You can find the full interview for Cointelegraph in the 🧵. If you enjoyed this content, please like 🧡, retweet 🔁 and follow me 👋!

Gareth Jenkinson

34,417 Aufrufe • vor 9 Monaten

🚨 Major Update: OpenClaw + On-Chain Identity + Autopilot We just solved the biggest problem with AI agents. Agents going rogue. Every OpenClaw instance is now fully integrated with its on-chain identity. Your agent can interact with Solana directly from chat. No dashboard. No manual signing. Just ask. Available On-Chain Actions Your agent can now: • Transfer SOL • Transfer SPL tokens • Create new tokens • Mint and burn tokens • Mint NFTs (Metaplex Core) • Transfer and burn NFTs • Create collections • Mint NFTs into collections • Close empty token accounts • Fund agent wallet from owner Build and Deploy • Compile Anchor programs via remote build server (no local Rust or Anchor needed) • Deploy to devnet and mainnet • Generate IDLs • All from a chat message Introducing Autopilot Tool This is where it gets serious. Autopilot is a client-side auto-signer for your AI agent wallet transactions. It runs locally, polls the Multiclaw tx-queue API, builds transactions, signs with the NFT owner's keypair, and submits to Solana. Available as a browser extension and a local CLI version. How We Solved the Rogue Agent Problem Every AI wallet on MoltID is secured by co-owner signing through Metaplex Core. Your agent cannot move a single lamport without authorization. But with Autopilot, you don't need to manually approve every transaction. You set the rules. The agent follows them. Autopilot Safety Rules (fully customizable): • Set max transfer limits (e.g. don't transfer more than 1 SOL) • Block unknown program interactions • Whitelist specific programs and addresses only • Block all token transfers • Block NFT transfers • Set daily spending caps • Auto-reject anything outside your rules Your agent operates autonomously within the boundaries you define. If a transaction breaks a rule, it gets rejected instantly. No exceptions. No overrides. No private keys on any server. Everything signs locally. Your keys never leave your machine. Other agents: Hope the AI doesn't drain the wallet. MoltID AI literally can't. GitHub:

Molt.id

40,644 Aufrufe • vor 5 Monaten