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Fun fact. Craniofacial release involves inserting a small balloon into the nasal passages to adjust the cranial bones and enhance sinus function.

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Facial reconstruction of a 53,000-year-old man from France This skeleton is one of the best preserved Neanderthal found in Europe at the time. The skull, nearly all vertebrae, 20 ribs, and most arm and leg bones survived, including parts of the hands and feet. The body position suggested an intentional burial in a cave depression, accompanied by Mousterian tools, shells, and animal remains of woolly rhinoceros, horse, reindeer, and bison, dating it to the Middle Mousterian period. The individual, described by Boule and estimated at 55–60 years old. Parts of the upper jaw, palate, zygomatic arch, nasal bones, and teeth were missing, with extensive deformation caused by tooth loss before death. The skull was long and low: maximum length 208 mm, breadth 156 mm, cranial index 75.0 (subdolichocephalic). The cranial vault was flattened, with a broad forehead, massive brow ridges, a strongly projecting glabella, and a pronounced occipital torus. Cranial bones were extremely robust. The face was broad (153mm) and triangular, with a very low forehead and strongly projecting midface. The nose was large and protruding, with a broad pear-shaped nasal aperture measuring 35 mm. The orbits were rectangular with rounded corners; orbital width was 47 mm and height 38 mm. The cheekbones projected laterally, increasing facial breadth. The forward-projecting nasal region and maxillae created the characteristic Neanderthal midfacial projection seen in skulls from La Ferrassie, Le Moustier, Gibraltar, and Krapina. The facial skeleton appeared exceptionally massive and heavy compared to the low cranial vault. The mastoid processes were very small relative to the overall skull, while the occipital and neck muscle attachments were extremely powerful. The position of the foramen magnum and cervical vertebrae indicated a forward-thrust, inclined head posture resting on a short, receding neck. Strong cervical and thoracic spinous processes gave the individual a stooped, hunched upper-body appearance. (Gerasimov, 1955) The old man of La Chapelle had lost many of his teeth, with evidence of healing. All of the mandibular molars were absent and consequently, some researchers suggested that the Old Man would have needed someone to process his food for him. This was widely cited as an example of Neanderthal altruism, similar to Shanidar 1. Reconstruction made in collaboration with InterspeciesFace

Ancestral Whispers

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Facial reconstruction of a 2,500-year-old Scythian from Tuva Standing about 127 cm tall, this individual, dating to an early phase of the Scythian Uyuk-Sagly culture, suffered from pituitary dwarfism. The Scythians, also known as the Saka, were an Iranic-speaking people who originated in the regions of Minusinsk, the Altai, Tuva, Mongolia, and Xinjiang. The skull exhibits infantile features, including hyperbrachycrany, a large nasal index, and very flat nasal bones. Marked glabellar relief suggests that the individual was male. The dimensions of the long bones are comparable to those of modern children aged around seven years. Estimates of body height based on formulae for both males and females range from 124 to 131 cm. Traits such as facial flatness, measured by both naso-malar and zygo-maxillary angles, point to East Asian affinities and link the individual with other population members. The individual’s cranial proportions fall within the normal range. The skull itself is small, with a cranial length of 153 mm, a width of 134 mm, and a bizygomatic breadth of 115 mm. The individual’s peculiarities likely included a clumsy or limping gait, a barrel-shaped chest, scoliosis, chronic joint pain, and reduced mobility. These conditions, together with the underdevelopment of the apophyses of the upper and lower limb bones, must have resulted in decreased mobility and, most likely, obesity. The cranium exhibits healed injuries, suggesting that the individual was the target of aggression; in fact, he may have died following a traumatic brain injury. His age at death, however, was no less than 45 years. Such a long lifespan for an individual with pituitary dwarfism complicated by epiphyseal dysplasia is exceptional even by modern medical standards (E.S. Aristova, T.A. Chikisheva, A.M. Seidman, A.N. Mashak, Y.A. Khoroshevskaya, 2006).

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60,972 views • 5 months ago

Facial reconstruction of a 1,400-year-old man from Hilmes, Germany The skull of this medieval man is often incorrectly identified online as belonging to a hunter-gatherer. At Hilmes, the skeletal remains of a large number of men, women, and children were excavated. The number of children is striking (at least 12 so far, most of them Infans I), though they were probably only partially reconstructed and not fully processed. Two juvenile males were also excluded from the statistical count. Five adult males and five adult females could be reliably reconstructed and analyzed. The average cranial length of the five Hilmes males is 185.6 mm, ranging from 173 to 194 mm. The average cranial breadth is 142.4 mm, ranging from 136 to 147 mm. The cranial index is 76.4, with a range of 73–79.8, indicating medium-long to long skulls. The average basion-bregma height is 136.6 mm; in four skulls it consistently falls between 137 and 139 mm, with only skull 4 (H4), at 131 mm, lying outside this range. The average length-height index is 74.4, ranging from 71 to 75.7. The average length-ear-height index is 60.8, ranging from 60 to 62.2. H7 (the reconstructed individual) displays a facial morphology described as strongly Cro-Magnon-like. H7 in particular has extremely broad zygomatic arches, reaching 146 mm, approaching the dimensions of Oberkassel's 155 mm. The zygomatics are characteristically Cro-Magnon in form, with pronounced anterolateral projection and rounded margins. The nose is of medium height and breadth, with only a moderately elevated nasal bridge. The mandible is robust and closely resembles the Cro-Magnon mandibles described by Altendorf, with strong dentition and broad jaw dimensions. H7 and H7a both possess a characteristic Cro-Magnon brow ridge, forming a straight line above the eye sockets and nasal root. Their frontal facial appearance is marked by broad, low orbits, a square facial shape, and strong horizontal facial features. Professor Fischer referred to H7 and H7a as the “two brothers” due to similarities in the occipital shape and the nearly identical development of the brow ridges, despite differences in cranial proportions. H7a also shows a deeply indented supraorbital ridge and recessed nasal root, though its facial skeleton is somewhat more gracile. The zygomatic arches remain broad and typically Cro-Magnon in position, while the mandible is more delicate and narrower than H7’s. The greatest differences between the two lie in the nasal and midfacial structure. H7a exhibits a strongly projecting midface and alveolar region, with marked prognathism. The nasal bones project prominently forward despite their shortness, and the nasal floor transitions directly into the prognathic alveolar process with only a weak nasal spine. It should merely be noted here that the severe prognathism of 74°, primarily alveolar prognathism, may have been intensified by the early loss of the molars and premolars and by severe fistula formation. The incisors and canines, despite the loss of the remaining teeth, exhibit only slight wear. The condition appears very similar to the findings of the SSA-like woman from Menton (the Grimaldi race) illustrated by Verneau (70). (Gustav Perret, 1937)

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28,354 views • 1 month ago