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Have you ever heard of a library whose operating principle was to seize every book carried by ships passing through the city's port? That was the policy of the famed Alexandria Library in ancient times. Many ships from India passed through Alexandria carrying items for Europe and they probably...

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Sahana Singh

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11,009 Aufrufe • vor 5 Monaten •via X (Twitter)

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It's interesting that control over sexual desires was an important attribute of education for men in India. The Kaupina was worn by male students as a symbol of their celibacy. But the women were dressing as seductively as they wanted. This reel was originally posted by Instagram handle Samyu Speaks at
1:43

It's interesting that control over sexual desires was an important attribute of education for men in India. The Kaupina was worn by male students as a symbol of their celibacy. But the women were dressing as seductively as they wanted. This reel was originally posted by Instagram handle Samyu Speaks at

Sahana Singh

30,597 Aufrufe • vor 3 Monaten

The ancient Library of Alexandria was one of the greatest human achievements in antiquity. It was a vast collection of knowledge from countless and varied sources and contained tens or possibly even hundreds of thousands of scrolls. For this reason, the destruction of the library has been a subject of keen interest by many lovers of knowledge. It is often regarded as a great tragedy. But who actually burned the Library of Alexandria?... Firstly, let us establish an understanding of what exactly the Library of Alexandria really was. It was part of a large center of learning in Egypt in the city of Alexandria, called the Mouseion. It was built during the Ptolemaic period of Egypt. This was a time during which a Greek dynasty ruled over the country (Hellenistic Era). The library may have been built during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus in mid-3rd Century BC. It quickly acquired many scrolls from all sorts of sources. The Ptolemaic kings of Egypt supported it directly, due to the ancient Greek love of knowledge. The Library of Alexandria grew to enormous proportions. At its height, it allegedly held anywhere between forty thousand to four hundred thousand scrolls. It was perhaps the greatest center of learning in the ancient world. Nonetheless, the library is no longer in existence but was famously burned. The question that remains is who was responsible for this. Numerous dramatic events took place during the reign of Julius Caesar. Therefore, it should be no surprise that he had a hand in the burning of Library of Alexandria. At one point during his war against Ptolemy XIII, the Greek forces surrounded him in Alexandria, both by land and by sea. To escape, Caesar set fire to the enemy fleet in the harbor of the city. This strategy worked, but the fire also spread to the city itself, causing the Library of Alexandria to burn down too. According to Plutarch, a Greek historian from 1st Century AD: "Caesar was forced to repel the danger by using fire, which spread from the dockyards and destroyed the Great Library" Thus, it appears straight-forward enough that Julius Caesar burned down the Library of Alexandria. This occurred in 48 BC. However, things are not quite that simple. Some scholars believe that there is evidence the Library of Alexandria still existed even after Caesar allegedly unintentionally set it on fire. Strabo, in the later 1st Century BC, visited Alexandria. In his writings, he describes a visit to the Mouseion. According to some scholars, this is evidence that the library, which was part of the Mouseion, still existed. Other scholars note that Strabo never actually mentions the existence of the library in his day. In fact, his words apparently imply that it was no longer even a thing. Other scholars also try to refute this by pointing to the fact that Mark Antony allegedly gifted two hundred thousand scrolls to Cleopatra. This was after Caesar had burned Library of Alexandria. The logic goes that this must mean that library still actually existed. Otherwise, where would Cleopatra house all those scrolls? In fact, some experts believe this gift was likely to replenish the library’s collection after many of scrolls had been burned in 48 BC. However, this argument ignores the fact that there was a ‘daughter library’ elsewhere in Alexandria. This was called the Serapeum. It was actually a temple, but it was also used as an overflow for the main Library of Alexandria. Therefore, when Mark Antony gifted so many scrolls to Cleopatra, they could have been placed in Serapeum. This also potentially explains away another argument used in favor of Library of Alexandria still existing after Caesar’s time. A scholar named Didymus Chalcenterus lived in late 1st Century BC in Alexandria. He was a very prolific writer, allegedly producing thousands of works. Some scholars argue that he must have had access to library’s resources to be able to do so. 🎥© scenesofthepast (IG) #archaeohistories
0:34

The ancient Library of Alexandria was one of the greatest human achievements in antiquity. It was a vast collection of knowledge from countless and varied sources and contained tens or possibly even hundreds of thousands of scrolls. For this reason, the destruction of the library has been a subject of keen interest by many lovers of knowledge. It is often regarded as a great tragedy. But who actually burned the Library of Alexandria?... Firstly, let us establish an understanding of what exactly the Library of Alexandria really was. It was part of a large center of learning in Egypt in the city of Alexandria, called the Mouseion. It was built during the Ptolemaic period of Egypt. This was a time during which a Greek dynasty ruled over the country (Hellenistic Era). The library may have been built during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus in mid-3rd Century BC. It quickly acquired many scrolls from all sorts of sources. The Ptolemaic kings of Egypt supported it directly, due to the ancient Greek love of knowledge. The Library of Alexandria grew to enormous proportions. At its height, it allegedly held anywhere between forty thousand to four hundred thousand scrolls. It was perhaps the greatest center of learning in the ancient world. Nonetheless, the library is no longer in existence but was famously burned. The question that remains is who was responsible for this. Numerous dramatic events took place during the reign of Julius Caesar. Therefore, it should be no surprise that he had a hand in the burning of Library of Alexandria. At one point during his war against Ptolemy XIII, the Greek forces surrounded him in Alexandria, both by land and by sea. To escape, Caesar set fire to the enemy fleet in the harbor of the city. This strategy worked, but the fire also spread to the city itself, causing the Library of Alexandria to burn down too. According to Plutarch, a Greek historian from 1st Century AD: "Caesar was forced to repel the danger by using fire, which spread from the dockyards and destroyed the Great Library" Thus, it appears straight-forward enough that Julius Caesar burned down the Library of Alexandria. This occurred in 48 BC. However, things are not quite that simple. Some scholars believe that there is evidence the Library of Alexandria still existed even after Caesar allegedly unintentionally set it on fire. Strabo, in the later 1st Century BC, visited Alexandria. In his writings, he describes a visit to the Mouseion. According to some scholars, this is evidence that the library, which was part of the Mouseion, still existed. Other scholars note that Strabo never actually mentions the existence of the library in his day. In fact, his words apparently imply that it was no longer even a thing. Other scholars also try to refute this by pointing to the fact that Mark Antony allegedly gifted two hundred thousand scrolls to Cleopatra. This was after Caesar had burned Library of Alexandria. The logic goes that this must mean that library still actually existed. Otherwise, where would Cleopatra house all those scrolls? In fact, some experts believe this gift was likely to replenish the library’s collection after many of scrolls had been burned in 48 BC. However, this argument ignores the fact that there was a ‘daughter library’ elsewhere in Alexandria. This was called the Serapeum. It was actually a temple, but it was also used as an overflow for the main Library of Alexandria. Therefore, when Mark Antony gifted so many scrolls to Cleopatra, they could have been placed in Serapeum. This also potentially explains away another argument used in favor of Library of Alexandria still existing after Caesar’s time. A scholar named Didymus Chalcenterus lived in late 1st Century BC in Alexandria. He was a very prolific writer, allegedly producing thousands of works. Some scholars argue that he must have had access to library’s resources to be able to do so. 🎥© scenesofthepast (IG) #archaeohistories

Archaeo - Histories

11,090 Aufrufe • vor 5 Monaten

Journalist: One Indian tanker passed through the Strait of Hormuz. Does India have a deal with Iran to allow our ships through? Indian Govt: The ship did not pass through Hormuz. It was already on the east side. The ship is not coming to India, it is carrying gasoline to Africa.
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Journalist: One Indian tanker passed through the Strait of Hormuz. Does India have a deal with Iran to allow our ships through? Indian Govt: The ship did not pass through Hormuz. It was already on the east side. The ship is not coming to India, it is carrying gasoline to Africa.

Shashank Mattoo

75,079 Aufrufe • vor 5 Monaten

Why did the Arabs and later the Christians reject negative numbers when the concepts arrived from India? For the Indians who were comfortable with abstract entities, zero and negative numbers did not cause much difficulty. In fact, negative numbers were even used in accounting by the baniya community. For the Arabs, math was more in the realm of geometry; so areas and lengths could only be seen as positive quantities. The original reel was posted by Instagram handle samyuspeaks at
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Why did the Arabs and later the Christians reject negative numbers when the concepts arrived from India? For the Indians who were comfortable with abstract entities, zero and negative numbers did not cause much difficulty. In fact, negative numbers were even used in accounting by the baniya community. For the Arabs, math was more in the realm of geometry; so areas and lengths could only be seen as positive quantities. The original reel was posted by Instagram handle samyuspeaks at

Sahana Singh

251,903 Aufrufe • vor 5 Monaten

There is a heartbreaking Persian ballad written during the Arab invasion of Persia crying out to India for help. The song mourns the death of Zoroastrian Persia and hopes that one Bahram would return with forces from India to free their homeland which is being humiliated and forced to give up fire worship. The original reel was posted by Instagram handle samyuspeaks at
2:28

There is a heartbreaking Persian ballad written during the Arab invasion of Persia crying out to India for help. The song mourns the death of Zoroastrian Persia and hopes that one Bahram would return with forces from India to free their homeland which is being humiliated and forced to give up fire worship. The original reel was posted by Instagram handle samyuspeaks at

Sahana Singh

129,839 Aufrufe • vor 3 Monaten

📍Ephesus, Türkiye From the Library of Celsus and Great Theatre to the site of the Temple of Artemis, every corner felt like stepping through history. Klook The highlight was watching Rut Suhavi learn history not from a textbook but by walking through it. #KlookTravel #Ephesus #Türkiye #LibraryOfCelsus #AncientHistory
1:22

📍Ephesus, Türkiye From the Library of Celsus and Great Theatre to the site of the Temple of Artemis, every corner felt like stepping through history. Klook The highlight was watching Rut Suhavi learn history not from a textbook but by walking through it. #KlookTravel #Ephesus #Türkiye #LibraryOfCelsus #AncientHistory

Harjinder Singh Kukreja

164,659 Aufrufe • vor 2 Monaten

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐁𝐉𝐏'𝐬 𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝! BJP had spread false propaganda that Smt. Sonia Gandhi ji had retrieved documents related to India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru ji, from the Prime Minister's Museum and Library (PMML). It was said that these papers were carried in 51 boxes. To push the lies further, BJP MP Sambit Patra asked in Parliament if the documents related to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru ji were missing from the Prime Minister's Museum and Library. In response, the Minister of Culture and Tourism in the Modi government clarified that it was not so. Documents related to Nehru ji were not missing from the Prime Minister's Museum and Library (PMML). This is the truth that is now in the open! This false propaganda by the BJP was also widely carried by the media at that time. Based on WhatsApp messages from the PMO, fake news was published without fact-checking. 👉 Will the media now show the truth? 👉 Will the media expose this criminal conspiracy of the BJP? BJP and Narendra Modi must apologise for this lie.
0:56

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐁𝐉𝐏'𝐬 𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝! BJP had spread false propaganda that Smt. Sonia Gandhi ji had retrieved documents related to India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru ji, from the Prime Minister's Museum and Library (PMML). It was said that these papers were carried in 51 boxes. To push the lies further, BJP MP Sambit Patra asked in Parliament if the documents related to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru ji were missing from the Prime Minister's Museum and Library. In response, the Minister of Culture and Tourism in the Modi government clarified that it was not so. Documents related to Nehru ji were not missing from the Prime Minister's Museum and Library (PMML). This is the truth that is now in the open! This false propaganda by the BJP was also widely carried by the media at that time. Based on WhatsApp messages from the PMO, fake news was published without fact-checking. 👉 Will the media now show the truth? 👉 Will the media expose this criminal conspiracy of the BJP? BJP and Narendra Modi must apologise for this lie.

Congress

12,254 Aufrufe • vor 8 Monaten

The demolition of the Dumbarton Bridge in 1984. The center span of the Dumbarton Bridge, which connects Menlo Park on the west side and Fremont on the east, was demolished in September 1984. It had become obsolete, unsafe, and a navigation hazard. The original Dumbarton Bridge had a swing-span drawbridge in the middle so ships could pass through. By the 1980s, the design was outdated and unreliable. In 1982, a modern high-rise bridge opened just north of the old one. It was taller, stronger, and high enough for ships to pass underneath without needing a moving span. The old center span was mechanically complex and expensive to maintain, had deteriorated after decades of use, and was no longer safe. Bottom line, they demolished the center span because it was outdated infrastructure, was costly to maintain, and was getting in the way. source footage 🎥: KRON
0:55

The demolition of the Dumbarton Bridge in 1984. The center span of the Dumbarton Bridge, which connects Menlo Park on the west side and Fremont on the east, was demolished in September 1984. It had become obsolete, unsafe, and a navigation hazard. The original Dumbarton Bridge had a swing-span drawbridge in the middle so ships could pass through. By the 1980s, the design was outdated and unreliable. In 1982, a modern high-rise bridge opened just north of the old one. It was taller, stronger, and high enough for ships to pass underneath without needing a moving span. The old center span was mechanically complex and expensive to maintain, had deteriorated after decades of use, and was no longer safe. Bottom line, they demolished the center span because it was outdated infrastructure, was costly to maintain, and was getting in the way. source footage 🎥: KRON

RetroBayArea

31,375 Aufrufe • vor 1 Monat

It's hard to ignore the sense of Iran's power on the Strait. Smart Control: the new system. The Strait is now under smart control by Iran's naval forces. Safe routes have been designated by the navy and ships must obtain security clearance to pass through. The strait is closed to hostile ships and those affiliated with them. Any ship whose origin or destination is a hostile country, regardless of its flag, is not allowed to pass. Ships that have remained here for a long time are waiting to receive clearance. Locals say that food and water are being sent to ships that cannot approach the docks.
1:37

It's hard to ignore the sense of Iran's power on the Strait. Smart Control: the new system. The Strait is now under smart control by Iran's naval forces. Safe routes have been designated by the navy and ships must obtain security clearance to pass through. The strait is closed to hostile ships and those affiliated with them. Any ship whose origin or destination is a hostile country, regardless of its flag, is not allowed to pass. Ships that have remained here for a long time are waiting to receive clearance. Locals say that food and water are being sent to ships that cannot approach the docks.

Bushra Shaikh

45,776 Aufrufe • vor 3 Monaten

ELON: WE’RE BUILDING A MODERN LIBRARY OF ALEXANDRIA ACROSS EARTH, THE MOON, AND MARS “The idea behind Galactica is to create an open source repository of all knowledge, a distillation of all knowledge, meaning anyone can access it, anyone can use it, and if other people want to train on it, they can do so. We want to create copies of this and distribute them throughout Earth, and even put them on the Moon, Mars, and out into deep space. In a way, it’s a modern day Library of Alexandria. It was a great tragedy that the Library of Alexandria burned down, and so to preserve this knowledge, we want to literally etch it in stone and distribute it widely." Source: Source: Baron Capital
1:32

ELON: WE’RE BUILDING A MODERN LIBRARY OF ALEXANDRIA ACROSS EARTH, THE MOON, AND MARS “The idea behind Galactica is to create an open source repository of all knowledge, a distillation of all knowledge, meaning anyone can access it, anyone can use it, and if other people want to train on it, they can do so. We want to create copies of this and distribute them throughout Earth, and even put them on the Moon, Mars, and out into deep space. In a way, it’s a modern day Library of Alexandria. It was a great tragedy that the Library of Alexandria burned down, and so to preserve this knowledge, we want to literally etch it in stone and distribute it widely." Source: Source: Baron Capital

Mario Nawfal

90,633 Aufrufe • vor 9 Monaten

Nobody celebrates the Madonna like Sicily, Italy 🇮🇹✨ In Sciacca, the Madonna del Soccorso has been carried through the streets for four centuries The statue was carved in Carrara marble in Palermo in 1503 and brought to Sciacca by local fishermen the following year They have carried her ever since In 1626, when the plague was devastating the city, the Madonna was taken out in procession People say lightning suddenly came from a clear sky, white smoke rose from the statue, and the plague stopped The people of Sciacca never forgot Every February 2 and August 15, around a hundred fishermen carry her through the streets, many of them barefoot, on her old float covered in gold, silver and coral Four hundred years later, they are still keeping the same promise 🌹
0:53

Nobody celebrates the Madonna like Sicily, Italy 🇮🇹✨ In Sciacca, the Madonna del Soccorso has been carried through the streets for four centuries The statue was carved in Carrara marble in Palermo in 1503 and brought to Sciacca by local fishermen the following year They have carried her ever since In 1626, when the plague was devastating the city, the Madonna was taken out in procession People say lightning suddenly came from a clear sky, white smoke rose from the statue, and the plague stopped The people of Sciacca never forgot Every February 2 and August 15, around a hundred fishermen carry her through the streets, many of them barefoot, on her old float covered in gold, silver and coral Four hundred years later, they are still keeping the same promise 🌹

Mambo Italiano

84,661 Aufrufe • vor 3 Tagen

The "Death Marches" of the Pontic Greeks were one of the most horrific aspects of the Pontic Greek Genocide, carried out by the Ottoman Turks (and later by Kemalist forces) between 1914 and 1923. Turks found a way to make themselves the most barbarious people in history. During these marches, thousands of Greeks—mainly women, children, and the elderly—were forced to leave their homes and walk for hundreds of kilometers under inhumane conditions, usually through mountains and deserts, with little or no food, water, or shelter. These deportations were ostensibly for "relocation" purposes, but they were in fact designed to lead to mass death through exhaustion, starvation, disease, and exposure. It was a planned Genocide. Simple as that. Many perished along the way or were killed by guards and local bandits. The goal was the systematic extermination and ethnic cleansing of the Greek population from their ancestral homelands along the Black Sea coast of modern-day Turkey. These death marches are now widely recognized by scholars as part of a broader genocide that targeted not only Greeks, but also Armenians and Assyrians by the Young Turks and Kemalists. WE NEVER FORGET. 353.000 Greeks 1.500.000 Armenians 700.000 Assyrians
1:21

The "Death Marches" of the Pontic Greeks were one of the most horrific aspects of the Pontic Greek Genocide, carried out by the Ottoman Turks (and later by Kemalist forces) between 1914 and 1923. Turks found a way to make themselves the most barbarious people in history. During these marches, thousands of Greeks—mainly women, children, and the elderly—were forced to leave their homes and walk for hundreds of kilometers under inhumane conditions, usually through mountains and deserts, with little or no food, water, or shelter. These deportations were ostensibly for "relocation" purposes, but they were in fact designed to lead to mass death through exhaustion, starvation, disease, and exposure. It was a planned Genocide. Simple as that. Many perished along the way or were killed by guards and local bandits. The goal was the systematic extermination and ethnic cleansing of the Greek population from their ancestral homelands along the Black Sea coast of modern-day Turkey. These death marches are now widely recognized by scholars as part of a broader genocide that targeted not only Greeks, but also Armenians and Assyrians by the Young Turks and Kemalists. WE NEVER FORGET. 353.000 Greeks 1.500.000 Armenians 700.000 Assyrians

Homer Pavlos

54,132 Aufrufe • vor 1 Jahr

Nurturing Young Minds, an educational Visit 50 children of BSF personnel from 25 Battalion BSF visited the Prime Ministers’ Museum & Library and Nehru Planetarium, New Delhi, on 09 August 2026. The educational visit was an endeavour to acquaint young minds with the heritage and evolution of Indian polity and leadership, while fostering a scientific temperament, curiosity and inquisitiveness through an engaging exploration of astronomy and space science.
0:42

Nurturing Young Minds, an educational Visit 50 children of BSF personnel from 25 Battalion BSF visited the Prime Ministers’ Museum & Library and Nehru Planetarium, New Delhi, on 09 August 2026. The educational visit was an endeavour to acquaint young minds with the heritage and evolution of Indian polity and leadership, while fostering a scientific temperament, curiosity and inquisitiveness through an engaging exploration of astronomy and space science.

BSF

20,214 Aufrufe • vor 13 Tagen

A man in Ireland was sentenced to 3 months in jail for protesting a drag queen event at a public library. The judge said that he carried out a “violent attack” and children had to be shielded from his use of the words "pr*st*tutes" and "grooming.”
2:20

A man in Ireland was sentenced to 3 months in jail for protesting a drag queen event at a public library. The judge said that he carried out a “violent attack” and children had to be shielded from his use of the words "pr*st*tutes" and "grooming.”

Libs of TikTok

501,455 Aufrufe • vor 1 Jahr

The journey of building the first library during the genocide was not born in a single moment. It was a series of journeys through death and displacement. I lived the hardest moments of my life from the very first day I was forced to flee my hometown of Beit Hanoun, carrying my books on my back. From one place to another, I rescued books from the inferno that consumed everything and spared nothing. Today, after more than 13 displacements — more than 13 moving deaths — we have succeeded in building the first library during the genocide in Gaza. I wish I could offer my soul to every person who believed in us and supported us to complete this dream. But I have nothing in my hands except these words, through which I want to scatter all my beautiful sentences like flowers at the feet of every person who helped us. Phoenix Library | مكتبة العنقاء
1:26

The journey of building the first library during the genocide was not born in a single moment. It was a series of journeys through death and displacement. I lived the hardest moments of my life from the very first day I was forced to flee my hometown of Beit Hanoun, carrying my books on my back. From one place to another, I rescued books from the inferno that consumed everything and spared nothing. Today, after more than 13 displacements — more than 13 moving deaths — we have succeeded in building the first library during the genocide in Gaza. I wish I could offer my soul to every person who believed in us and supported us to complete this dream. But I have nothing in my hands except these words, through which I want to scatter all my beautiful sentences like flowers at the feet of every person who helped us. Phoenix Library | مكتبة العنقاء

Omar Hamad | عُـمَـرْ 𓂆

40,007 Aufrufe • vor 6 Monaten

🚨 LISTEN CLOSELY: “GUNSHOTS HEARD NEAR THE LIBRARY - THE LIBRARY - LOCK THE LIBRARY DOWN NOW - SHOTS FIRED AT UVU LIBRARY” 🚨 The FBI says it’s about to close the investigation into Charlie Kirk’s assassination. But why were there SO MANY reports of shots coming from the library forcing a lockdown there and why was that hushed up? Dispatch audio spells out the shooter’s location and description. Doesn't the library line up better for a sniper shot?
0:49

🚨 LISTEN CLOSELY: “GUNSHOTS HEARD NEAR THE LIBRARY - THE LIBRARY - LOCK THE LIBRARY DOWN NOW - SHOTS FIRED AT UVU LIBRARY” 🚨 The FBI says it’s about to close the investigation into Charlie Kirk’s assassination. But why were there SO MANY reports of shots coming from the library forcing a lockdown there and why was that hushed up? Dispatch audio spells out the shooter’s location and description. Doesn't the library line up better for a sniper shot?

HustleBitch

558,332 Aufrufe • vor 11 Monaten

How the Ancient Greek knew earth was round.. Carl Sagan explains how the Ancient Greeks knew the Earth was round and calculated its circumference over 2,000 vears ago... By around 500 BC, most ancient Greeks believed that Earth was round, not flat. But they had no idea how big the planet is until about 240 BC, when Eratosthenes devised a clever method of estimating its circumference. It was around 500 BC, that Pythagoras first proposed a spherical Earth, mainly on aesthetic grounds rather than on any physical evidence. Like many Greeks, he believed the sphere was most perfect shape. Possibly first to propose a spherical Earth based on actual physical evidence was Aristotle (384-322 BC), who listed several arguments for a spherical Earth: ships disappear hull first when they sail over the horizon, Earth casts a round shadow on the moon during a lunar eclipse and different constellations are visible at different latitudes. Around this time Greek philosophers had begun to believe the world could be explained by natural processes rather than invoking the gods, and early astronomers began making physical measurements, in part to better predict the seasons. The first person to determine the size of Earth was Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who produced a surprisingly good measurement using a simple scheme that combined geometrical calculations with physical observations. Eratosthenes was born around 276 BC, in region now known as Shahhat, Libya. He studied in Athens at the Lyceum. Around 240 BC, King Ptolemy III of Alexandria appointed him chief librarian of library of Alexandria. Known as one of foremost scholars of time, Eratosthenes produced impressive works in astronomy, mathematics, geography, philosophy, and poetry. His contemporaries gave him the nickname “Beta” because he was very good, though not quite first-rate, in all these areas of scholarship. Eratosthenes was especially proud of his solution to the problem of doubling a cube, and is now well known for developing sieve of Eratosthenes, a method of finding prime numbers. Eratosthenes’ most famous accomplishment is his measurement of the circumference of Earth. He recorded details of this measurement in a manuscript that is now lost, but his technique has been described by other Greek historians and writers. Eratosthenes was fascinated with geography and planned to make a map of entire world. He realized he needed to know the size of Earth. Obviously, one couldn’t walk all the way around to figure it out. Eratosthenes had heard from travelers about a well in Syene (now Aswan, Egypt) with an interesting property: at noon on the summer solstice, which occurs about June 21 every year, sun illuminated the entire bottom of this well, without casting any shadows, indicating that sun was directly overhead. Eratosthenes then measured the angle of a shadow cast by a stick at noon on the summer solstice in Alexandria, and found it made an angle of about 7.2 degrees, or about 1/50 of a complete circle. He realized that if he knew distance from Alexandria to Syene, he could easily calculate the circumference of Earth. But in those days it was extremely difficult to determine distance with any accuracy. Some distances between cities were measured by time it took a camel caravan to travel from one city to other. But camels have a tendency to wander and to walk at varying speeds. So Eratosthenes hired bematists, professional surveyors trained to walk with equal length steps. They found that Syene lies about 5000 stadia from Alexandria. Eratosthenes then used this to calculate circumference of Earth to be about 250,000 stadia. Modern scholars disagree about the length of stadium used by Eratosthenes. Values between 500 and about 600 feet have been suggested, putting Eratosthenes’ calculated circumference between about 24,000 miles and about 29,000 miles. Earth is now known to measure about 24,900 miles around equator, slightly less around the poles. 🎥: COSMOS (1980) #archaeohistories
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How the Ancient Greek knew earth was round.. Carl Sagan explains how the Ancient Greeks knew the Earth was round and calculated its circumference over 2,000 vears ago... By around 500 BC, most ancient Greeks believed that Earth was round, not flat. But they had no idea how big the planet is until about 240 BC, when Eratosthenes devised a clever method of estimating its circumference. It was around 500 BC, that Pythagoras first proposed a spherical Earth, mainly on aesthetic grounds rather than on any physical evidence. Like many Greeks, he believed the sphere was most perfect shape. Possibly first to propose a spherical Earth based on actual physical evidence was Aristotle (384-322 BC), who listed several arguments for a spherical Earth: ships disappear hull first when they sail over the horizon, Earth casts a round shadow on the moon during a lunar eclipse and different constellations are visible at different latitudes. Around this time Greek philosophers had begun to believe the world could be explained by natural processes rather than invoking the gods, and early astronomers began making physical measurements, in part to better predict the seasons. The first person to determine the size of Earth was Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who produced a surprisingly good measurement using a simple scheme that combined geometrical calculations with physical observations. Eratosthenes was born around 276 BC, in region now known as Shahhat, Libya. He studied in Athens at the Lyceum. Around 240 BC, King Ptolemy III of Alexandria appointed him chief librarian of library of Alexandria. Known as one of foremost scholars of time, Eratosthenes produced impressive works in astronomy, mathematics, geography, philosophy, and poetry. His contemporaries gave him the nickname “Beta” because he was very good, though not quite first-rate, in all these areas of scholarship. Eratosthenes was especially proud of his solution to the problem of doubling a cube, and is now well known for developing sieve of Eratosthenes, a method of finding prime numbers. Eratosthenes’ most famous accomplishment is his measurement of the circumference of Earth. He recorded details of this measurement in a manuscript that is now lost, but his technique has been described by other Greek historians and writers. Eratosthenes was fascinated with geography and planned to make a map of entire world. He realized he needed to know the size of Earth. Obviously, one couldn’t walk all the way around to figure it out. Eratosthenes had heard from travelers about a well in Syene (now Aswan, Egypt) with an interesting property: at noon on the summer solstice, which occurs about June 21 every year, sun illuminated the entire bottom of this well, without casting any shadows, indicating that sun was directly overhead. Eratosthenes then measured the angle of a shadow cast by a stick at noon on the summer solstice in Alexandria, and found it made an angle of about 7.2 degrees, or about 1/50 of a complete circle. He realized that if he knew distance from Alexandria to Syene, he could easily calculate the circumference of Earth. But in those days it was extremely difficult to determine distance with any accuracy. Some distances between cities were measured by time it took a camel caravan to travel from one city to other. But camels have a tendency to wander and to walk at varying speeds. So Eratosthenes hired bematists, professional surveyors trained to walk with equal length steps. They found that Syene lies about 5000 stadia from Alexandria. Eratosthenes then used this to calculate circumference of Earth to be about 250,000 stadia. Modern scholars disagree about the length of stadium used by Eratosthenes. Values between 500 and about 600 feet have been suggested, putting Eratosthenes’ calculated circumference between about 24,000 miles and about 29,000 miles. Earth is now known to measure about 24,900 miles around equator, slightly less around the poles. 🎥: COSMOS (1980) #archaeohistories

Archaeo - Histories

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