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How did Sumerian scribes ACTUALLY write cuneiform tablets? #linguistics #language #history #sumerian #cuneiform

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Arum Natzorkhang

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Here's my conversation with Irving Finkel, a scholar of ancient languages and Mesopotamian history. He specializes in deciphering cuneiform tablets from Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian contexts. He became widely known for studying a tablet with a Mesopotamian flood story that predates the biblical Noah narrative. We talk about ancient writing & language, controversial theories about ancient civilizations, Noah's Ark, flood myths, Göbekli Tepe, and much more. It's here on X in full and is up everywhere else (see comment). Timestamps: 0:00 - Introduction 0:58 - Origins of human language 7:04 - Cuneiform 14:17 - Controversial theory about Göbekli Tepe 25:29 - How to write and speak Cuneiform 30:48 - Primitive human language 32:31 - Development of writing systems 33:25 - Decipherment of Cuneiform 45:57 - Limits of language 50:56 - Art of translation 56:06 - Gods 1:01:31 - Ghosts 1:11:19 - Ancient flood stories 1:21:26 - Noah's Ark 1:32:49 - The Royal Game of Ur 1:45:48 - British Museum 1:53:13 - Evolution of human civilization
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Here's my conversation with Irving Finkel, a scholar of ancient languages and Mesopotamian history. He specializes in deciphering cuneiform tablets from Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian contexts. He became widely known for studying a tablet with a Mesopotamian flood story that predates the biblical Noah narrative. We talk about ancient writing & language, controversial theories about ancient civilizations, Noah's Ark, flood myths, Göbekli Tepe, and much more. It's here on X in full and is up everywhere else (see comment). Timestamps: 0:00 - Introduction 0:58 - Origins of human language 7:04 - Cuneiform 14:17 - Controversial theory about Göbekli Tepe 25:29 - How to write and speak Cuneiform 30:48 - Primitive human language 32:31 - Development of writing systems 33:25 - Decipherment of Cuneiform 45:57 - Limits of language 50:56 - Art of translation 56:06 - Gods 1:01:31 - Ghosts 1:11:19 - Ancient flood stories 1:21:26 - Noah's Ark 1:32:49 - The Royal Game of Ur 1:45:48 - British Museum 1:53:13 - Evolution of human civilization

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Enki Ancient Sumerian tablets don’t lie. They tell the story of the Anunnaki - an advanced race that descended from the heavens. At the center of it all was Enki, the master geneticist.Mainstream history claims he is just a myth. But the cuneiform texts tell a different story: Enki defied his own kind, altered our DNA, and saved humanity from a global deluge. Were the Anunnaki our creators, or our captors? Content created by Jason Abadi #anunnaki #Sumerian #Enki #Enlil #AncientAliens #UFOX #AncientHistory NASA #ShortFilm
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Originating in what is now Iraq before 3200 BC, cuneiform script is, as far as we know, the oldest form of writing in the world. The recording of a spoken language, emerged from earlier recording systems at the end of 4th Millennium BC. The first written language in Mesopotamia is called Sumerian. Most of early tablets come from the site of Uruk, in southern Mesopotamia, and it may have been here that this form of writing was invented. Cuneiform is one of the oldest forms of writing known. It means "wedge-shaped," because people wrote it using a reed stylus cut to make a wedge-shaped mark on a clay tablet. Letters enclosed in clay envelopes, as well as works of literature, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh have been found. Historical accounts have also come to light, as have huge libraries such as that belonging to Assyrian king, Ashurbanipal. Cuneiform writing was used to record a variety of information such as temple activities, business and trade. Cuneiform was also used to write stories, myths, and personal letters. The latest known example of cuneiform is an astronomical text from 75 CE. During its 3000-year history, cuneiform was used to write around 15 different languages including Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Elamite, Hittite, Urartian, and Old Persian. First developed by scribes as a book-keeping tool to keep track of bread and beer rations in ancient cities like Uruk (in south east of modern-day Iraq), system soon spread across Middle East and was used continuously for more than 3000 years, up until 1st Century AD. Cuneiform is not a language but a proper way of writing distinct from the alphabet. It doesn't have 'letters' – instead it uses between 600-1000 characters impressed on clay to spell words by dividing them up into syllables, like 'ca-at' for cat, or 'mu-zi-um' for museum. Other signs stood for whole words, like our '£' standing for pound sterling. Two main languages written in cuneiform are Sumerian and Akkadian, although more than a dozen others are recorded, including Hittite, cousin to Latin. Texts were written by pressing a cut, straight reed into slightly moist clay. Characteristic wedge-shaped strokes that make up signs give writing its modern name – cuneiform means 'wedge-shaped' (from Latin cuneus for 'wedge'). The process for writing cuneiform on a clay tablet involved these steps : • Prepare the clay - Start with a damp ball of clay and flatten it into a tablet that's about the size of a hand, with one flat side and one convex side. You can use your fingers to shape the clay, or you can work on a plastic bag on a hard surface. • Impress the symbols - Use a reed stylus with a wedge-shaped tip to press into the wet clay and create the symbols. The symbols can be a combination of lines and wedges. • Dry the tablet - Leave the tablet in the sun to dry, or you can speed up the process by using a fan. Once the clay has reached a thick, goo-like consistency, you can store it in an airtight container. The british museum's department of collection of cuneiform tablets is among the most important in the world. It contains approximately 130,000 texts and fragments and is perhaps the largest collection outside of Iraq. The centerpiece of the collection is the Library of Ashurbanipal, comprising many thousands of the most important tablets ever found. The significance of these tablets was immediately realized by Library’s excavator, Austin Henry Layard, who wrote: "They furnish us with materials for the complete decipherment of the cuneiform character, for restoring the language and history of Assyria, and for inquiring into the customs, sciences, and … literature, of its people." 🎥© art.heology (IG) © British Museum #archaeohistories
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Originating in what is now Iraq before 3200 BC, cuneiform script is, as far as we know, the oldest form of writing in the world. The recording of a spoken language, emerged from earlier recording systems at the end of 4th Millennium BC. The first written language in Mesopotamia is called Sumerian. Most of early tablets come from the site of Uruk, in southern Mesopotamia, and it may have been here that this form of writing was invented. Cuneiform is one of the oldest forms of writing known. It means "wedge-shaped," because people wrote it using a reed stylus cut to make a wedge-shaped mark on a clay tablet. Letters enclosed in clay envelopes, as well as works of literature, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh have been found. Historical accounts have also come to light, as have huge libraries such as that belonging to Assyrian king, Ashurbanipal. Cuneiform writing was used to record a variety of information such as temple activities, business and trade. Cuneiform was also used to write stories, myths, and personal letters. The latest known example of cuneiform is an astronomical text from 75 CE. During its 3000-year history, cuneiform was used to write around 15 different languages including Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Elamite, Hittite, Urartian, and Old Persian. First developed by scribes as a book-keeping tool to keep track of bread and beer rations in ancient cities like Uruk (in south east of modern-day Iraq), system soon spread across Middle East and was used continuously for more than 3000 years, up until 1st Century AD. Cuneiform is not a language but a proper way of writing distinct from the alphabet. It doesn't have 'letters' – instead it uses between 600-1000 characters impressed on clay to spell words by dividing them up into syllables, like 'ca-at' for cat, or 'mu-zi-um' for museum. Other signs stood for whole words, like our '£' standing for pound sterling. Two main languages written in cuneiform are Sumerian and Akkadian, although more than a dozen others are recorded, including Hittite, cousin to Latin. Texts were written by pressing a cut, straight reed into slightly moist clay. Characteristic wedge-shaped strokes that make up signs give writing its modern name – cuneiform means 'wedge-shaped' (from Latin cuneus for 'wedge'). The process for writing cuneiform on a clay tablet involved these steps : • Prepare the clay - Start with a damp ball of clay and flatten it into a tablet that's about the size of a hand, with one flat side and one convex side. You can use your fingers to shape the clay, or you can work on a plastic bag on a hard surface. • Impress the symbols - Use a reed stylus with a wedge-shaped tip to press into the wet clay and create the symbols. The symbols can be a combination of lines and wedges. • Dry the tablet - Leave the tablet in the sun to dry, or you can speed up the process by using a fan. Once the clay has reached a thick, goo-like consistency, you can store it in an airtight container. The british museum's department of collection of cuneiform tablets is among the most important in the world. It contains approximately 130,000 texts and fragments and is perhaps the largest collection outside of Iraq. The centerpiece of the collection is the Library of Ashurbanipal, comprising many thousands of the most important tablets ever found. The significance of these tablets was immediately realized by Library’s excavator, Austin Henry Layard, who wrote: "They furnish us with materials for the complete decipherment of the cuneiform character, for restoring the language and history of Assyria, and for inquiring into the customs, sciences, and … literature, of its people." 🎥© art.heology (IG) © British Museum #archaeohistories

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Originating in what is now Iraq 🇮🇶 before 3200 BC, cuneiform script is, as far as we know, the oldest form of writing in the world. The recording of a spoken language, emerged from earlier recording systems at the end of 4th Millennium BC. The first written language in Mesopotamia is called Sumerian. Most of early tablets come from the site of Uruk, in southern Mesopotamia, and it may have been here that this form of writing was invented. Cuneiform is one of the oldest forms of writing known. It means "wedge-shaped," because people wrote it using a reed stylus cut to make a wedge-shaped mark on a clay tablet. Letters enclosed in clay envelopes, as well as works of literature, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh have been found. Historical accounts have also come to light, as have huge libraries such as that belonging to Assyrian king, Ashurbanipal. Cuneiform writing was used to record a variety of information such as temple activities, business and trade. Cuneiform was also used to write stories, myths, and personal letters. The latest known example of cuneiform is an astronomical text from 75 CE. During its 3000-year history, cuneiform was used to write around 15 different languages including Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Elamite, Hittite, Urartian, and Old Persian. First developed by scribes as a book-keeping tool to keep track of bread and beer rations in ancient cities like Uruk (in south east of modern-day Iraq), system soon spread across Middle East and was used continuously for more than 3000 years, up until 1st Century AD. Cuneiform is not a language but a proper way of writing distinct from the alphabet. It doesn't have 'letters' – instead it uses between 600-1000 characters impressed on clay to spell words by dividing them up into syllables, like 'ca-at' for cat, or 'mu-zi-um' for museum. Other signs stood for whole words, like our '£' standing for pound sterling. Two main languages written in cuneiform are Sumerian and Akkadian, although more than a dozen others are recorded, including Hittite, cousin to Latin. Texts were written by pressing a cut, straight reed into slightly moist clay. Characteristic wedge-shaped strokes that make up signs give writing its modern name – cuneiform means 'wedge-shaped' (from Latin cuneus for 'wedge'). The process for writing cuneiform on a clay tablet involved these steps : • Prepare the clay - Start with a damp ball of clay and flatten it into a tablet that's about the size of a hand, with one flat side and one convex side. You can use your fingers to shape the clay, or you can work on a plastic bag on a hard surface. • Impress the symbols - Use a reed stylus with a wedge-shaped tip to press into the wet clay and create the symbols. The symbols can be a combination of lines and wedges. • Dry the tablet - Leave the tablet in the sun to dry, or you can speed up the process by using a fan. Once the clay has reached a thick, goo-like consistency, you can store it in an airtight container. The british museum's department of collection of cuneiform tablets is among the most important in the world. It contains approximately 130,000 texts and fragments and is perhaps the largest collection outside of Iraq. The centerpiece of the collection is the Library of Ashurbanipal, comprising many thousands of the most important tablets ever found. The significance of these tablets was immediately realized by Library’s excavator, Austin Henry Layard, who wrote: "They furnish us with materials for the complete decipherment of the cuneiform character, for restoring the language and history of Assyria, and for inquiring into the customs, sciences, and … literature, of its people." 🎥© art.heology (IG) © British Museum #archaeohistories
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Originating in what is now Iraq 🇮🇶 before 3200 BC, cuneiform script is, as far as we know, the oldest form of writing in the world. The recording of a spoken language, emerged from earlier recording systems at the end of 4th Millennium BC. The first written language in Mesopotamia is called Sumerian. Most of early tablets come from the site of Uruk, in southern Mesopotamia, and it may have been here that this form of writing was invented. Cuneiform is one of the oldest forms of writing known. It means "wedge-shaped," because people wrote it using a reed stylus cut to make a wedge-shaped mark on a clay tablet. Letters enclosed in clay envelopes, as well as works of literature, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh have been found. Historical accounts have also come to light, as have huge libraries such as that belonging to Assyrian king, Ashurbanipal. Cuneiform writing was used to record a variety of information such as temple activities, business and trade. Cuneiform was also used to write stories, myths, and personal letters. The latest known example of cuneiform is an astronomical text from 75 CE. During its 3000-year history, cuneiform was used to write around 15 different languages including Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Elamite, Hittite, Urartian, and Old Persian. First developed by scribes as a book-keeping tool to keep track of bread and beer rations in ancient cities like Uruk (in south east of modern-day Iraq), system soon spread across Middle East and was used continuously for more than 3000 years, up until 1st Century AD. Cuneiform is not a language but a proper way of writing distinct from the alphabet. It doesn't have 'letters' – instead it uses between 600-1000 characters impressed on clay to spell words by dividing them up into syllables, like 'ca-at' for cat, or 'mu-zi-um' for museum. Other signs stood for whole words, like our '£' standing for pound sterling. Two main languages written in cuneiform are Sumerian and Akkadian, although more than a dozen others are recorded, including Hittite, cousin to Latin. Texts were written by pressing a cut, straight reed into slightly moist clay. Characteristic wedge-shaped strokes that make up signs give writing its modern name – cuneiform means 'wedge-shaped' (from Latin cuneus for 'wedge'). The process for writing cuneiform on a clay tablet involved these steps : • Prepare the clay - Start with a damp ball of clay and flatten it into a tablet that's about the size of a hand, with one flat side and one convex side. You can use your fingers to shape the clay, or you can work on a plastic bag on a hard surface. • Impress the symbols - Use a reed stylus with a wedge-shaped tip to press into the wet clay and create the symbols. The symbols can be a combination of lines and wedges. • Dry the tablet - Leave the tablet in the sun to dry, or you can speed up the process by using a fan. Once the clay has reached a thick, goo-like consistency, you can store it in an airtight container. The british museum's department of collection of cuneiform tablets is among the most important in the world. It contains approximately 130,000 texts and fragments and is perhaps the largest collection outside of Iraq. The centerpiece of the collection is the Library of Ashurbanipal, comprising many thousands of the most important tablets ever found. The significance of these tablets was immediately realized by Library’s excavator, Austin Henry Layard, who wrote: "They furnish us with materials for the complete decipherment of the cuneiform character, for restoring the language and history of Assyria, and for inquiring into the customs, sciences, and … literature, of its people." 🎥© art.heology (IG) © British Museum #archaeohistories

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Cuneiform is a system of writing that was invented by Sumerians of ancient Mesopotamia. Believed to have been created sometime during 4th Millennium BC (between 3500-3000 BC), this script is regarded as the earliest known form of writing. Cuneiform became an unreadable script as its use came to an end. Nevertheless, this writing system has been preserved in the archaeological record, thanks mainly due to the clay tablets they were written on. The recording of a spoken language, emerged from earlier recording systems at the end of the 4th Millennium BC. The first written language in Mesopotamia is called Sumerian. Most of early tablets come from the site of Uruk, in southern Mesopotamia, and it may have been here that this form of writing was invented. It was only during 19th Century that cuneiform was finally deciphered and scholars could begin to understand the texts that were written in this ancient script. Cuneiform is one of the oldest forms of writing known. It means "wedge-shaped," because people wrote it using a reed stylus cut to make a wedge-shaped mark on a clay tablet. Letters enclosed in clay envelopes, as well as works of literature, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh have been found. Historical accounts have also come to light, as have huge libraries such as that belonging to Assyrian king, Ashurbanipal. Cuneiform writing was used to record a variety of information such as temple activities, business and trade. Cuneiform was also used to write stories, myths, and personal letters. The latest known example of cuneiform is an astronomical text from 75 CE. During its 3000-year history, cuneiform was used to write around 15 different languages including Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Elamite, Hittite, Urartian, and Old Persian. First developed by scribes as a book-keeping tool to keep track of bread and beer rations in ancient cities like Uruk (in south east of modern-day Iraq), system soon spread across Middle East and was used continuously for more than 3000 years, up until 1st Century AD. Cuneiform is not a language but a proper way of writing distinct from the alphabet. It doesn't have 'letters' – instead it uses between 600-1000 characters impressed on clay to spell words by dividing them up into syllables, like 'ca-at' for cat, or 'mu-zi-um' for museum. Other signs stood for whole words, like our '£' standing for pound sterling. Two main languages written in cuneiform are Sumerian and Akkadian, although more than a dozen others are recorded, including Hittite, cousin to Latin. Texts were written by pressing a cut, straight reed into slightly moist clay. Characteristic wedge-shaped strokes that make up signs give writing its modern name – cuneiform means 'wedge-shaped' (from Latin cuneus for 'wedge'). The process for writing cuneiform on a clay tablet involved these steps : • Prepare the clay - Start with a damp ball of clay and flatten it into a tablet that's about the size of a hand, with one flat side and one convex side. You can use your fingers to shape the clay, or you can work on a plastic bag on a hard surface. • Impress the symbols - Use a reed stylus with a wedge-shaped tip to press into the wet clay and create the symbols. The symbols can be a combination of lines and wedges. • Dry the tablet - Leave the tablet in the sun to dry, or you can speed up the process by using a fan. Once the clay has reached a thick, goo-like consistency, you can store it in an airtight container. © British Museum #archaeohistories
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Cuneiform is a system of writing that was invented by Sumerians of ancient Mesopotamia. Believed to have been created sometime during 4th Millennium BC (between 3500-3000 BC), this script is regarded as the earliest known form of writing. Cuneiform became an unreadable script as its use came to an end. Nevertheless, this writing system has been preserved in the archaeological record, thanks mainly due to the clay tablets they were written on. The recording of a spoken language, emerged from earlier recording systems at the end of the 4th Millennium BC. The first written language in Mesopotamia is called Sumerian. Most of early tablets come from the site of Uruk, in southern Mesopotamia, and it may have been here that this form of writing was invented. It was only during 19th Century that cuneiform was finally deciphered and scholars could begin to understand the texts that were written in this ancient script. Cuneiform is one of the oldest forms of writing known. It means "wedge-shaped," because people wrote it using a reed stylus cut to make a wedge-shaped mark on a clay tablet. Letters enclosed in clay envelopes, as well as works of literature, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh have been found. Historical accounts have also come to light, as have huge libraries such as that belonging to Assyrian king, Ashurbanipal. Cuneiform writing was used to record a variety of information such as temple activities, business and trade. Cuneiform was also used to write stories, myths, and personal letters. The latest known example of cuneiform is an astronomical text from 75 CE. During its 3000-year history, cuneiform was used to write around 15 different languages including Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Elamite, Hittite, Urartian, and Old Persian. First developed by scribes as a book-keeping tool to keep track of bread and beer rations in ancient cities like Uruk (in south east of modern-day Iraq), system soon spread across Middle East and was used continuously for more than 3000 years, up until 1st Century AD. Cuneiform is not a language but a proper way of writing distinct from the alphabet. It doesn't have 'letters' – instead it uses between 600-1000 characters impressed on clay to spell words by dividing them up into syllables, like 'ca-at' for cat, or 'mu-zi-um' for museum. Other signs stood for whole words, like our '£' standing for pound sterling. Two main languages written in cuneiform are Sumerian and Akkadian, although more than a dozen others are recorded, including Hittite, cousin to Latin. Texts were written by pressing a cut, straight reed into slightly moist clay. Characteristic wedge-shaped strokes that make up signs give writing its modern name – cuneiform means 'wedge-shaped' (from Latin cuneus for 'wedge'). The process for writing cuneiform on a clay tablet involved these steps : • Prepare the clay - Start with a damp ball of clay and flatten it into a tablet that's about the size of a hand, with one flat side and one convex side. You can use your fingers to shape the clay, or you can work on a plastic bag on a hard surface. • Impress the symbols - Use a reed stylus with a wedge-shaped tip to press into the wet clay and create the symbols. The symbols can be a combination of lines and wedges. • Dry the tablet - Leave the tablet in the sun to dry, or you can speed up the process by using a fan. Once the clay has reached a thick, goo-like consistency, you can store it in an airtight container. © British Museum #archaeohistories

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