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🇮🇱 How Israel's Iron Dome works A radar detects an incoming rocket, tracking it across distances of up to 100 km. That data is instantly fed into a battle management system, the brain, which calculates something critical: not just where the rocket is, but where it will land. If...

60,387 views • 5 months ago •via X (Twitter)

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Testing one of the best safety features of an airplane, the “Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System” (EGPWS, pronounced E Gyp-Wiz). It’s part of every preflight check. Sound on! It’s a warning system. While the jet has separate warnings for things wrong internally, EGPWS is concerned about what’s outside the jet, not what’s inside. It’s primarily concerned w/ terrain & obstacles…EGPWS can “see” outside when pilots can’t. It doesn’t actually see anything, though. There are no cameras or lasers. EGPWS does use the jet’s radar, but not for detecting terrain. (We’ll talk more about radar in a minute, but it’s not useful for orienting yourself to terrain in the vertical. It has a “map” mode that you can use to “paint” things like cities, lakes & shorelines, but it only knows how strong the reflection is & how far away, not how high. We almost never use it in map mode, anyway) EGPWS uses the jets navigation systems – like GPS, Inertial Reference, Altimeters, airspeed, etc. – to plot a position in a virtual world. This world is contained in a database on the jet; it’s constantly plotting your position & then estimating where you’ll be in the next few minutes if the trend continues. The virtual world database knows where the mountains are. When you get close to airports in the database (not all airports are in it), it knows where the buildings & antennas are, too, out to a certain radius. Past that radius, it stops caring about the manmade objects. Anyway, it can tell if you will hit something on your current trend & will issue various warnings. It can give you up to 60 seconds of warning. It starts out slow, like saying “CAUTION, TERRAIN”, but if you don’t fix it, it gets serious…“TERRAIN, TERRAIN, PULL UP!”. You’re 20-30 seconds from impact. It’s not a miracle worker, though. It can wait to give you a warning that you can’t fix. Imagine flying toward a 10,000’ high cliff at 1,000’. A 60 second warning will not be enough time to climb 9,000’ & clear it. Or, it sees a mountain to your right, but your current path is clear. It doesn’t know you’ll do a 90° right turn once abeam the mountain. Now you’ll get some late warnings. EGPWS has various other functions. If you get on the approach but haven’t configured to land, it will say “TOO LOW, FLAPS” (or GEAR). If you start getting below the glidepath, it will say “GLIDESLOPE”. Start descending right after takeoff? “DON’T SINK”…and if you do keep sinking, it switches to “PULL UP!” Now, EGPWS doesn’t use the onboard Doppler radar for any of these functions, but it does use it to detect windshear. EGPWS doesn’t care if you turn on the radar or not, it turns it on itself when you push the throttles up for takeoff or when you descend below a certain altitude on approach. It takes about 12 seconds for the radar to build a picture from that point, but once it does, it can “see” windshear. The Doppler detects this by bouncing radar off of particulates & reading how they are moving at different altitudes. The particulates can be dust or just humidity…the radar can’t read air molecules by themselves. So, it’s still possible to get windshear the radar doesn’t see on very dry, clean days. EGPWS hates windshear. If it detects it, EGPWS replaces your screen w/ the radar – even if not turned on by you – & starts with a gentle warning to “MONITOR RADAR DISPLAY”. If you get closer to it, you get “WINDSHEAR AHEAD” (on takeoff – abort if you still can) or “GO AROUND, WINDSHEAR AHEAD!” (on landing). EGPWS is great, but can’t actually move the jet. It’s not connected to the controls in any way. Some fighters do have that capability, but not airliners. The pilots have to fix it. OK, that’s a brief summary of EGPWS. As usual, I’m dramatically simplifying things for a non-techie audience…there is much more to it & different models of jets have slight differences in how this all works. The 737 MAX has some improvements, w/ different voices & even panic, but I don’t have one to record, sorry!

KC-10 Driver ✈️ 👨‍✈️ B-737 Wrangler

36,492 views • 1 month ago

#WATCH | Johor Bahru, Malaysia | Former DRDO Scientist Dr Ravi Gupta says, "The Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher system is significant in many ways. It was the first defence system to be manufactured by private industries in the country. In 2008, under the leadership of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, for the first time in the history of independent India, the participation of private industries in the defence sector was approved. This proved to be a game-changer, and leveraging this, DRDO collaborated with the private sector to have it produced by private industries... Even during the Kargil War, when the Pinaka was not yet fully developed, it demonstrated its capabilities. Since then, it has made a very significant contribution to the army. Moreover, the advantage of a multi-barrel rocket launcher is that it is less expensive. Compared to our guided missiles, their cost is significantly lower, although their accuracy is not as high as that of guided missiles. Now, the recently developed 120-kilometre range multi-barrelled long-range rocket system has an accuracy comparable to a guided missile, but at a much lower cost. A large area of ​​enemy territory can be destroyed in just a few minutes. A 120-kilometre range can prove very decisive for a tactical weapon on the battlefield, and this will give our armed forces great strength and power. Even though it is a tactical weapon, when it is used in large quantities by our armed forces in battle, it can prove very decisive in the war. Another important aspect is that since it was developed in collaboration with the private sector, it will give a significant boost to our industries. It will help in expanding our defence industries..."

ANI

15,782 views • 7 months ago

Jeff Bezos just described the Moon as a fuel depot, and the number behind it explains why nothing has ever left this planet cheaply. Bezos: “it has a very low gravitational field, only a sixth of Earth’s, which means it takes about 30 times less energy to lift a kilogram of mass off the Moon than it does to lift it off the Earth.” Thirty to one. That number rewrites the economics of everything beyond this planet. Every rocket ever launched has fought the same math. The fuel required to escape Earth is so heavy that most of what a rocket carries is the fuel needed to carry the fuel. The Moon breaks that cycle. It sits outside the well with water frozen in its shadowed craters, and water splits into hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen and oxygen are rocket fuel. Bezos: “the Moon is really a gift” Fill the tank up there instead of down here and the arithmetic of the entire solar system changes. Bezos: “So we can use the Moon as a rocket fuel depot to go to the rest of the solar system.” Not a destination. A gas station. Then there is the second constraint, which is that the sky itself runs on a schedule. Bezos: “unfortunately to get to other planetary bodies, they have very rare launch windows. Mars, you can go to Mars once every 26 months or so.” Miss the window and the answer is not next week. It is two years and change. Every world beyond our own operates on a timetable that does not care about human ambition. Bezos: “It’s so close to Earth. It’s only three and a half days away.” Except the Moon. The Moon is always there. Always reachable. That is what makes it the staging ground rather than the trophy. Apollo treated it as an endpoint, planted a flag, and came home. The flag was the mistake. A gas station is worth more than a monument. Monuments end the story. Infrastructure is what lets everyone who comes after take the trip for granted. Every era of exploration on Earth followed the same shape. Someone crossed once for glory, then someone built a port, and only after the port did ordinary people go. We have been staring at the Moon for three hundred thousand years thinking it was a destination. It was never the destination. It was the door. Every planet in the solar system just got closer. Not because the distances changed, but because the starting point did.

Dustin

37,008 views • 14 days ago