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Imagine knowing about 8.4 million life forms-from tiny insects to cosmic beings-without microscopes or telescopes. That's exactly what ancient Hindu sages described in texts like the Garuda Purana and Vishnu Purana thousands of years ago. They spoke of 400,000 humanoid species, mystical beings called Krimayas, and the interconnected web...

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I found the discussion about Darwin especially fascinating. Why did it take till 1859 to lay out an idea whose essence every farmer and herder since antiquity must have observed? The Origin of Species was published in 1859. Principia Mathematica was published in 1687, two centuries earlier. Conceptually, natural selection is much simpler than the theory of gravity. Thomas Huxley read The Origin of Species and said, "How extremely stupid not to have thought of that!" Nobody ever said the same about not beating Newton to the Principia. One reason it took so long: Darwin's theory cannot be decisively tested. The evidence is circumstantial, retrospective, and cumulative. There's no equivalent of Newton running the numbers on the Moon's orbital period and confirming they correspond to his equations. In a previous interview with Terence Tao, I brought up Lucretius as an ancient precursor to Darwin. I didn’t actually realize how different Lucretius is from Darwin. Lucretius thought that there was some generative period in the past where a bunch of different species emerged somewhat spontaneously. And then there was a one time filter where the unfit ones got culled out. What he was missing was the idea that there’s common descent between all the species, that there’s a tree of life, that natural selection is a cumulative process. In fact we don’t talk about how wild it is that all life on Earth has a common ancestor! It’s wild! So what actually had to be in place? Charles Lyell doing the foundational work in geology in the 1830s gave Darwin the concept of deep time. Without at least tens of millions of years, evolution is a non-starter, because you'd need to see species transforming within human lifetimes. You also needed paleontology showing intermediate species (including between humans and other apes), biogeography from the age of colonization, and more sophisticated artificial selection like pigeon breeding. The proof that these preconditions mattered: Darwin and Wallace arrived at the same idea almost simultaneously, and both credited Lyell. Their work was presented jointly at the Linnean Society in 1858. Something that went undiscovered for all of human history and then was independently discovered twice within a few years. The building blocks had just fallen into place.

Dwarkesh Patel

38,291 Aufrufe • vor 4 Monaten