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In-context learning as the mysterious ability in LMs. We propose ✨Deep-thinking✨ to boost ICL by iterative forward tuning. It is possible to tune LMs without backpropagation! 🤯 Paper: Gradio Demo:

53,380 Aufrufe • vor 3 Jahren •via X (Twitter)

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Introducing PC-ALM, a local-learning alternative to backpropagation. Our method trains 1000-layer neural nets using only local dynamics, and without backprop. Blog: Standard deep learning relies on backpropagation. The brain, however, cannot implement backpropagation, at least not exactly. How can a physical system, such as the brain, solve multilayer credit assignment without explicit use of backprop? We look for inspiration in two related fields: distributed optimization and NeuroAI. In NeuroAI, predictive coding asks each neuron activation to solve an energy-based inference problem instead of using a standard forward pass. That inference step can be implemented as energy-minimization dynamics on local prediction errors. This perspective -- each layer as a dynamical system -- has proven promising, but performance of predictive coding hasn't scaled well with depth. Credit signals at far ends of the network struggle to diffuse into internal layers. We turn to distributed optimization, generalizing predictive coding to use an augmented Lagrangian instead of energy. This motivation stems back to a classic 1988 paper by LeCun, showing that the Lagrange multipliers of a deep network can be identified with gradients of a supervised loss. The augmented Lagrangian then bridges LeCun's perspective to the standard predictive coding that is used in NeuroAI. We find that this new perspective yields a natural PC-like alternative to backpropagation, resulting in a method we call PC-ALM. PC-ALM differs from PC in that it introduces dual neurons (Lagrange multipliers) as part of the layer-local dynamics, resulting in each layer acting as a PI feedback control system to minimize local prediction errors. We find that PC-ALM is capable of propagating signals to seemingly arbitrary depth, especially in deep narrow networks where standard PC struggles to learn. Ultimately, our motivation here is to understand how distributed physical systems, such as the brain, can compute credit signals using only local coupling and local dynamics. PC-ALM may also inform deep learning in neuromorphic hardware, where dynamics are cheaper than on GPUs. Paper: Code:

Sakana AI

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How can you solve complex tasks using a Large Language Model? Here is a 2-minute introduction to everything you need to know to 10x the quality of your results. Let's talk about three techniques, in order of complexity, starting with the easiest one: • In-Context Learning • Indexing + In-Context Learning • Fine-tuning In-Context Learning The team that trained GPT-3 found something they couldn't explain: You can condition a model using examples of how you want it to behave. I included an example prompt in the attached video. You can "teach" the model how you want it to interpret questions, select the correct answers, and format the results by giving a few examples. You can also give specific knowledge to the model that will be helpful when formulating answers. We call this approach "grounding the model." There's another example in the video. Indexing + In-Context Learning Unfortunately, there is a limit to how much data you can include in a prompt. We call this the "context size." One version of GPT-4 supports a context of approximately 6,000 words, while the other supports 25,000 words. Although this sounds like a lot, many applications need more than that. Imagine you wrote a book and want to build an application to answer any questions about your story. What happens if your book is longer than the context? That's where Indexing comes in. Using a model, you can turn every book passage into an embedding. These are vectors, numbers that "encode" the passage's text. You can then store these embeddings in a particular database that supports fast retrieval of these vectors. You can then turn any question into an embedding and search the database for the list of passages that are similar to that query. Instead of using the entire book to ask the model, you can now use the relevant passages as in-context information, effectively working around the context size limitation. Fine-tuning Fine-tuning can give you an extra boost to get reliable outputs from your LLM. It is, however, the most complex approach on the list. There are different approaches to fine-tuning a model with your data. A popular technique is to process your data with your LLM and use the outputs to train a new classifier that solves your specific task. Notice that here you aren't modifying the LLM. Instead, you are chaining it with your trained classifier. Another approach is to modify the parameters of the LLM using your data. Think of this as "rewiring" the model in a way that solves your particular task. The results and costs will vary depending on how many layers you want to fine-tune from the original model. Many companies think that fine-tuning is the solution to their problems. In my experience, many will benefit from exploring the other two approaches. I love explaining Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence ideas. If you enjoy in-depth content like this, follow me Santiago so you don't miss what comes next.

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