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🚨 More Evidence That Archeological Narratives Make ZERO Sense In Peru! This video from Brien Foerester is PERFECT as an example, so here we have a street in the city of Cusco, on one side you have simple non-uniform rock walls with mortar. On the other side you have...

79,853 просмотров • 1 год назад •via X (Twitter)

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🚨Exciting news for archaeology and for human knowledge in general! It has been a long and tedious process, but the Peruvian Ministry of Culture has finally granted permission to export geological samples that will hopefully enable the age of Sacsayhuaman's construction to be determined! Three types of samples have been collected for analysis using different dating methods, and some of them are already on their way to different labs in the US and in Europe. 1 - Soil samples collected from right beneath the blocks that make up the megalithic walls of Sacsayhuaman for Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating – this method is used to determine the time elapsed since minerals like quartz and feldspar were last exposed to sunlight by measuring the light energy (luminescence) released from trapped electrons that accumulated in the mineral crystal lattice due to natural radiation since their last bleaching/reset event (i.e., when the ground was covered by the blocks). 2 - Limestone samples from megalithic blocks, quarry sites and carved bedrock, for Cosmogenic Nuclides dating – this method is used to determine the age of geological surfaces by measuring the accumulation of rare isotopes (mainly ³⁶Cl) produced when the limestone is hit by cosmic rays. 3 - Speleothems samples (calcium carbonate deposits such as stalactite or flowstone) collected on carved surfaces for Uranium-Thorium dating – this method is used to calculate the age of carbonate materials by measuring the buildup of thorium-230 from the slow decay of its uranium-234 parent isotope. This won’t give us the age of the carving of these rocks, but this will give us a minimum age, since the rock was obviously cut before these deposits formed. Additionally, if some organic material is found in the soil or speleothems samples, radiocarbon dating will also be performed, which would give us a fourth means of dating the construction of the site. Whether you believe this megalithic site was built by the Incas or by a much older civilization, science will hopefully put an end to this debate once and for all. And, to top it all off, some limestone samples have also been sent to the Geopolymer Institute of Joseph Davidovits for analysis. This is proof, if any were needed, that not all archaeologists are dogmatic and closed to alternative theories. Now, Let's hope that all these methods will yield results. Whatever these results may be, they will be the subject of a scientific publication, and I will share them here on X, so make sure to follow. This could potentially rewrite history!

Weird Old World

113,042 просмотров • 5 месяцев назад

For 600 years, the only way to reach these monasteries was to climb into a net and let monks haul you, by hand, hundreds of metres into the sky... The place is Meteora, which means suspended in the air, where enormous pillars of sandstone rise straight out of the plain of Thessaly, some of them climbing hundreds of metres into the air. They were shaped over millions of years by water and earthquakes into a forest of stone columns. On top of these pillars, against every instinct a human body has, monks built monasteries. They first came to these rocks in the 11th century, living as hermits in the caves and cracks of the cliffs. By the 14th century they began building on the summits themselves, seeking refuge as the Byzantine world collapsed and Ottoman power rose around them. As many as twenty-four monasteries were eventually raised on these peaks in central Greece. They had no stairways, no roads, and in many cases no obvious way up at all. For centuries, the only way to the top was to be lifted in a net or basket, hauled by hand on a rope wound around a wooden winch by the monks above. Food, building stone, supplies, and people all rose the same way, swinging in open air, hundreds of metres above the ground. Stairways were finally carved into the rock in the 1920s, and today six of the monasteries are open to visitors. G.K. Chesterton once said: "The world will never starve for want of wonders; but only for want of wonder." He was right. The wonders are still here. Whether we still have the wonder is up to us... If you enjoyed this, check out today's article for a deeper dive: And if you'd like to support my work, a paid subscription is what makes it possible:

James Lucas

164,610 просмотров • 1 месяц назад

Today I was visiting the exceptionally beautiful Plantin-Moretus Museum in Antwerp, Belgium (one of the only museums in the world that is itself listed as UNESCO World Heritage), which is one of the oldest printing shops in Europe, with the oldest surviving printing presses in the world. I stumbled upon an old 16th century atlas - written in Old French - and I was pretty amused to read their understanding of China at the time, which was surprisingly accurate, maybe even more than today's! A translation of some of the most interesting passages: - They call it "China" in French (it's now called "Chine") and they write that the locals call it "Tangis", which probably refers to the Tang dynasty but which is strange given that by the 16th century the dynasty had already ended for about 600 years - They write that to its North China is bordered by "tartares" (which I guess means Mongols) whom they describe as "very warlike people from whom it is separated by a wall made by hand" - The Chinese work ethic was already legendary: "those who live there are not at all lazy but devoted to labor and work, because it is there a shameful thing to be idle" - They share a number which must have seemed astonishing at the time: "in the city of Canton, one of the smallest in the entire country, some ten or twelve thousand ducks are eaten daily at table". And then they marvel during a good proportion of the text about the abundance of food in the country, which probably made a big impression on travelers at the time. - They write that "there are in this kingdom two hundred and forty famous cities, whose names end in this syllable FU which means a city: like Cantonfu, Panquifu: the small towns, which are in great number, end in CHEU [undoubtedly refers to "zhou"]. There are infinite villages, heavily populated, because of the continuous agriculture." - China's infrastructure and engineering capabilities were also already legendary at the time: "The city gates have entrances magnificently and marvelously well made, the streets are made level, not sloping this way or that, but following their straight line. They are so wide that ten or fifteen men on horseback can march abreast and are everywhere marked and separated by triumphal arches that marvelously ornament the cities. Portuguese say they saw in the city of Fuchco [probably Fuzhou] a tower set on forty solid marble pillars, the height of which was forty palms (masonry measure) and the width twelve: that this work is so grand, so exquisitely made, so beautiful to see, so sumptuous and so pleasing that it far surpasses all the magnificent buildings of all Europe." - Already at the time, China was very wary of safeguarding its sovereignty: ""[The Chinese] rarely or never leave their country and do not easily let foreigners enter it, especially into the interior of the province, unless they first have safe conduct from the king." - On moral and cultural habits: "They put adulterers to death. There are no brothels in the cities, all manner of prostitutes being sent to the suburbs. They celebrate their weddings at the time of the new moon and around the month of March which is their first day of the new year, and they make these celebrations, like us, very magnificently. They show themselves valiant in banquets and entertainments, in which they owe nothing to the Flemings or the Germans. They eat at tables like us in Europe, on chairs or on benches, and not on the ground as other peoples of Asia do." - On justice: "Bandits and murderers are kept in perpetual prison. Theft, which is a very odious crime, is punished by whip strokes in this manner: they put a man belly down, tie his hands behind him, striking him on the fleshy part of the legs with a whip made of reeds or canes." - On China's naval capabilities at the time: "This kingdom has an infinite number of ships, galleys and vessels of all sorts, with which they cross the seas and rivers. So much so that when they want to show through vainglory the power of their king, they are accustomed to say in a common proverb that he can make a bridge of ships joined together, which can reach and extend from China to Malacca, which is a distance of five hundred leagues and more." - On the emperor and China not being warlike (already back then): "All this region is subject to a single king, like a monarch; whom they call lord of the world and son of the sun. He holds court at Paquin [Beijing], which is a city toward Tartary. He never leaves it, except in time of war. It is said that when he makes war on the Tartars he leads an army of three hundred thousand soldiers and two hundred thousand horses, although it is also said that this nation is not very warlike. This king has under him fifteen very large provinces, which they call governments, and he alone surpasses in power all the other neighboring princes of Asia; and his annual revenues exceed all the riches of Europe. Antonio Pigafetta [the chronicler of Magellan's voyage] calls this king the most powerful of all the universal earth and says that the royal city is fortified and ramparted with seven walls, having ten thousand soldiers for the guard, and that the king commands seventy other crowns of the royal diadem [likely refering to the tributary state system]." Reading these passages, it seems that the further we've come in our ability to know China, the more obscured our vision seems to have become. These 16th century observers, working with fragments brought back by explorers, merchants and missionaries, managed to capture the essential - the industriousness, the engineering mastery, the administrative sophistication, the careful sovereignty. They approached their subject with the humility of the genuinely curious. They had no framework to force China into, no predetermined narrative to fulfill. They simply watched, counted ducks in Canton, measured city walls, and wrote it down. Their errors were errors of transmission - a dynasty name lingering centuries past its time, numbers perhaps inflated through retelling - but the spirit was one of simply describing unknown territory, not to convince anyone of anything. Today however, drowning in information, we're somehow seeing less of what's there and more of what we expect to find. Each observation must fit into existing narratives, serve predetermined conclusions, advance familiar arguments. So much so that we must ask ourselves: have we actually moved backward from those 16th chroniclers? Maybe we need to re-learn to approach China - and others in general - like those old cartographers, pen in hand, ready to be surprised? What might we discover if we stopped explaining and started counting ducks again?

Arnaud Bertrand

19,380 просмотров • 10 месяцев назад

The West is not dying. It is being killed, and the names of the traitors are known. They occupy our capitals, infest our courts, pollute our newsrooms, and preach in our churches. They open the gates, kneel before the foreigner, and smirk as their own blood is driven from the land. They mock the fallen, defile the heroic, and spit on the blood that raised every city worth defending. They are not misguided. They are not mistaken. They are the enemy. They must be treated as such. For too long, we have been ruled by cowards, “men without chests,” by merchants loyal to nothing but the dollar, by liars who speak of progress while presiding over decay. A new generation now rises, armed not with apologies but with the fire of remembrance, with the memory of what we once were and the will to become greater still. We do not ask permission. We do not seek approval. We will reclaim what is ours, because no one else will. Victory will not come through debate. It will come through discipline, through will, through the unbreakable decision to endure, to outlast, and to return to the excellence and greatness that befit our people. We do not need millions. We require only a vanguard: men of loyalty, endurance, and resolve, hardened by truth and unmoved by fear. I say this not for approval, nor is it offered in hope of a reply, but in the spirit of doing what must be done. It is a promise made in full knowledge of what must come. The time of submission draws to a close. The age of reconquest begins. Let the traitors tremble. Let the weak, the feckless, and the unworthy fall away. The future belongs to those with the strength and the daring to seize it.

Chad Crowley

19,404 просмотров • 11 месяцев назад

Madain Saleh, also known as Al-Hijr, is a pre-Islamic archaeological site located in the northwest of Saudi Arabia. It is one of the most important archaeological sites in the Middle East and was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2008. Madain Saleh is a place of great historical and cultural significance, and it is a must-visit destination for anyone interested in the history and culture of the Arabian Peninsula. Madain Saleh was the second city of the Nabataean kingdom, which was established in 2nd Century BC. The Nabataeans were an Arab tribe who were known for their expertise in carving tombs and buildings out of rock. They were also skilled in agriculture, trade, and commerce. The Nabataean kingdom was centered in Petra, which is located in modern-day Jordan. Madain Saleh served as a strategic outpost for Nabataeans, and it was an important stop on the trade routes that connected the Arabian Peninsula with the Mediterranean world. Archaeological site of Madain Saleh covers an area of 13 square kilometers. It is located in a remote desert region, and it is surrounded by rocky mountains and valleys. The site contains around 130 tombs, which were carved out of the sandstone cliffs. The tombs are adorned with intricate carvings and inscriptions, which provide insights into the culture and religion of the Nabataeans. The most famous tomb at Madain Saleh is the Qasr Al-Farid, which means "the lonely castle." This tomb is located on a hilltop and is surrounded by a large courtyard. It is the largest tomb at the site, and it is considered to be one of the finest examples of Nabataean architecture. The tomb was never completed, and it is believed that it was abandoned after the death of the Nabataean king who commissioned it. Another important tomb at Madain Saleh is the Tomb of Lihyan son of Kuza. This tomb is located in the southern part of the site and is carved into a rock cliff. It features a large entrance hall, a central chamber, and a series of smaller rooms. The tomb is decorated with intricate carvings and inscriptions, which provide insights into the religious beliefs of Nabataeans. Madain Saleh is not just a site of tombs; it also contains a number of other important structures. These include the Al-Khuraymat and Al-Sabika temples, which were used for religious ceremonies and rituals. The site also contains a number of houses, wells, and cisterns, which provide insights into the daily lives of the Nabataeans. Madain Saleh was abandoned in the 3rd Century AD, after decline of the Nabataean kingdom. The site was rediscovered in the 19th Century by the Swiss traveler Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. Since then, it has been studied by archaeologists from all over the world. The site is now managed by the Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage, which has carried out extensive restoration and preservation work. Madain Saleh is not just a site of historical and cultural significance; it is also a place of great natural beauty. The site is surrounded by rugged mountains and valleys, and it is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna. Visitors to the site can enjoy hiking and camping, as well as exploring the ancient ruins. Madain Saleh is a site of great historical and cultural significance, and it is a must-visit destination for anyone interested in the history and culture of the Arabian Peninsula. Ancient ruins at Madain Saleh provide a glimpse into the engineering and architectural skills of the Nabataeans, as well as their religious beliefs and cultural practices. However, as the site becomes an increasingly popular tourist destination, there are concerns about its preservation and the impact of tourism on the local environment. It is important that the Saudi government and local communities work together to ensure that the site is protected and that tourism is managed in a sustainable way. 🎥© Paris Verra #archaeohistories

Archaeo - Histories

196,549 просмотров • 2 лет назад

The castles of Europe are some of the most amazing things we’ve inherited from history Between 75,000 and 100,000 castles were built in Western Europe during the medieval period, with around 1,700 in England and Wales alone, and roughly 14,000 in German-speaking areas... Most of them rose between the 9th and 15th centuries after the collapse of centralized Roman authority and the rise of fragmented feudal power. As attacking armies grew more sophisticated, so did the walls meant to stop them. The cost was staggering: from 1179 to 1188, King Henry II of England spent over £6,500 on Dover Castle alone — an enormous sum given that his entire annual revenue was around £10,000. That figure was more than three times what he spent on any other building project in his reign, and more than four times what went into grand royal residences like Windsor. And then there is Malbork... Built by the Teutonic Knights in what is now Poland, Malbork is the largest castle in the world measured by land area. It covers 52 acres and once housed approximately 3,000 knights. A medieval visitor reportedly noted it seemed "more a city enclosed by walls than a single castle." In 950, Provence was home to just 12 castles. By 1000, the number had risen to 30. By 1030, it was over 100. The pace was not driven by a single empire with a plan, but by thousands of individual decisions made by lords, bishops, and kings who each decided, in their own time and place, that stone was the only reliable answer to an uncertain world... The word castle is derived from the Latin word castellum, which is a diminutive of the word castrum, meaning "fortified place". Between seventy-five thousand and a hundred thousand of these fortresses were built over six centuries as a reminder that every civilization eventually decides what it will leave behind. Europe decided on this. And the castles are still here.

James Lucas

1,921,489 просмотров • 2 месяцев назад