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Rep.: The code clearly states that HYBE members include artists and other employees. Aren’t artists also considered part of HYBE? Kim Joo-young: In a broad sense, yes Rep.: There is no broad or narrow interpretation in this matter

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Facial reconstruction of a 7,500-year-old man from Kenya A large collection of ancient human remains was recovered in the Elmenteita district of Kenya, at the Bromhead site. Eight relatively complete skulls and numerous skeletal fragments were found, representing as many as 29 individuals. The burials belong to different periods, but their exact chronology remains uncertain; it is only clear that they date to the Mesolithic. The best available date comes from ten mandibles, which were dated to approximately 7,400 years ago (Bada et al., 1974), although some of the skeletons are undoubtedly older, while others are younger. Individual finds from Elmenteita were variously described as proto-Bushmanoid, resembling the Khoikhoi of Kakamas, or as a distinct "Elmenteita type" characterized by extreme dolichocephaly, long faces, and tall stature. However, these classifications were purely typological, and even the "Bushman type" grouped together the markedly different Elmenteita A and F1 skulls. All of the Elmenteita skulls are long or very long, but they vary greatly in breadth, ranging from very narrow to broad, and from hyperdolichocranic to brachycranic. Cranial height also varies considerably, from low to high, though the average is moderate. Minimum frontal breadth is average or slightly above average. Most skulls have a receding forehead, while the brow ridges are relatively weak by Mesolithic standards. A distinctive feature is the very high placement of the temporal lines. The face has a long cranial base and is of moderate to great height (very low only in the female Elmenteita F1), with a broad upper portion. Facial and bizygomatic breadth vary greatly, from very narrow to broad. Vertical facial profile ranges from prognathous to orthognathous. In transverse profile, the faces show no exceptional flattening and remain within the range of clinopy and clinozygy. The orbits are high, broad, or very broad, and mesoconchic. The interorbital region is broad and flattened. Nasal height ranges from moderate to very great (very low in Elmenteita F1), while nasal breadth varies enormously, from very narrow to very broad. The noses are leptorrhine. As is evident, the Elmenteita series is highly heterogeneous. The male skulls Elmenteita A and B differ noticeably from one another, while Elmenteita F1 stands out most distinctly. L. Leakey divided the series into two groups: the first included Elmenteita A and D, and the second Elmenteita B, F, and F1. The skulls of the first group (to which the reconstructed individual belongs) are more robust, hyperdolichocranic or dolichocranic, with faces that are broad relative to the cranial vault. Their faces are mesognathous and either mesoprosopic or leptoprosopic, with chamaeconchic orbits and leptorrhine or mesorrhine noses. The skulls of the second group are more gracile, being moderately dolichocranic (B), mesocranic (F), or brachycranic (F1). Their cranial vaults are broad relative to the face, with pronounced parietal eminences. They exhibit overall facial orthognathism (B) or prognathism (F and F1), a narrow, high leptorrhine nose, and pronounced alveolar prognathism. In fact, this second group could itself be divided into two or even three distinct types, since skull B differs from F and F1 in being dolichocranic, orthognathous, and hypsiconchic, while F1 is distinguished by its brachycrany, euryprosopy, and chamaeconchy. To what extent this diversity reflects individual variation or true population differences remains unknown. Judging from the stratigraphy, the Elmenteita cemetery may well contain burials of people from different periods, cultures, populations, and biological races. Overall, the series displays an unusual combination of traits for Africa: large cranial size, a receding forehead, a high face, and, in some individuals, orthognathism, high orbits, and a narrow nose. However, this combination is also atypical for the East African race, to which the Elmenteita skulls are often assigned. Only Elmenteita F1 more or less fits the description of the southern prognathous variant of the East African race (S. V. Drobyshevsky, Antropogenez).

Ancestral Whispers

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