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396,709 просмотров • 2 лет назад •via X (Twitter)

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Facial reconstruction of a 5,000-year-old Yamnaya man The individual was buried beneath the central mound of a kurgan on the left bank of the Sok River, Samara. The excavation was conducted in 1992 under the direction of P. F. Kuznetsov and A. A. Khokhlov. The man was approximately 40–50 years old at the time of death. The burial consisted of a skeleton placed in a contracted position on the back, with the skull oriented north-north-east. The hands were positioned over the lumbar-pelvic region. The entire skeleton was heavily covered with ochre. No grave goods were present. Morphologically, the individual represents a highly expressive cranial type of the Yamnaya population, vividly exemplifying the most stereotypical features of Yamnaya morphology. The man had sustained a broken nose. Fractures of the nasal bones are the most common traumatic injury observed among Yamnaya populations, affecting approximately one in four adult males; such injuries are also documented among women. These traumas are not interpreted as evidence of warfare, but rather of close-quarters interpersonal violence. This pattern is consistently observed across all regional Yamnaya groups - whether from the Volga region, the Donets basin, the Fore-Caucasus, or Kalmykia - indicating a widespread and characteristic social phenomenon within the culture. He had a very large skull, with a massive cranial length of 208 mm, very large cranial width of 152 mm, very large cheekbone width of 145 mm, and large bigonial width of 110 mm.

Ancestral Whispers

27,249 просмотров • 5 месяцев назад

Facial reconstruction of a 5,500-year-old man from Middle Irtysh, Kazakhstan Based on the era and geographical proximity, it is likely that this individual belonged to the ANE-rich West Siberian Hunter-Gatherer/WSHG genetic cluster. The skull was described by (Konstantin Solodovnikov, Anatoli Bagashev, Tur Svetlana, A.V Gromov, 2019) as follows: The facial portion of the skull with the mandible of an adult individual comes from the destroyed Neolithic burial ground of Zhelezinka. The originally incomplete cranium was studied by V. V. Ginzburg, who identified it as belonging to a mature-aged woman. It was noted to have a moderately sloping forehead, a supraorbital region developed above average, and markedly protruding brow ridges. The face is low, of medium width, moderately projecting in the horizontal plane, with deep canine fossae, moderately high orbits, and a strongly projecting, medium-wide nose. Despite some flattening of the face, the anthropological type of the skull was defined by the author as Proto-Europoid, possibly close to the Afanasievo population type of Southern Siberia. One of the authors has previously noted that the Zhelezinka skull, judging by the structure of the preserved facial part, is characterized by a narrow forehead, a wide, medium-high, moderately flattened face, rather high orbits and nasal region, a high nasal bridge, and a moderately large angle of projection of the nasal bones. By these traits, it is more similar, for example, to a male skull from a Neolithic burial at the Shiderty-3 site in Pavlodar Oblast (according to L. T. Yablonsky), than to craniological series of Proto-Europoid populations of the Bronze Age, which are characterized by sharply profiled faces in the horizontal plane, low orbits, and a broad forehead. At the present level of accumulation and interpretation of materials, the Zhelezinka skull is extremely difficult to consider as an ancestral form for the Andronovo Proto-Europoid morphological variant; however, its similarity to another pre-Bronze Age skull from the same region deserves separate consideration. For this reason, the incomplete cranium from Zhelezinka was re-examined at the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) of the Russian Academy of Sciences using a standard program, with the addition of the angle of horizontal curvature of the forehead. Based on the scale of sexual dimorphism of ancient populations of Northern Eurasia, we determined the sex of the individual as male. To the characteristics given above, it can be added that, according to male size categories, the frontal bone width is small both at the frontotemporal points and in the coronal region. Visually, the frontal bone is rather sloping and weakly convex in the sagittal plane and weakly profiled horizontally. Visual assessment indicates a tendency toward mesognathism of the facial region; its height is small, bordering on medium values for upper and total facial height. The zygomatic diameter cannot be measured due to broken zygomatic arches, but by approximate assessment of the projection size, its value appears to have been close to the boundary between medium and large categories. The mid-facial width falls within the medium size category, while the upper facial and biorbital widths are large. The width of the alveolar arch is small, and that of the palate is medium. The orbits are high, at the boundary with the medium size category in absolute terms. Given the very large orbital width measured from maxillofrontale, this yields a chamaeconch index, whereas measured from dacrion the orbits are mesoconch. Nasal height and width are at the boundary between small and medium values; the inferior margin of the piriform aperture is in the form of pre-nasal fossae; the anterior nasal spine is moderately developed. The angle of nasal projection is medium (closer to large values), with large simotic and dacrial indices. At the same time, the dimensions of the nasal bridge are large, while the nasal bones at their point of greatest narrowing are of medium size. The rami of the mandible are extremely wide, of medium height, and vertically oriented. The mandible has medium values for bicondylar length, body height, and thickness; the bigonial width lies at the boundary between small and medium values. The chin is broad, with a high symphysis, and weakly projecting relative to the basal plane. The generalized index of facial skeletal flatness of the Zhelezinka skull is 38.2; accordingly, the proportion of the Mongolid component, calculated solely on the basis of this index, amounts to 30.4%.

Ancestral Whispers

17,478 просмотров • 6 месяцев назад

Facial reconstruction of a 7,000-year-old man from Eridu, Iraq He lived during the Ubaid period, a culture that flourished in Mesopotamia before the rise of the Sumerian cities. The Ubaid people are known for establishing some of the earliest settled communities in southern Iraq, laying the foundations for later urban civilization. The Ubaid culture emerged in southern Mesopotamia through a combination of local development and external influences, such as from Susiana, with additional contributions from northern traditions such as the Samarra culture (particularly irrigation), as well as contact with groups associated with the Arabian bifacial tradition. A Babylonian creation text says of Eridu: "All the lands were sea, then Eridu was made." The history of Eridu goes back to the Ubaid period. Its inhabitants lived largely by fishing. Their harbour was located in a marshy, semi-aquatic environment. During the Uruk period (which follows the Ubaid and represents a key stage in the development of early Mesopotamian urban civilization, preceding the fully historical Sumerian city-state period), there is still ample evidence of Eridu’s importance. However, from the beginning of the historical period, it no longer appears to have been a populous settlement. From the Third Dynasty of Ur onward, Eridu was not so much a city as a complex of religious buildings, raised high above the surrounding plain on an artificial platform. The Sumerians and Babylonians worshipped Ea (Enki) here, the god of wisdom and patron of craftsmen and artisans. He was regarded as the father of Marduk and a principal deity associated with the primordial waters. His name was also reflected in that of the city Dur-Ea and in personal names such as Ea-gamil. The earliest written source mentioning Eridu dates to the time of Ur-Nanshe, founder of the Lagash dynasty (c. 2500 BC). By the time of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Eridu had already undergone desiccation and was largely uninhabited. Ur-Nammu, the founder of the dynasty, cut a new channel to the Euphrates to bring water back to the area in an effort to repopulate it, and he also rebuilt Enki’s temple. At the end of the 2nd millennium BC, Nebuchadnezzar I referred to himself as “Governor of Eridu.” By the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, Eridu functioned more as a sacred site than as a major inhabited city. The Assyrian king Sargon II regarded the occupation of Eridu in 710 BC as a significant achievement. The man, who was about 40 years old, was described as belonging to the South Iraqi type, which still inhabits the region today. His skull was artificially deformed during his lifetime using circular bandages. He had a medium-large cranial length of 184 mm, a small cranial width of 123 mm, a medium-large cheekbone width of 134 mm, and a large condylar width (upper jaw width) of 132 mm. (Istvan Kiszely, 1978)

Ancestral Whispers

85,884 просмотров • 3 месяцев назад

Effective at 8 a.m. today, Wednesday, June 5, 2024, Jefferson County Sheriff Reggie Marinelli, in conjunction with the Golden Police Department, will limit waterway activities on Clear Creek. These temporary restrictions extend from the western boundary of unincorporated Jefferson County through the eastern limits of the City of Golden, including Vanover Park. Water activities prohibited by the order include all single-chambered air inflated devices such as belly boats, inner tubes and single chambered rafts, as well as body surfing and swimming. Kayaks, whitewater canoes and multi-chambered professionally guided rafts, and river boards are exempt but are encouraged to observe extreme caution due to the safety concerns surrounding swift moving water and floating debris. All of the above authorized users and occupants must have the use of a Type I, Type III, or Type V Coast Guard-approved flotation vests and helmets designed for water use. The reasoning for this decision is as follows: • Clear Creek is a known Type IV water area, which increases public risk due to water temperature, blasted rock, undercut rocks, potential strainers, and other safety considerations. • Water height and flows are expected to rise as the heavy snowpack continues to melt in the coming days. Violators may be issued a summons for a class 2 petty offense, punishable by a fine of up to $100. These restrictions will be strictly enforced in an effort to minimize the risk to those using the waterway. These temporary water restrictions will remain in effect until water levels decrease.

Jeffco Sheriff

16,811 просмотров • 2 лет назад

Facial reconstruction of a likely 5,500-year-old man from Chiatura, Darkveti, Georgia The “Chiatura man” is well known in anthropological literature for his massive cranial dimensions. Without soft tissue, the skull, first described by Alexandre Javakhishvili, exhibits a massive cheek breadth of 153 mm, a very large cranial width of 156 mm, and a very long cranial length of 199 mm. Most notably, it stands out among contemporaneous Caucasian crania for its overall size and massiveness, showing a closer affinity to the Caucasionic type, which is otherwise thought to have first appeared in the Caucasus during the Middle Ages. The Caucasionic type, which now dominates the Greater Caucasus region, is characterized by very large cheek width and very large cranial breadth. This Caucasionic-like morphology led some anthropologists -- most notably Malkhaz Abdushelishvili -- to describe the Chiatura man as proto-Caucasionic, using him as evidence for a much earlier presence of Caucasionic morphology in the Caucasus. Other anthropologists, such as Ilya Gokhman, questioned this interpretation, expressing doubts about the proposed dating of the individual and suggesting that he may instead belong to a period much closer to modernity. The individual is attributed to the Kura-Araxes culture, whose languages are generally associated with Northeast Caucasian speakers. The Upper Imeretian variant of the Kura-Araxes culture (to which the Chiatura man belonged), however, differs from other Kura-Araxes groups. Genetically, it was likely influenced by local Darkveti populations, while culturally it is distinguished by the presence of kurgan burials and by rich metal assemblages, such as those found in the Sachkhere kurgans, setting it apart from most other Kura-Araxes communities. Middle Bronze Age individuals from Imereti, such as the sample from Sagvarjile, can be genetically modeled as a mixture of Proto-Kartvelian-like/ancient Svan-like profile and Kura-Araxes ancestry, likely reflecting mutual interaction and admixture between Imeretian Kura-Araxes populations and local Kartvelians. The Chiatura individual also exhibits artificial cranial deformation, a practice well documented within the Kura-Araxes cultural horizon. Such practice is also observed among Kura-Araxes populations in Armenia and Dagestan. This custom may have been transmitted by Kura-Araxes groups to the Catacomb culture. Crania from Chiatura dating to Late Antiquity also display artificial cranial deformation.

Ancestral Whispers

17,725 просмотров • 5 месяцев назад