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Some ethereal footage from this summer. This wolf is a lone wolf passing through the area as there are no black wolves in the 19 packs in the Greater Voyageurs Ecosystem, which is not atypical. There have not been any black wolves in any packs in the area for...

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The first footage of wolves eating raspberries to our knowledge! We captured this footage last summer when the Bug Creek Pack pups spent a good while foraging for berries in this patch. Of course, we have known for a while wolves eat raspberries as we have sifted through many scats full of raspberry seeds. However, we’ve never observed the behavior before. Just a few months ago, before we were aware we captured this footage, we actually published a scientific paper on the “berry-eating” behavior of wolves. The big takeaway from our study (link to study below!): based on our data, wolves foraging on berries in our area is an extremely widespread behavior and one that almost every wolf we have studied engages in when berries are abundant. We have captured trail camera footage of wolves of all ages, sexes, and social statuses (i.e., breeding or subordinate wolf) from several packs foraging on berries. All of this indicates “berry-eating” by wolves is likely pervasive across large portions of southern boreal ecosystems in places like Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin, Ontario, Manitoba and Quebec. However, given the lack of summer research on the foraging ecology of wolves in these areas, we think this behavior has just gone unnoticed. Although, there is evidence based on scats collected in these areas that wolves are foraging on berries. Now, it is important to understand why wolves eat berries and to not misconstrue this finding with the notion that wolves eat berries because they prefer berries over animal prey. Wolves do not have digestive systems that are meant to digest plant matter and berries effectively. Thus, berries are almost certainly "starvation food" for wolves; as in, the wolves are starving and berries are the best option given the circumstances to stave off hunger and slow weight loss. All this to say, wolves are not eating berries instead of other animals because they prefer berries over meat. We have no doubt that if a wolf had an option between a meal of berries or of deer/ beaver that it would choose the latter every single time. Catching deer and beavers, wolves primary summer prey, is extremely challenging for wolves in late summer, and likely requires extensive energy expenditure. Thus, instead of spending substantial energy hunting prey they likely cannot catch, wolves turn to berries, which are abundant, taste good, and likely make them feel full. In other words, all evidence suggests wolves are just eating berries to slow starvation and weight loss. Read our recent study on the “berry-eating” behavior of wolves for free here:

Voyageurs Wolf Project

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For almost 2 years now, this lone wolf has hobbled around the Voyageurs area on 3 legs. The wolf’s front left foot is permanently injured/disabled for some unknown reason. We shared a post about this wolf in 2023 and since the wolf is still around, figured we would just share an update with some footage we captured of this wolf over the past year. When wolves lose the function of a back leg, they can still move around fairly quickly because most of a wolf’s power and balance comes from their front legs where most of their bulk and muscle is. We have seen many wolves on trail cameras over the year that are limping and not putting weight on a back leg that are still moving around pretty well. However, losing the function of a front leg is much more debilitating because wolves cannot move quickly without a front leg. You can see that in this video. Nonetheless, wolves are persistent and resourceful. Clearly, this lone wolf has figured out a way to find enough food to live for several years. From what we can tell, the wolf appears to be in decent body condition too. We can only guess how this wolf would find enough food. We suspect it likely does quite a bit of scavenging (e.g., scavenging other wolves’ kills, roadkill deer, beavers that have been trapped for damming up culverts, and any number of human-created food sources). During summer, this wolf could likely catch hiding fawns and beavers, both of which would not require chasing prey down. However, we do struggle to see how this wolf would kill adult deer or older fawns during the rest of the year since it is hard to imagine the wolf chasing them down.

Voyageurs Wolf Project

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This video gives a rare glimpse into the "fishy" proclivities of wolves in our area. The video was taken in spring just a short distance from a creek wolves have fished at for many years. This past spring was the 10th year we have documented wolves hunting and catching fish—a behavior that had not been documented in boreal systems such as ours until our work, in part, because it is a tough behavior to observe. What is particularly fascinating is that this wolf was not only carrying a fish but carrying two of them. This is interesting because when we captured this behavior on video for the first time in 2018, we observed a wolf fishing, drop them on the creek bank, and wade back in to continue fishing. I.e., the wolf was not immediately consuming the fish it caught but rather fishing while the fishing was hot, and then once the fishing cooled down, would consume the fish. And this video seems to provide some additional evidence that it might be a widespread strategy wolves use. Two other interesting tidbits from this video: 1.) The wolf that dropped the fish was a yearling wolf. The wolf that grabbed the fish at the end was a different wolf. More specifically, the breeding female of the Half-Moon Pack and the older sister of the yearling wolf. 2.) Surprisingly, the black bear seemed very perplexed at finding this fish, and just left it alone without even taking a little nibble. We would have expected a bear to readily take a free meal like this but apparently not. We have collected of detailed information on how, when, where, and why wolves hunt fish in our area. You can read all about that in our scientific article (which is freely-available at the link below!): Freund et al. 2023. The ethology of wolves foraging on freshwater fish in a boreal ecosystem. Royal Society Open Science.

Voyageurs Wolf Project

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Wolves transporting the remains of beavers they have killed. Beavers are critical prey for wolves in the Greater Voyageurs Ecosystem for a 7-8 month period of time, roughly April to October/November…i.e., when ice on lakes and ponds is largely absent. Beavers constitute, on average, ~30-40% of all biomass wolves obtain from predation during this period. However, we have studied numerous wolves for which beavers are the primary prey during the spring to fall. For instance, beavers can constitute up to 82% of all biomass killed by some wolves during this 7-8 month stretch. In other words, some wolves rely almost exclusively on beavers during spring to fall and then deer almost exclusively during winter. Given how often wolves are killing beavers, we naturally get footage of wolves carrying remains of beavers they have killed, often taking the carcasses back to their pups. The reason wolves rely heavily on beavers is almost certainly due to the abundance of beavers in the area. Beaver densities have remained roughly around 1 beaver lodge per square kilometer (and there are ~5ish beavers per lodge) for about 40 years now. That is a very high beaver density, and likely is similar to, if not higher than, beaver densities in other southern boreal forest ecosystems in places like Ontario, Manitoba, and Quebec. We suspect beavers are, in part, why the Greater Voyageurs Ecosystems has sustained very high wolf densities for many years, and we are actively trying to understand how beavers drive aspects of wolf population dynamics. Prior to our work, wolf-beaver interactions had received very little attention or research. In 2018, we wrote a peer-reviewed publication summarizing all that was known on wolf-beaver interactions up to that point. In that paper, we dubbed beavers “the forgotten prey of an iconic predator." Of course, biologists knew wolves in a variety of ecosystems hunted beavers to an extent but that was about it. Fortunately, we have made substantial headway in understanding this predator-prey dynamic but there is much we still don't understand...which means there is still much to be discovered!

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Sometimes wolves do curious things…like Wolf Y1T here who we filmed two summers ago sauntering along the highway as traffic passed by. Wolf Y1T is one of the most visually-striking wolves in our area, given the distinctive dark markings on his face, and has been the breeding male of the Blood Moon Pack since 2022. During his tenure, we have had a handful of observations somewhat like this and know of other folks in the area who have had similar observations. For one reason or another, Wolf Y1T, at times, just seems indifferent towards people. He has never acted aggressively or in a way that we find concerning for human safety. But he just goes about his business regardless. Ironically, we have studied his predation behavior, visited his kills, tagged his pups, and spent considerable time in his territory for several years where we have been in close proximity to him (based on his GPS-collar data) but never seen him. We have only seen him in these kind of contexts. Of course, some will likely say he has “lost his fear of people”, because when wolves don’t immediately run away from people or seem to indifferent to the presence of people at times, some take it as an indication that they have no fear of people, which simply is not true. Wolves, like many other wildlife including other carnivores, can be curious or indifferent to the presence of people at certain times or contexts. We have run into many animals including bears, moose, and deer that do not immediately run upon seeing us in the woods but instead stand there and stare at us. However, such behavior by wolves is generally not advantageous because such wolves are at a much higher risk of being illegally killed. Nonetheless, Y1T has figured out a way to persist for several years.

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