Loading video...

Video Failed to Load

There was a problem loading this video. This could be due to a temporary network issue or the video might be unavailable.

The iron chair, a torture device that has several different variations depending on its origin and use throughout history. It is also known as the Chinese torture chair or the torture chair. The concept of 'Torture' iron chair originated from Europe's Middle Ages, though it was used around the... world in different variations as well. This torture device that was added to dungeons in the Middle Ages. It experienced its prime in popularity in Europe. During Middle Ages, the iron chair was used as punishment. Crimes that are punishable by iron chair include adultery, witchcraft, murder, etc. The instrument was used until the late 1800s in Europe. In all cases, victim was seated on several strips or plates of brass and placed over an open flame and slowly roasted alive. In other variations, the victim was tied to an iron armchair and then slowly pushed nearer and nearer to a blazing fire." The iron chair has many different variations depending on its location but they consisted of 500-1500 spikes covering the whole chair with a hole on the seat for fire and coal to be placed under. Another variation of the iron chair was called Chinese torture chair because it was a very common torture technique in China. Though Chinese torture chair is slightly different it was used in the same psychological way as Europe's version. Chinese torture chair was used in from 1701 to 1900s in China and was "...made from wood with 12 steel blades in the arm, back and foot rests and seat." According to scholars, this device was used on convicted people or suspects because it instilled fear in a person. It was used to extract confessions from people by watching another get tortured. If that failed, the person them self had to suffer from it as well. The iron chair "...lies primarily in the psychological fear caused on the victim" (Medievality). The iron chair was especially unique because it relied on the psychological effects rather than physical, unlike many other torture instruments. Physically, this instrument punctures the skin while the person is tied down tightly onto the chair. If they do not cooperate, the person gets tied down tighter, digging the spikes deeper into their flesh. The large hole at the bottom of the seat was made to put coal and fire under to burn the victims lower body parts and slowly roast them alive. This torture technique did not necessarily cause death itself, it was usually followed with an infection after the person was released. Death was far from instant with the iron chair. Science Museum, London 🎥 : Credit to the Owner #archaeohistoriesshow more

Archaeo - Histories

559,221 subscribers

35,504 views • 1 year ago •via X (Twitter)

Anya Rossi• Live Now

Private livecam show

9 Comments

Archaeo - Histories1 year ago

References : • The Shrewsbury Ghost Hunt. Retrieved 17 April 2013. • Medieval Torture". Medieval Information. Retrieved 17 April 2013. • Lyon: The Roman Amphitheater". Athena Review Image Archive. Retrieved 17 April 2013. • Medieval Torture. Medieval warfare Resources. 2013. • Horan, Tom (9 February 2004). "Viewfinder: Chinese torture chair". The Telegraph. • The Chair of Torture". Retrieved 2018-05-10. • Wooden torture chair with 12 steel blades, China, 1701-1900". Retrieved 2018-05-10.

matt lamb1 year ago

Humanity is disgusting sometimes

无名1 year ago

European were so creative

Daughters of Persia1 year ago

22 women in Iran’s Evin Prison are being subjected to sexual abuse during brutal body searches. Their open letter exposes the horrors: humiliation, assault, and dehumanization. They risk torture for speaking out. How much longer will the world ignore their screams? @IranIntl_En

Agata1 year ago

@histories_arch Ouchie

Ann Miles1 year ago

Quite revolting.

Don Cossack1 year ago

"The person them self."

Paladin House Publishing & Film Production1 year ago

Remember, this is how the ruling class and "elites" think.

b_elomari1 year ago

😲💔 Horrible

Related Videos

Two of the most well-known historical execution methods in the United States were the electric chair and the gas chamber. The electric chair was first used in 1890 and was introduced as a “modern” alternative to hanging. The idea at the time was that electricity would cause a quicker death. Over the years, concerns grew about reliability, humaneness, and the possibility of prolonged suffering, which led many states to move away from it. The gas chamber was introduced in the 1920s. The condemned person would be placed in a sealed chamber where a lethal gas was released. Like the electric chair, this method was eventually criticized for being unpredictable and inhumane. Today, both methods are rarely used and have largely been replaced by lethal injection, though a few states still list them as backup options under certain circumstances. These methods reflect how ideas about punishment and humaneness have changed over time in the American legal system. What method do you think should be used for criminals given the death penalty, if any?

Two of the most well-known historical execution methods in the United States were the electric chair and the gas chamber. The electric chair was first used in 1890 and was introduced as a “modern” alternative to hanging. The idea at the time was that electricity would cause a quicker death. Over the years, concerns grew about reliability, humaneness, and the possibility of prolonged suffering, which led many states to move away from it. The gas chamber was introduced in the 1920s. The condemned person would be placed in a sealed chamber where a lethal gas was released. Like the electric chair, this method was eventually criticized for being unpredictable and inhumane. Today, both methods are rarely used and have largely been replaced by lethal injection, though a few states still list them as backup options under certain circumstances. These methods reflect how ideas about punishment and humaneness have changed over time in the American legal system. What method do you think should be used for criminals given the death penalty, if any?

TheRealCherokeeOwl 🦉

59,788 views • 6 months ago

Glenn Beck is moved to tears as he honors his late friend Charlie Kirk by hosting his show. An empty green chair sat on the set...the same chair Charlie used to host from. Glenn Beck said seeing that empty seat was the hardest part of all. “I knew this was going to be…difficult…but to sit in the studio…right next to his chair, is more difficult than I imagined.” Truly heartbreaking.

Glenn Beck is moved to tears as he honors his late friend Charlie Kirk by hosting his show. An empty green chair sat on the set...the same chair Charlie used to host from. Glenn Beck said seeing that empty seat was the hardest part of all. “I knew this was going to be…difficult…but to sit in the studio…right next to his chair, is more difficult than I imagined.” Truly heartbreaking.

The Vigilant Fox 🦊

173,546 views • 11 months ago

James Whale on the difficulties he faced while making "The Invisible Man" (1933): "When I began work on 'The Invisible Man', I took on the biggest and yet the most fascinating job I have ever tackled. Directing a picture is not easy in the best of times, but when the principal character spends a great deal of his time on the screen yet completely invisible, then one has a need for all one's ingenuity. It was all very well to film the scene without the actor but I knew that I had in some way to let the audience know clearly that the actor was there all the time although he was invisible. Therefore, in nearly every one of the 'invisible' scenes, I had to devise bits of 'business' so that the audience should know where the man was, what he was doing, and so on. In one scene I made him sitting in a rocking chair, so that by the movements of the chair the audience would realize that he was sitting there, although there was no sign of his presence. In another scene he is sitting in a chair talking to another person. I showed the seat of the chair sagging slightly as he sat down. Then, when his voice became more confidential, I had the chair moved a few inches toward the other person, as though the Invisible Man had drawn it closer for more intimate conversation." ("James Whale A New World of Gods and Monsters", James Curtis, 1998)

James Whale on the difficulties he faced while making "The Invisible Man" (1933): "When I began work on 'The Invisible Man', I took on the biggest and yet the most fascinating job I have ever tackled. Directing a picture is not easy in the best of times, but when the principal character spends a great deal of his time on the screen yet completely invisible, then one has a need for all one's ingenuity. It was all very well to film the scene without the actor but I knew that I had in some way to let the audience know clearly that the actor was there all the time although he was invisible. Therefore, in nearly every one of the 'invisible' scenes, I had to devise bits of 'business' so that the audience should know where the man was, what he was doing, and so on. In one scene I made him sitting in a rocking chair, so that by the movements of the chair the audience would realize that he was sitting there, although there was no sign of his presence. In another scene he is sitting in a chair talking to another person. I showed the seat of the chair sagging slightly as he sat down. Then, when his voice became more confidential, I had the chair moved a few inches toward the other person, as though the Invisible Man had drawn it closer for more intimate conversation." ("James Whale A New World of Gods and Monsters", James Curtis, 1998)

DepressedBergman

15,255 views • 5 months ago

[WATCH] IMPEACHMENT COMMITTEE CHAIR. If Mmusi wants to chair the committee he must put his ambitions forward and not create his own rules. There is no rule that says the ANC is excluded from putting forth a candidate to chair the committee. We are not going into the impeachment process to defend, we are going into it guided by the ruling of the constitutional court and follow all matters step by step as expected of us. Even in the Ad Hoc Committee we have acted without fear or favour, even against our own. Maimane must not create rules that are non existent and he has ambitions to chair the committee and we will not support it. We have had an Ad Hoc Committee chair by Cde Soviet who is an ANC member, it was fair and he was unbiased even against his fellow members who appeared. So this allegation that the ANC will defend its President is unfounded and the example of the Ad hoc Committee proves that. The ANC like any other party in parliament is not excluded from chairing. #TheYearOfDecisiveAction

[WATCH] IMPEACHMENT COMMITTEE CHAIR. If Mmusi wants to chair the committee he must put his ambitions forward and not create his own rules. There is no rule that says the ANC is excluded from putting forth a candidate to chair the committee. We are not going into the impeachment process to defend, we are going into it guided by the ruling of the constitutional court and follow all matters step by step as expected of us. Even in the Ad Hoc Committee we have acted without fear or favour, even against our own. Maimane must not create rules that are non existent and he has ambitions to chair the committee and we will not support it. We have had an Ad Hoc Committee chair by Cde Soviet who is an ANC member, it was fair and he was unbiased even against his fellow members who appeared. So this allegation that the ANC will defend its President is unfounded and the example of the Ad hoc Committee proves that. The ANC like any other party in parliament is not excluded from chairing. #TheYearOfDecisiveAction

ANC SECRETARY GENERAL | Fikile Mbalula

66,077 views • 2 months ago

🖼️Nightmare at the Italian museum: Tourist sat on the 'Van Gogh' chair and crushed it with his weight Adorned with thousands of Swarovski crystals, the chair was exhibited at the Maffei Palace in Verona. The artist behind the piece is Italian artist Nicola Bolla. At first, the visitor pretended to sit on the chair for a photo, but then he actually decided to sit down. The chair broke, and the man, along with his companion, quickly left the room.

🖼️Nightmare at the Italian museum: Tourist sat on the 'Van Gogh' chair and crushed it with his weight Adorned with thousands of Swarovski crystals, the chair was exhibited at the Maffei Palace in Verona. The artist behind the piece is Italian artist Nicola Bolla. At first, the visitor pretended to sit on the chair for a photo, but then he actually decided to sit down. The chair broke, and the man, along with his companion, quickly left the room.

NEXTA

118,923 views • 1 year ago

NEW: Man gets smacked in the head by a chair that was allegedly thrown by his friend outside a club in Melbourne, Australia. The incident took place after the men were kicked out of the club. One of the men went next door and grabbed a wooden chair during an argument with security. According to 7 News, it is believed the man was trying to throw the chair at security but hit his friend instead. Brutal. Video: user.002091 / 7 News

NEW: Man gets smacked in the head by a chair that was allegedly thrown by his friend outside a club in Melbourne, Australia. The incident took place after the men were kicked out of the club. One of the men went next door and grabbed a wooden chair during an argument with security. According to 7 News, it is believed the man was trying to throw the chair at security but hit his friend instead. Brutal. Video: user.002091 / 7 News

Collin Rugg

267,033 views • 6 months ago

Jensen Huang just said an empty executive seat is worth more than the wrong person sitting in it. That’s the CEO of one of the largest companies ever built. Huang: “An empty chair is better than a chair filled with the wrong person. And so I’m never in a hurry.” Every company on Earth treats a vacant executive role as an emergency. Huang treats it as protection. Because the wrong person in the right chair doesn’t just underperform. They corrupt everything around them. They make decisions that have to be unwound. They hire in their own image. They build systems someone has to tear down before real work can start. An empty chair does none of that. An empty chair has an error rate of zero. Most of the damage inside a company never comes from the wrong decision. It comes from the urgency to make one. Huang: “Whether it’s a missing CEO or missing VP of anything, the company will keep moving on. You just have to have the confidence.” That confidence isn’t personality. It’s architecture. Nvidia doesn’t collapse around an absence because it was never built to depend on any one person. Most companies are built around people. When the person leaves, the system breaks. Because the person was the system. Nvidia is built around standards. When the person leaves, the standard holds. The chair is empty. The standard isn’t. Huang: “It buys you enormous amounts of time until you find somebody that is a combination of a lot of things, including, you just like them.” Past every competence screen, every technical evaluation, every strategic assessment, the last question is the most human one there is. Do you want this person in the room. The entire corporate hiring machine optimizes for credentials, experience, and pedigree. Huang optimizes for all of that and then asks the one question no résumé can answer. Most companies hire to fill chairs. Nvidia hires to protect the standard. The company at the foundation of the AI revolution didn’t get there by filling every seat fast. It got there by leaving the wrong ones empty until the right person walked in.

Jensen Huang just said an empty executive seat is worth more than the wrong person sitting in it. That’s the CEO of one of the largest companies ever built. Huang: “An empty chair is better than a chair filled with the wrong person. And so I’m never in a hurry.” Every company on Earth treats a vacant executive role as an emergency. Huang treats it as protection. Because the wrong person in the right chair doesn’t just underperform. They corrupt everything around them. They make decisions that have to be unwound. They hire in their own image. They build systems someone has to tear down before real work can start. An empty chair does none of that. An empty chair has an error rate of zero. Most of the damage inside a company never comes from the wrong decision. It comes from the urgency to make one. Huang: “Whether it’s a missing CEO or missing VP of anything, the company will keep moving on. You just have to have the confidence.” That confidence isn’t personality. It’s architecture. Nvidia doesn’t collapse around an absence because it was never built to depend on any one person. Most companies are built around people. When the person leaves, the system breaks. Because the person was the system. Nvidia is built around standards. When the person leaves, the standard holds. The chair is empty. The standard isn’t. Huang: “It buys you enormous amounts of time until you find somebody that is a combination of a lot of things, including, you just like them.” Past every competence screen, every technical evaluation, every strategic assessment, the last question is the most human one there is. Do you want this person in the room. The entire corporate hiring machine optimizes for credentials, experience, and pedigree. Huang optimizes for all of that and then asks the one question no résumé can answer. Most companies hire to fill chairs. Nvidia hires to protect the standard. The company at the foundation of the AI revolution didn’t get there by filling every seat fast. It got there by leaving the wrong ones empty until the right person walked in.

Dustin

11,719 views • 1 month ago

The carnyx is an ancient musical instrument that best-known to have been used by the Celts during the Iron Age. Between 300 BC and 200 AD, the carnyx was used in many parts of Europe. In the ancient literary records, the carnyx is most commonly depicted as an instrument that accompanied Celtic warriors when they went into battle. Apart from literary sources, references to the carnyx have also been found on pieces of art and coins. Lastly, remains of this musical instrument have occasionally been found during archaeological excavations. The carnyx may be described as a type of war trumpet. This instrument was a valveless horn that was made of beaten bronze, and can be easily recognized due to its ſ-shape. Another distinct feature of the carnyx is its bell, which often depicts the head of some animal. Such animals include boars, dragons, serpents, birds and wolves. The bells of the carnyx were fashioned after these animals so as to strike fear into enemy warriors. Additionally, some bells were made with joints at the jaws, which would cause the animal’s head to move when the instrument was blown, thus adding to the psychological effect it had on the enemy. Whilst the sight of the carnyx struck fear into the hearts of the enemy, it was the sound of it, which has been described as lugubrious and harsh, that probably had a greater impact on enemy morale. It may be pointed out that it is unlikely that we will ever know how their carnyces had sounded. Nevertheless, it is possible to recreate this instrument, given that some of them have been found during archaeological excavations, and perhaps achieve a slightly better understanding of how this instrument worked. One example of a carnyx that has survived is the Deskford Carnyx, which was discovered in Deskford in Banffshire, Scotland. Only the head of this instrument was found, and it has been speculated that it had been buried as a votive offering to the gods. Although this instrument did not survive in its entirety, it provided enough information for a replica to be made. In order to recreate the rest of the carnyx, parallels, most notably artistic depictions from elsewhere in Europe were consulted. As a result, it is possible for us to hear the kind of sound a carnyx may have emitted when it was played. Nevertheless, the Deskford Carnyx is only one example of such an instrument. Prior to 2004, the remains of only five carynces were known. These instruments were found in Scotland, France, Germany, Switzerland and Romania respectively. In November 2004, a deposit of seven carynces was unearthed at Tintignac, a Gallo-Roman site at Tintignac in the Corrèze region of southern France. One of these carnyces had a bell in the shape of a serpent’s head with huge ears. A recreation of this carnyx was also made, and the sound produced by this instrument was quite different from that of the Deskford Carnyx. Thus, it has been shown that there were different types of carnyces in existence. Additionally, the carnyx from Tintignac also forced experts to re-evaluate the way that this instrument was played. Prior to its discovery, it was thought that the carnyx was held vertically, as depicted in some pieces of ancient art. The carnyx from Tintignac, however, had a completely straight tube, as opposed to other carnyces which had a slight bend at the mouth end of the tube. This meant that the carnyx from Tintignac was most likely played more or less horizontally, rather than vertically. This has led to the speculation that the carnyx, though traditionally associated with warfare, may have had a ritualistic function, and had been used for other occasions, such as feasts, funerals and weddings, as well. #archaeohistories

The carnyx is an ancient musical instrument that best-known to have been used by the Celts during the Iron Age. Between 300 BC and 200 AD, the carnyx was used in many parts of Europe. In the ancient literary records, the carnyx is most commonly depicted as an instrument that accompanied Celtic warriors when they went into battle. Apart from literary sources, references to the carnyx have also been found on pieces of art and coins. Lastly, remains of this musical instrument have occasionally been found during archaeological excavations. The carnyx may be described as a type of war trumpet. This instrument was a valveless horn that was made of beaten bronze, and can be easily recognized due to its ſ-shape. Another distinct feature of the carnyx is its bell, which often depicts the head of some animal. Such animals include boars, dragons, serpents, birds and wolves. The bells of the carnyx were fashioned after these animals so as to strike fear into enemy warriors. Additionally, some bells were made with joints at the jaws, which would cause the animal’s head to move when the instrument was blown, thus adding to the psychological effect it had on the enemy. Whilst the sight of the carnyx struck fear into the hearts of the enemy, it was the sound of it, which has been described as lugubrious and harsh, that probably had a greater impact on enemy morale. It may be pointed out that it is unlikely that we will ever know how their carnyces had sounded. Nevertheless, it is possible to recreate this instrument, given that some of them have been found during archaeological excavations, and perhaps achieve a slightly better understanding of how this instrument worked. One example of a carnyx that has survived is the Deskford Carnyx, which was discovered in Deskford in Banffshire, Scotland. Only the head of this instrument was found, and it has been speculated that it had been buried as a votive offering to the gods. Although this instrument did not survive in its entirety, it provided enough information for a replica to be made. In order to recreate the rest of the carnyx, parallels, most notably artistic depictions from elsewhere in Europe were consulted. As a result, it is possible for us to hear the kind of sound a carnyx may have emitted when it was played. Nevertheless, the Deskford Carnyx is only one example of such an instrument. Prior to 2004, the remains of only five carynces were known. These instruments were found in Scotland, France, Germany, Switzerland and Romania respectively. In November 2004, a deposit of seven carynces was unearthed at Tintignac, a Gallo-Roman site at Tintignac in the Corrèze region of southern France. One of these carnyces had a bell in the shape of a serpent’s head with huge ears. A recreation of this carnyx was also made, and the sound produced by this instrument was quite different from that of the Deskford Carnyx. Thus, it has been shown that there were different types of carnyces in existence. Additionally, the carnyx from Tintignac also forced experts to re-evaluate the way that this instrument was played. Prior to its discovery, it was thought that the carnyx was held vertically, as depicted in some pieces of ancient art. The carnyx from Tintignac, however, had a completely straight tube, as opposed to other carnyces which had a slight bend at the mouth end of the tube. This meant that the carnyx from Tintignac was most likely played more or less horizontally, rather than vertically. This has led to the speculation that the carnyx, though traditionally associated with warfare, may have had a ritualistic function, and had been used for other occasions, such as feasts, funerals and weddings, as well. #archaeohistories

Archaeo - Histories

13,852 views • 7 months ago

🚨 WATCH: The low chair China version. President Trump is taller than President Xi Jinping of China. How do they counter this? The Chinese used a variety of techniques, one of which was a chair identical to Xi, but lower. And so, when the two sat down, an optical illusion was created, making the host appear taller. Maybe this is why Trump looked so dissatisfied at this event.

🚨 WATCH: The low chair China version. President Trump is taller than President Xi Jinping of China. How do they counter this? The Chinese used a variety of techniques, one of which was a chair identical to Xi, but lower. And so, when the two sat down, an optical illusion was created, making the host appear taller. Maybe this is why Trump looked so dissatisfied at this event.

Raylan Givens

45,174 views • 3 months ago

$SICK BASTARD! 😡 The man who mercilessly beat a dog to death with an iron rod in Kocaeli İzmit in Turkey has been arrested after huge public anger. “The gendarmerie was taking the suspect into custody. We saw the dog's dead body; it was shattered. A human being cannot treat an animal this way. Its entire body was broken, all its bones fractured; it was brutally killed through minutes of torture.” said a local.$

SICK BASTARD! 😡 The man who mercilessly beat a dog to death with an iron rod in Kocaeli İzmit in Turkey has been arrested after huge public anger. “The gendarmerie was taking the suspect into custody. We saw the dog's dead body; it was shattered. A human being cannot treat an animal this way. Its entire body was broken, all its bones fractured; it was brutally killed through minutes of torture.” said a local.

PROTECT ALL WILDLIFE

31,572 views • 3 months ago

Not only was this an epic view from my office today,it was my last as the coach for the men’s ⁦@RazorbackTF⁩ program.Honor of a lifetime to sit in the chair of Coach McDonnell.I want to thank the McDonnell fam for their love and support,the alums, my athletes. Hog forever!

Not only was this an epic view from my office today,it was my last as the coach for the men’s ⁦@RazorbackTF⁩ program.Honor of a lifetime to sit in the chair of Coach McDonnell.I want to thank the McDonnell fam for their love and support,the alums, my athletes. Hog forever!

Chris Bucknam

62,612 views • 8 months ago

Although it was not an official single in many countries, "Shoot to Thrill" became one of the major hits on the album Back in Black (1980). The track gained even more visibility decades later when it was used on the soundtrack of Iron Man 2 (2010), reinforcing its status as a timeless classic.

Although it was not an official single in many countries, "Shoot to Thrill" became one of the major hits on the album Back in Black (1980). The track gained even more visibility decades later when it was used on the soundtrack of Iron Man 2 (2010), reinforcing its status as a timeless classic.

Ladytron Fan Account

17,640 views • 1 month ago

Whilst the Vice President sought permission from the Committee Chair to leave the proceedings having stood her ground in making clear she was not to participate, the rest of her men and women had to stay for the hearing to carry on. Was it a leader abandoning her subordinates where it mattered most? Was it arrogance, or a necessary retreat? Was it fear of getting exposed for wrongdoing, or a calculated manoeuvre to maintain control?

Whilst the Vice President sought permission from the Committee Chair to leave the proceedings having stood her ground in making clear she was not to participate, the rest of her men and women had to stay for the hearing to carry on. Was it a leader abandoning her subordinates where it mattered most? Was it arrogance, or a necessary retreat? Was it fear of getting exposed for wrongdoing, or a calculated manoeuvre to maintain control?

The King

88,872 views • 1 year ago

Amazing documentary from Sweden showcasing how they made iron from raw clay they harvest in a bog. This method is how they made raw materials for tools, weapons and export from the early iron age until the industrial revolution! The first step is to dig up clay rich in iron ore from a bog. The clay is left to dry in piles and then transported to a foundry nearby the bog. At the foundry the first step is the roast the raw material. This is to remove moisture and biological material. The temperature of the fire is around 500-600°C but not higher since the material should not melt yet. This shrinks the raw material to 50% of it's original mass, sometimes to a third of it's original mass. This process takes 2-4 hours. As this happens the men prepare the foundry. In a stone clad hole in the ground with an air vent at the bottom firewood is stacked. When this is lit on fire the men takes careful precautions to not allow it to burn up completely. After an hour the firewood is turned into charcoal used to turn the now refined iron ore into iron ingots. The roasted iron ore is placed into the bed of coal will sink slowly sink to the bottom of the pit as the coal burn with a temperature in-between 1200-1400°C, the men peak into the airhole at the foundry and can tell from the colour of the temperature is correct or if they need to adjust it. The bellows blows 350L of air into the foundry per turn and the entire process takes up to four hours. The lump of iron is still full of slag and byproduct. To remove this its beaten with a hammer on site. At a smiths workshop a smith continue to hammer our out the byproducts until it's refined enough for production! In the forests there are many traces of iron ore refinement. The foundry's can still be found in good condition even if they have not been in use for over 500 years and traces of slag and byproduct still litter the ground.

Amazing documentary from Sweden showcasing how they made iron from raw clay they harvest in a bog. This method is how they made raw materials for tools, weapons and export from the early iron age until the industrial revolution! The first step is to dig up clay rich in iron ore from a bog. The clay is left to dry in piles and then transported to a foundry nearby the bog. At the foundry the first step is the roast the raw material. This is to remove moisture and biological material. The temperature of the fire is around 500-600°C but not higher since the material should not melt yet. This shrinks the raw material to 50% of it's original mass, sometimes to a third of it's original mass. This process takes 2-4 hours. As this happens the men prepare the foundry. In a stone clad hole in the ground with an air vent at the bottom firewood is stacked. When this is lit on fire the men takes careful precautions to not allow it to burn up completely. After an hour the firewood is turned into charcoal used to turn the now refined iron ore into iron ingots. The roasted iron ore is placed into the bed of coal will sink slowly sink to the bottom of the pit as the coal burn with a temperature in-between 1200-1400°C, the men peak into the airhole at the foundry and can tell from the colour of the temperature is correct or if they need to adjust it. The bellows blows 350L of air into the foundry per turn and the entire process takes up to four hours. The lump of iron is still full of slag and byproduct. To remove this its beaten with a hammer on site. At a smiths workshop a smith continue to hammer our out the byproducts until it's refined enough for production! In the forests there are many traces of iron ore refinement. The foundry's can still be found in good condition even if they have not been in use for over 500 years and traces of slag and byproduct still litter the ground.

Birch Brother 🪓

179,923 views • 1 month ago

So Cayetano made his own interpretation of his power as a Chair and perceived a threat to the Senate's self preservation which he used to justify penalizing the NBI and held them in contempt, despite the fact that it's not in the rules, contrary to SC limitations and has no precendence. He did this to save Bato, who acted on is own, as a person, and not as a Senator. But who actually disrupted the session? Was it the NBI doing their job or Bato who ran to the plenary to have his ass covered using the Senate immunity? Was Bato in the plenary to begin with when it happened? He was OUTSIDE and chose to run into it to avoid the NBI. If self preservation means protecting the integrity, rules and dignity of the Senate, then a Senator who uses rhe Plenary as a hideout from a valid legal warrant is actually the one threatening its integrity. By bringing a personal legal matter to the plenary in the middle of the legislative session, he forces the Senate to choose between upholding the law or protecting a friend. #CayetanoClownery #BatoRunningMan #BatodelaRosa #CayetanovsSotto

So Cayetano made his own interpretation of his power as a Chair and perceived a threat to the Senate's self preservation which he used to justify penalizing the NBI and held them in contempt, despite the fact that it's not in the rules, contrary to SC limitations and has no precendence. He did this to save Bato, who acted on is own, as a person, and not as a Senator. But who actually disrupted the session? Was it the NBI doing their job or Bato who ran to the plenary to have his ass covered using the Senate immunity? Was Bato in the plenary to begin with when it happened? He was OUTSIDE and chose to run into it to avoid the NBI. If self preservation means protecting the integrity, rules and dignity of the Senate, then a Senator who uses rhe Plenary as a hideout from a valid legal warrant is actually the one threatening its integrity. By bringing a personal legal matter to the plenary in the middle of the legislative session, he forces the Senate to choose between upholding the law or protecting a friend. #CayetanoClownery #BatoRunningMan #BatodelaRosa #CayetanovsSotto

ChismisNChaos🇵🇭 🇻🇦

56,381 views • 3 months ago

Chair of Senate Investigations Committee Declares Tim Walz and AG Keith Ellison COMPLICIT In MN Somali Fraud, They Allowed It To Buy Votes "They have an audio of Keith Ellison.. Seems like he was certainly in on the grift a well." "Lead investigator in the memo says they figured out there's probably about 50% of $217 million spent on this childcare program was fraud." "This was well known. The politicans knew it. They looked the other way to the extent that they're actually complicit in it, buying votes with it."

Chair of Senate Investigations Committee Declares Tim Walz and AG Keith Ellison COMPLICIT In MN Somali Fraud, They Allowed It To Buy Votes "They have an audio of Keith Ellison.. Seems like he was certainly in on the grift a well." "Lead investigator in the memo says they figured out there's probably about 50% of $217 million spent on this childcare program was fraud." "This was well known. The politicans knew it. They looked the other way to the extent that they're actually complicit in it, buying votes with it."

Benny Johnson

79,987 views • 7 months ago