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When Light Becomes Heavy Enough to Trap Itself Can light collapse into a black hole? In General Relativity, light is not weightless in the geometric sense. It has energy, it carries momentum, and energy curves Spacetime. A Vaidya-type collapse describes a mass that grows because radiation is falling inward....

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Mathelirium

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27,635 просмотров • 1 месяц назад •via X (Twitter)

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A Black Hole Can Be Dragged Through Spacetime A Black Hole does not have to sit still. Einstein’s equations allow a stranger possibility... a Black Hole that accelerates. This is the C-metric, an exact solution of General Relativity describing an accelerating Black Hole. The Black Hole accelerates because the geometry of Spacetime says it must. The C-metric is one of those exact solutions that reminds us how wild General Relativity really is. Gravity is not just attraction, and Spacetime is not just a stage. Sometimes the stage itself contains the force. #Astrophysics #GeneralRelativity #Einstein #CMetric #BlackHole #CosmicStrings #Spacetime #Cosmology #Mathematics #Physics
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A Black Hole Can Be Dragged Through Spacetime A Black Hole does not have to sit still. Einstein’s equations allow a stranger possibility... a Black Hole that accelerates. This is the C-metric, an exact solution of General Relativity describing an accelerating Black Hole. The Black Hole accelerates because the geometry of Spacetime says it must. The C-metric is one of those exact solutions that reminds us how wild General Relativity really is. Gravity is not just attraction, and Spacetime is not just a stage. Sometimes the stage itself contains the force. #Astrophysics #GeneralRelativity #Einstein #CMetric #BlackHole #CosmicStrings #Spacetime #Cosmology #Mathematics #Physics

Mathelirium

788,930 просмотров • 1 месяц назад

Light Can Make Its Own Gravitational Field In gGeneral Relativity, light does not just move through Spacetime. Because it carries energy and momentum, it can also curve Spacetime.
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Light Can Make Its Own Gravitational Field In gGeneral Relativity, light does not just move through Spacetime. Because it carries energy and momentum, it can also curve Spacetime.

Mathelirium

44,890 просмотров • 2 месяцев назад

What Happens When a Black Hole Does More Than Fall? In General Relativity, a rotating Black Hole is described by the Kerr Metric. Its spin does something strange to spacetime... it drags the geometry around with it. The horizon sits at r₊ = M + √(M² - a²) but outside it there is another surface, the Ergosphere, r_E(θ) = M + √(M² - a²cos²θ) Inside that region, Spacetime is being swept around so strongly that remaining still is no longer possible. Every particle, every light thread, every local observer is forced to rotate with the geometry. For this scene, the C-metric acceleration remains alive in the background and the Black Hole still moves through the fabric, pulled along an axial defect. But the main event is Kerr frame dragging. The fabric twists. The Ergosphere breathes. Light paths shear into spirals. Particles that try to cross the region get carried around before falling inward. #GeneralRelativity #BlackHole #KerrMetric #FrameDragging #Ergosphere #Spacetime #EinsteinEquations #Astrophysics #Physics
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What Happens When a Black Hole Does More Than Fall? In General Relativity, a rotating Black Hole is described by the Kerr Metric. Its spin does something strange to spacetime... it drags the geometry around with it. The horizon sits at r₊ = M + √(M² - a²) but outside it there is another surface, the Ergosphere, r_E(θ) = M + √(M² - a²cos²θ) Inside that region, Spacetime is being swept around so strongly that remaining still is no longer possible. Every particle, every light thread, every local observer is forced to rotate with the geometry. For this scene, the C-metric acceleration remains alive in the background and the Black Hole still moves through the fabric, pulled along an axial defect. But the main event is Kerr frame dragging. The fabric twists. The Ergosphere breathes. Light paths shear into spirals. Particles that try to cross the region get carried around before falling inward. #GeneralRelativity #BlackHole #KerrMetric #FrameDragging #Ergosphere #Spacetime #EinsteinEquations #Astrophysics #Physics

Mathelirium

27,112 просмотров • 25 дней назад

Can Spacetime Move Faster Than Light? In 1994, Miguel Alcubierre proposed a strange solution to Einstein’s field equations: A Spacetime geometry where a compact region could be transported without the object inside locally breaking the speed of light. The idea is not that a ship accelerates through space faster than light. The local interior remains comparatively calm. The violent part is the surrounding geometry. Space contracts in front of the bubble, expands behind it, and forms a moving transport shell that carries the interior region forward. A simplified form of the Alcubierre metric is ds² = −dt² + [dx − vₛ f(rₛ)dt]² + dy² + dz² where f(rₛ) shapes the warp bubble and vₛ describes the motion of its centre. The physics is still highly speculative, especially because the original construction requires exotic stress-energy, but the mathematical idea is powerful. #GeneralRelativity #AlcubierreDrive #WarpDrive #Spacetime #EinsteinEquations #Relativity #Physics #Astrophysics #Cosmology
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Can Spacetime Move Faster Than Light? In 1994, Miguel Alcubierre proposed a strange solution to Einstein’s field equations: A Spacetime geometry where a compact region could be transported without the object inside locally breaking the speed of light. The idea is not that a ship accelerates through space faster than light. The local interior remains comparatively calm. The violent part is the surrounding geometry. Space contracts in front of the bubble, expands behind it, and forms a moving transport shell that carries the interior region forward. A simplified form of the Alcubierre metric is ds² = −dt² + [dx − vₛ f(rₛ)dt]² + dy² + dz² where f(rₛ) shapes the warp bubble and vₛ describes the motion of its centre. The physics is still highly speculative, especially because the original construction requires exotic stress-energy, but the mathematical idea is powerful. #GeneralRelativity #AlcubierreDrive #WarpDrive #Spacetime #EinsteinEquations #Relativity #Physics #Astrophysics #Cosmology

Mathelirium

37,986 просмотров • 1 месяц назад

Faster Than Light Without Moving Faster Than Light In 1994, Miguel Alcubierre discovered a solution to Einstein’s Field Equations where a region of Spacetime can effectively travel faster than light without anything locally breaking Relativity. The object inside the bubble never outruns light in its own local frame. Instead, Spacetime contracts ahead of the bubble, expands behind it, and carries the interior forward. The motion comes from geometry itself.
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Faster Than Light Without Moving Faster Than Light In 1994, Miguel Alcubierre discovered a solution to Einstein’s Field Equations where a region of Spacetime can effectively travel faster than light without anything locally breaking Relativity. The object inside the bubble never outruns light in its own local frame. Instead, Spacetime contracts ahead of the bubble, expands behind it, and carries the interior forward. The motion comes from geometry itself.

Mathelirium

17,688 просмотров • 2 месяцев назад

Black Hole Can Ring Like a Bell A Black Hole can vibrate after it is disturbed. Instead of settling instantly, its horizon releases gravitational waves in fading tones called quasinormal modes. This is commonly known as Ringdown. Each tone carries information about the black hole’s final mass and spin, which is why physicists call this Black-Hole Spectroscopy. In a way, when Spacetime strikes a Black Hole, the Black Hole answers with its own gravitational sound. #BlackHole #GeneralRelativity #GravitationalWaves #Spacetime #Einstein #Astrophysics #Physics #Mathematics #Cosmology
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Black Hole Can Ring Like a Bell A Black Hole can vibrate after it is disturbed. Instead of settling instantly, its horizon releases gravitational waves in fading tones called quasinormal modes. This is commonly known as Ringdown. Each tone carries information about the black hole’s final mass and spin, which is why physicists call this Black-Hole Spectroscopy. In a way, when Spacetime strikes a Black Hole, the Black Hole answers with its own gravitational sound. #BlackHole #GeneralRelativity #GravitationalWaves #Spacetime #Einstein #Astrophysics #Physics #Mathematics #Cosmology

Mathelirium

30,456 просмотров • 26 дней назад

White Holes Don’t Push You Way. Spacetime Refuses Your Future. A White Hole appears in the maximally extended Schwarzschild solution of General Relativity, the full mathematical extension of the Spacetime around an eternal, non-rotating Black Hole. The exterior geometry is the same Schwarzschild geometry ds² = −(1 − 2M/r)dt² + (1 − 2M/r)⁻¹dr² + r²dΩ² But the causal direction is reversed. For a Black Hole, future-directed paths can cross the horizon inward. For a White Hole, future-directed paths can emerge from the horizon, but outside particles cannot enter that region. The object has not been observed in nature. But inside the Mathematics of General Relativity, it is a real sector of the extended Schwarzschild Spacetime... the Black Hole’s time-reversed counterpart.
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White Holes Don’t Push You Way. Spacetime Refuses Your Future. A White Hole appears in the maximally extended Schwarzschild solution of General Relativity, the full mathematical extension of the Spacetime around an eternal, non-rotating Black Hole. The exterior geometry is the same Schwarzschild geometry ds² = −(1 − 2M/r)dt² + (1 − 2M/r)⁻¹dr² + r²dΩ² But the causal direction is reversed. For a Black Hole, future-directed paths can cross the horizon inward. For a White Hole, future-directed paths can emerge from the horizon, but outside particles cannot enter that region. The object has not been observed in nature. But inside the Mathematics of General Relativity, it is a real sector of the extended Schwarzschild Spacetime... the Black Hole’s time-reversed counterpart.

Mathelirium

30,989 просмотров • 2 месяцев назад

Boost A Mass To Light Speed, And Gravity Becomes A Shockwave. The Aichelburg-Sexl Ultraboost is an exact solution of General Relativity obtained by boosting the Schwarzschild gravitational field toward light speed while keeping the energy finite.
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Boost A Mass To Light Speed, And Gravity Becomes A Shockwave. The Aichelburg-Sexl Ultraboost is an exact solution of General Relativity obtained by boosting the Schwarzschild gravitational field toward light speed while keeping the energy finite.

Mathelirium

12,414 просмотров • 2 месяцев назад

A White Hole is a Black Hole Running Backward A Black Hole is famous because it lets things fall in, but never lets them come back out. A White Hole is the time-reversed version of that idea. In the full Schwarzschild solution of General Relativity, the Black-Hole region and the White-Hole region appear as two different causal parts of the same exact geometry. Outside the horizon, the metric is the usual Schwarzschild metric ds² = -(1 - 2M/r)dt² + (1 - 2M/r)⁻¹dr² + r²dΩ². The horizon sits at rₛ = 2M, using G = c = 1. For an ordinary Black Hope, future-directed paths can cross this surface inward. Once they do, they cannot return to the outside universe. For a White Hole, the arrow is reversed and particles and light can come out from the horizon, but outside observers cannot enter it. No one has observed a physical White Hole. It may be an ideal solution rather than an object that nature actually forms. But as Mathematics, it is one of the strangest lessons of General Relativity: The equations allow a horizon that throws the universe outward. #WhiteHoles #GeneralRelativity #Schwarzschild #Spacetime #BlackHoles #Cosmology #Physics #Mathematics #Astrophysics #Astronomy
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A White Hole is a Black Hole Running Backward A Black Hole is famous because it lets things fall in, but never lets them come back out. A White Hole is the time-reversed version of that idea. In the full Schwarzschild solution of General Relativity, the Black-Hole region and the White-Hole region appear as two different causal parts of the same exact geometry. Outside the horizon, the metric is the usual Schwarzschild metric ds² = -(1 - 2M/r)dt² + (1 - 2M/r)⁻¹dr² + r²dΩ². The horizon sits at rₛ = 2M, using G = c = 1. For an ordinary Black Hope, future-directed paths can cross this surface inward. Once they do, they cannot return to the outside universe. For a White Hole, the arrow is reversed and particles and light can come out from the horizon, but outside observers cannot enter it. No one has observed a physical White Hole. It may be an ideal solution rather than an object that nature actually forms. But as Mathematics, it is one of the strangest lessons of General Relativity: The equations allow a horizon that throws the universe outward. #WhiteHoles #GeneralRelativity #Schwarzschild #Spacetime #BlackHoles #Cosmology #Physics #Mathematics #Astrophysics #Astronomy

Mathelirium

44,212 просмотров • 1 месяц назад

General Relativity Keeps Revealing Unexpected Spacetime Geometries That Go Far Beyond Everyday Intuition. In 1988, Kip Thorne and Michael Morris described a traversable Wormhole geometry that strangely connects two distant regions of Spacetime without an event horizon or central singularity. No traversable Wormhole has ever been observed. Within General Relativity, though, these solutions are mathematically valid if Spacetime is supported by exotic stress-energy that violates classical energy conditions. It's a solution Einstein’s field equations allow, but nature has not confirmed. #Einstein #GeneralRelativity #Wormholes #Spacetime #Physics #Relativity
0:42

General Relativity Keeps Revealing Unexpected Spacetime Geometries That Go Far Beyond Everyday Intuition. In 1988, Kip Thorne and Michael Morris described a traversable Wormhole geometry that strangely connects two distant regions of Spacetime without an event horizon or central singularity. No traversable Wormhole has ever been observed. Within General Relativity, though, these solutions are mathematically valid if Spacetime is supported by exotic stress-energy that violates classical energy conditions. It's a solution Einstein’s field equations allow, but nature has not confirmed. #Einstein #GeneralRelativity #Wormholes #Spacetime #Physics #Relativity

Mathelirium

24,026 просмотров • 2 месяцев назад

If you’re an engineer, physicist, or CS person and you’ve been telling yourself that Pure Mathematics is optional, and you’re anywhere between an ambitious undergrad and a beginning PhD, gravity is usually where that story ends. Not because mathematicians are trying to show off, but because the basic object in the theory is Spacetime, and Spacetime is already a pure mathematical structure. It’s a Manifold with Topology built in. Sure you can get pretty far by memorising formulas, but at some point you realise you’re no longer reading the theory, you’re just reciting it. In 2015, during the 100th anniversary of general relativity and the International Year of Light, the Scientific Organizing Committee released a central set of 24 lectures by Frederic P. Schuller. The series is titled: A thorough introduction to the theory of general relativity. It builds the subject carefully from first principles, step by step, across 24 self-contained lectures. #GeneralRelativity #Spacetime #MathematicalPhysics #DifferentialGeometry #PhysicsEducation #Relativity
2:46

If you’re an engineer, physicist, or CS person and you’ve been telling yourself that Pure Mathematics is optional, and you’re anywhere between an ambitious undergrad and a beginning PhD, gravity is usually where that story ends. Not because mathematicians are trying to show off, but because the basic object in the theory is Spacetime, and Spacetime is already a pure mathematical structure. It’s a Manifold with Topology built in. Sure you can get pretty far by memorising formulas, but at some point you realise you’re no longer reading the theory, you’re just reciting it. In 2015, during the 100th anniversary of general relativity and the International Year of Light, the Scientific Organizing Committee released a central set of 24 lectures by Frederic P. Schuller. The series is titled: A thorough introduction to the theory of general relativity. It builds the subject carefully from first principles, step by step, across 24 self-contained lectures. #GeneralRelativity #Spacetime #MathematicalPhysics #DifferentialGeometry #PhysicsEducation #Relativity

Mathelirium

198,553 просмотров • 5 месяцев назад

The Non-Traversable Bridge Einstein Found Inside Gravity Einstein’s equations not only describe gravity as a force but as the shape of Spacetime as well. In 1935, Einstein and Rosen found that the Schwarzschild solution could be written in a way that reveals something astonishing: Two separate exterior regions of Spacetime joined by a bridge-like throat Rᵤᵥ = 0 This became known as the Einstein-Rosen Bridge. It is often called a Wormhole, but the classical Einstein-Rosen bridge is not a science-fiction tunnel. In the standard Schwarzschild geometry, it is non-traversable. The throat does not remain open long enough for ordinary travel from one region to the other. Its real power is mathematical. It shows that General Relativity is not merely about objects moving through space. The theory allows Spacetime to have global structure such as different regions, horizons, extensions, and hidden connections that are not visible from one local patch alone. The Einstein-Rosen bridge is one of the earliest glimpses of that deeper idea. Gravity is geometry. And sometimes, geometry has two worlds joined by a throat. #Astrophysics #GeneralRelativity #Einstein #BlackHole #Spacetime #Cosmology #Gravity #Wormhole #Mathematics #Physics
0:56

The Non-Traversable Bridge Einstein Found Inside Gravity Einstein’s equations not only describe gravity as a force but as the shape of Spacetime as well. In 1935, Einstein and Rosen found that the Schwarzschild solution could be written in a way that reveals something astonishing: Two separate exterior regions of Spacetime joined by a bridge-like throat Rᵤᵥ = 0 This became known as the Einstein-Rosen Bridge. It is often called a Wormhole, but the classical Einstein-Rosen bridge is not a science-fiction tunnel. In the standard Schwarzschild geometry, it is non-traversable. The throat does not remain open long enough for ordinary travel from one region to the other. Its real power is mathematical. It shows that General Relativity is not merely about objects moving through space. The theory allows Spacetime to have global structure such as different regions, horizons, extensions, and hidden connections that are not visible from one local patch alone. The Einstein-Rosen bridge is one of the earliest glimpses of that deeper idea. Gravity is geometry. And sometimes, geometry has two worlds joined by a throat. #Astrophysics #GeneralRelativity #Einstein #BlackHole #Spacetime #Cosmology #Gravity #Wormhole #Mathematics #Physics

Mathelirium

91,291 просмотров • 1 месяц назад

PHYSICIST REVEALS WARP DRIVE THAT COULD BREAK LIGHT SPEED Physicist Miguel Alcubierre proposed a faster-than-light engine by bending space itself. Instead of pushing a ship, the Alcubierre Drive compresses space ahead and expands it behind. The craft doesn’t move faster than light, space around it does. Like surfing a cosmic wave, the ship rides distortions of spacetime at superluminal speed. Einstein’s relativity allows this because the speed limit applies to objects, not space itself. The universe already expands faster than light. Alcubierre showed a spacecraft could too. Source: thegalacticgal
0:53

PHYSICIST REVEALS WARP DRIVE THAT COULD BREAK LIGHT SPEED Physicist Miguel Alcubierre proposed a faster-than-light engine by bending space itself. Instead of pushing a ship, the Alcubierre Drive compresses space ahead and expands it behind. The craft doesn’t move faster than light, space around it does. Like surfing a cosmic wave, the ship rides distortions of spacetime at superluminal speed. Einstein’s relativity allows this because the speed limit applies to objects, not space itself. The universe already expands faster than light. Alcubierre showed a spacecraft could too. Source: thegalacticgal

Mario Nawfal

113,354 просмотров • 11 месяцев назад

Stealing Energy from a Rotating Black Hole A rotating black hole doesn’t just pull things in. It drags spacetime itself into motion. In the spinning region just outside the horizon, nothing can remain still in any normal sense. That strange rule opens a loophole. One incoming body can split, with one piece swallowed while the other escapes with more energy than it came in with. A Penrose-style heist where the difference is paid for by the black hole’s rotation. The same idea shows up in wave form. A coherent packet can skim that region and return brighter, as if the geometry itself acted like an amplifier. Split near the ergosphere and you can steal spin. Skim it as a wave and you can come back louder.
0:47

Stealing Energy from a Rotating Black Hole A rotating black hole doesn’t just pull things in. It drags spacetime itself into motion. In the spinning region just outside the horizon, nothing can remain still in any normal sense. That strange rule opens a loophole. One incoming body can split, with one piece swallowed while the other escapes with more energy than it came in with. A Penrose-style heist where the difference is paid for by the black hole’s rotation. The same idea shows up in wave form. A coherent packet can skim that region and return brighter, as if the geometry itself acted like an amplifier. Split near the ergosphere and you can steal spin. Skim it as a wave and you can come back louder.

Mathelirium

20,314 просмотров • 6 месяцев назад

What If a Black Hole Shredded Worlds Before They Fell In? Far away from a Black Hole, an object can orbit, drift past, or escape. But if its path carries it too close, the geometry decides its fate. The exterior geometry is Schwarzschild-like ds² = -(1 - 2M/r)dt² + (1 - 2M/r)⁻¹dr² + r²dΩ² The event horizon sits at rₛ = 2M The photon sphere sits at rₚₕ = 3M #Astrophysics #GeneralRelativity #Einstein #BlackHole #Spacetime #TidalForces #PhotonSphere #Cosmology #Mathematics
1:00

What If a Black Hole Shredded Worlds Before They Fell In? Far away from a Black Hole, an object can orbit, drift past, or escape. But if its path carries it too close, the geometry decides its fate. The exterior geometry is Schwarzschild-like ds² = -(1 - 2M/r)dt² + (1 - 2M/r)⁻¹dr² + r²dΩ² The event horizon sits at rₛ = 2M The photon sphere sits at rₚₕ = 3M #Astrophysics #GeneralRelativity #Einstein #BlackHole #Spacetime #TidalForces #PhotonSphere #Cosmology #Mathematics

Mathelirium

40,560 просмотров • 1 месяц назад

The Dance of Three Masses on a Warped Spacetime Fabric Newtonian Gravity says masses attract one another through force. General Relativity changes the picture by treating gravity as geometry itself, where matter shapes Spacetime, and motion follows that evolving curved structure. In a three-body system, the bodies are not just pulling on each other. They are moving through a geometric landscape that shifts as the mass arrangement changes.
0:59

The Dance of Three Masses on a Warped Spacetime Fabric Newtonian Gravity says masses attract one another through force. General Relativity changes the picture by treating gravity as geometry itself, where matter shapes Spacetime, and motion follows that evolving curved structure. In a three-body system, the bodies are not just pulling on each other. They are moving through a geometric landscape that shifts as the mass arrangement changes.

Mathelirium

10,806 просмотров • 3 месяцев назад

Ever hear Albert Einstein’s voice? He’s him explaining his formula, E=mc² It is probably the most famous formula in the world, but what exactly does it mean? Let's start by defining each letter in the formula: E = Energy M = Mass C = Speed of light (a very large number) If we were to read the formula, we would say, "Energy equals mass times the speed of light squared." The formula itself is rather simple in that it essentially says that energy and mass are different forms of the same thing; they are interchangeable. So are you saying a beam of light and a banana are different forms of the same thing? Yes, in our head, this may not make sense, but it does in nature. This discovery was groundbreaking at the time because people had previously believed that energy could only be created by kinetic or potential energy. You can increase kinetic energy by accelerating your car. You can increase potential energy by stretching a rubber band. Einstein demonstrated that there was a third form, which is that things have energy because they simply exist. Ok, so why is mass multiplied by the speed of light? Whenever you are converting mass to pure energy, it is by nature moving at the speed of light. Pure energy is an electromagnetic radiation, which travels at 186,000 miles/sec (300,000 km/sec). Ok, cool, but why is the speed of light squared? This again has to do with the nature of energy. If an object is moving twice as fast as another object, it does not have twice as much energy. Rather, it has four times as much energy. Hence, the speed of light is squared, which comes out to a very big number. C^2 is the conversion factor from mass to energy. The bottom line is that even small objects have an immense amount of energy. Through the process of nuclear fusion/fission via nuclear power plants, we can harness some of this energy. In the atomic bomb that destroyed the city of Hiroshima, there was about 700 milligrams (equivalent to the weight of 1/3 of a dime) of uranium which was converted to energy that destroyed everything within a 1-mile (1.6 km) blast radius.
0:58

Ever hear Albert Einstein’s voice? He’s him explaining his formula, E=mc² It is probably the most famous formula in the world, but what exactly does it mean? Let's start by defining each letter in the formula: E = Energy M = Mass C = Speed of light (a very large number) If we were to read the formula, we would say, "Energy equals mass times the speed of light squared." The formula itself is rather simple in that it essentially says that energy and mass are different forms of the same thing; they are interchangeable. So are you saying a beam of light and a banana are different forms of the same thing? Yes, in our head, this may not make sense, but it does in nature. This discovery was groundbreaking at the time because people had previously believed that energy could only be created by kinetic or potential energy. You can increase kinetic energy by accelerating your car. You can increase potential energy by stretching a rubber band. Einstein demonstrated that there was a third form, which is that things have energy because they simply exist. Ok, so why is mass multiplied by the speed of light? Whenever you are converting mass to pure energy, it is by nature moving at the speed of light. Pure energy is an electromagnetic radiation, which travels at 186,000 miles/sec (300,000 km/sec). Ok, cool, but why is the speed of light squared? This again has to do with the nature of energy. If an object is moving twice as fast as another object, it does not have twice as much energy. Rather, it has four times as much energy. Hence, the speed of light is squared, which comes out to a very big number. C^2 is the conversion factor from mass to energy. The bottom line is that even small objects have an immense amount of energy. Through the process of nuclear fusion/fission via nuclear power plants, we can harness some of this energy. In the atomic bomb that destroyed the city of Hiroshima, there was about 700 milligrams (equivalent to the weight of 1/3 of a dime) of uranium which was converted to energy that destroyed everything within a 1-mile (1.6 km) blast radius.

Historic Vids

2,424,168 просмотров • 2 лет назад

In 1887, Heinrich Hertz noticed that some light made it easier for electrons to escape a metal surface, but the pattern made no sense under Classical Physics. The surprise was that very bright red light could fail, while dim blue or ultraviolet light worked immediately. Einstein explained this in 1905 by proposing that light comes in energy packets, and only packets with enough energy can knock electrons free. That was the Photoelectric Effect, and it helped earn him the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics.
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In 1887, Heinrich Hertz noticed that some light made it easier for electrons to escape a metal surface, but the pattern made no sense under Classical Physics. The surprise was that very bright red light could fail, while dim blue or ultraviolet light worked immediately. Einstein explained this in 1905 by proposing that light comes in energy packets, and only packets with enough energy can knock electrons free. That was the Photoelectric Effect, and it helped earn him the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Mathelirium

64,856 просмотров • 4 месяцев назад

Spacetime That Remembers A localized shear front moves across a flexible Spacetime fabric, briefly twisting and slipping the weave as it passes. But the fabric does not fully return to where it was.
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Spacetime That Remembers A localized shear front moves across a flexible Spacetime fabric, briefly twisting and slipping the weave as it passes. But the fabric does not fully return to where it was.

Mathelirium

37,897 просмотров • 4 месяцев назад

The Elusive Concept of Time - Part II Pulsar Timing The first scene showed you Time as a local rate...clocks nearer the hole run slower, light gets redshifted, and spin drags the geometry around. This follow-up keeps the same idea, but turns it into a timing experiment. Instead of watching a clock face, we watch a receiver compare what arrives versus what flat space would predict. In the animation, the three small orange dots are the pulsars...orbiting emitters that flash regularly (in their own proper time). The larger white dot is the receiver sitting off to the side, and the little dark nub next to it is a tiny craft/antenna marker to make it feel like an instrument, not a star. When a pulsar lines up behind the hole relative to the receiver, the arrival times jump, because curved spacetime added extra delay and bent the path. #Physics #GeneralRelativity #PulsarTiming #BlackHoles #FrameDragging #Spacetime #Astrophysics #Time
1:00

The Elusive Concept of Time - Part II Pulsar Timing The first scene showed you Time as a local rate...clocks nearer the hole run slower, light gets redshifted, and spin drags the geometry around. This follow-up keeps the same idea, but turns it into a timing experiment. Instead of watching a clock face, we watch a receiver compare what arrives versus what flat space would predict. In the animation, the three small orange dots are the pulsars...orbiting emitters that flash regularly (in their own proper time). The larger white dot is the receiver sitting off to the side, and the little dark nub next to it is a tiny craft/antenna marker to make it feel like an instrument, not a star. When a pulsar lines up behind the hole relative to the receiver, the arrival times jump, because curved spacetime added extra delay and bent the path. #Physics #GeneralRelativity #PulsarTiming #BlackHoles #FrameDragging #Spacetime #Astrophysics #Time

Mathelirium

55,826 просмотров • 6 месяцев назад