ะะฐะณััะทะบะฐ ะฒะธะดะตะพ...
ะะต ัะดะฐะปะพัั ะทะฐะณััะทะธัั ะฒะธะดะตะพ
๐๐ง๐๐ข๐โ๐ฌ ๐ฌ๐ฉ๐๐๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ข๐ฌ ๐จ๐ฉ๐๐ง๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ ๐ง๐๐ฐ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐๐ซ ๐๐จ๐ซ ๐ก๐๐๐ฅ๐ญ๐ก๐๐๐ซ๐. ๐ Under the Modi government, opening the space sector to private players is turning bold ideas into real possibilities. โข Indian startups are exploring microgravity-based drug crystallisation, which could improve drug purity, consistency and formulation. โข A young Indian... show more
19,968 ะฟัะพัะผะพััะพะฒ โข 1 ะดะตะฝั ะฝะฐะทะฐะด โขvia X (Twitter)
ะะพะผะผะตะฝัะฐัะธะธ: 2
๐ฅเคฎเคจเฅเคตเคพเคฆเฅ๐ชเคธเคตเคฐเฅเคฃ1 ะดะตะฝั ะฝะฐะทะฐะด
เคฎเฅเคฆเฅ เคถเคพเคน เคฆเฅเคเคฒเคพ เคตเคฟเคถเฅเคตเคพเคธเคเคพเคคเฅ เคเฅเคเคฐเคพเคคเฅ เคเคฟเคธเคจเฅ เคตเฅเค เคฆเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคธเฅ เคธเคฎเคพเค เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคเคฒ เคเคฐเคจเฅ เคตเคพเคฒเฅ เคเฅ เคจเคฐเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคญเฅ เคเคเคน เคจเคนเฅเค เคฎเคฟเคฒเฅเคเฅ
VijayNiti Consulting1 ะดะตะฝั ะฝะฐะทะฐะด
เคญเคพเคฐเคค เคเฅ เคธเฅเคชเฅเคธ เคธเฅเคเฅเคเคฐ เคฎเฅเค เคจเคฟเคเฅ เคเคเคชเคจเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคญเคพเคเฅเคฆเคพเคฐเฅ เคเคฟเคคเคจเฅ เค เคนเคฎ เคนเฅ?
ะะพั ะพะถะธะต ะฒะธะดะตะพ
![Iโm seeing a lot of questions on the launch of Chinaโs Changโe 6 mission yesterday to get samples - for the first time - from the far side of the moon. We donโt know (afaik) why specifically theyโre doing that, but we have a pretty good idea what grand vision China is working towards with their space program. How? From this 2022 video by Chas Freeman (former Assistant Secretary of Defense and Nixon's interpreter during his era-defining 1972 China visit), who imho is undoubtedly one of the most knowledgeable former US officials on China. He says that according to his own discussions with people running Chinaโs space program, theyโre following the vision described in the book "The high frontier" by Gerard K. O'Neill, which Freeman says has "become the bible of the Chinese space program". I read the book. So what vision does it describe? The book was written in 1976 by O'Neill who was a professor of physics at Princeton University. He also founded the Space Studies Institute, an organization devoted to funding research into space manufacturing and colonization. In other words, he knew his stuff. The book makes the very fair point that we have massive resource constraints on earth, especially given the growing population. He estimated in 1976 that we should be "about six and a half billion people in the year 2000", and we were 6.114 billion back then so he was pretty prescient. He estimates that these constraints will progressively give rise to more and more social tensions as the growing earth population competes for our limited resources as well as faces global problems like climate change. In his view, dealing with this will either require "an authoritarian regime capable of mounting the immense task of social reorganization needed to escape catastrophe" or, alternatively, โmankind would [need to adopt] a static society [that would be] forced in self-defense to suppress new ideas". The 3rd alternative is of course the colonization of space. The most interesting aspect of the book is that he claims everything he writes is feasible with knowledge and technology that already existed in the late 70s. In short he calls for the establishment of large human habitats in the Earth-Moon system, located at stable Lagrange points ("parking spots" in space where gravity from different spatial bodies cancel each other out). In particular he developed the concept of what's known today as the "O'Neill cylinder" which he says "could support quite easily a population of ten million people, growing its food in agricultural cylinders near but outside the main habitat". Energy-wise, it'd simply make use of solar energy via a system of mirrors. As he describes it: "the concentration of the unvarying, intense sunlight of space by very lightweight, inexpensive mirrors can provide all the energy that industry will ever need [...] at a fraction of a cent per kilowatt-hour". He envisages building these habitats with material from the moon, shot into space via "mass drivers", a form of electromagnetic catapult. Also "the habitats would have artificial gravity similar as that of earth by rotating about twenty-eight times an hourโ, but he also envisages low-gravity areas, especially for recreational activities such as swimming pools or dancing representations. To trade with earth, he develops the idea of beaming solar power back to earth via "microwave from solar power stations in orbit". As he describes it "the microwave beam would arrive at Earth with a beam width of about seven kilometers. Its intensity would be modest, less than half that of sunlight. In contrast to sunlight, though, it would be there all the time, even at night or in clouds or rain, and it would be in a form ready for conversion to DC current with a loss of only 10 percent. The areas receiving these beamsโ output on Earth would be fenced, and outside the fence the intensity of microwave radiation would be no higher than outside a microwave oven with the door closed. He estimates that if "Satellite Solar Power Stations (SSPS) were to become the sole source of electric energy in the United States in the year 2000, the land area necessary for the SSPS antennas would still be only 0.2 percent of that of the continental United States". In short, the establishment of space colonies could lead to the fulfillment of a good share of Earth's energy needs. Last but not least he describes life in space habitats as better than that of earth, largely thanks to the level of control we'd have over the environment (total climate control which would enable an abundance of food and no natural disaster) as well as unlimited cheap energy. To conclude, Chas Freeman typically really knows his stuff when it comes to China and heโs very intellectually honest (a rare trait among US officials) so I have no doubt he tells the truth when he says the Chinese told him that was the vision. And China famously thinks very big and very long term so it would be quite like them to go for something like this. There are also quite a few tangible signs that China is working towards that vision. See for instance this November 2022 news where โChinaโs space station will join a project to collect solar power from space and send it to Earth in a high-energy microwave beamโ: Thatโs exactly OโNeillโs vision! Or check this October 2022 news that says China is developing new "electromagnetic sledges" that can propel a carriage weighing a few tonnes to a record speed, with a key application for this being โaerospaceโ: Remember: OโNeillโs vision is to build his habitats with material from the moon, shot into space via "mass drivers", a form of electromagnetic catapult. So there you goโฆ Or also the fact that the Chinese will build, together with the Russians, a moon base - planned for 2028 - powered by a โspace nuclear reactorโ thatโs already been developed (on Earth) and has passed review by Chinaโs Ministry of Science: The space nuclear reactor can generate 1MW of electricity, enough to power 10 International Space Stations. Enough power, maybe, to undertake mining activity and power an electromagnetic catapultโฆ After visions change, the world changes, so itโs also possible that Chinaโs view on what they want to do has evolved. In any case, Chas Freeman is right that Chinaโs motivation for all its initiatives in space canโt just be to โboldly explore where no-one has been beforeโ, they have to be working towards something. And Freeman is also absolutely right to lament that the U.S. decided to ban any cooperation in space with the Chinese. Those endeavors are something that could have been jointly developed as a multilateral effort to unite us all as a speciesโฆ Instead China is now forced to go at it alone with Russia and we face a future where our petty divisions on Earth will be carried with us to spaceโฆ](https://image.24vids.com/tw-1786611294218702934/ext_tw_video_thumb/1786610517114851328/pu/img/OoYUvR3PovMC-WFS.jpg)
0:22
Sensitive content
LARGE NUMBERS OF Americans harshly criticized Chinaโs re-usable booster rocket on social media, saying that the US had already achieved similar feats. They are missing the point. The world took such an interest in Chinaโs achievement not because they claimed to be first--they did not--but because a nation from a poor part of the world successfully did what the worldโs wealthiest country had done. Remember, China had the same GDP as India as recently as 1986. Itโs not specific achievements, but the speed and velocity of Chinaโs rise that is terrifying the US political-media establishment. And thatโs why the US is heavily arming Japan, Taiwan, Australia and a dozen other places to stand by to attack China. . COMPARE PROGRESS The missing context of the reports is this: The US, European nations, and New Zealand are ALL actively working on creating reusable rockets of one kind or another. For an Asian nation to zoom to second place is notable. What the Chinese did this week was to fire a rocket into space and successfully land an orbital booster at sea, for reuse. In achieving this, it can be said that Chinaโs Long March 10B rocket is following in the footsteps of the US. Other rockets which have done this are Falcon 9 in 2015 (by SpaceX, helmed by Elon Musk) and New Glenn in 2025 (by Blue Origin, a Jeff Bezos project). . AHEAD OF EUROPE Yet the Chinese did not demonstrate a copy of those systems, but a unique set-up of their own, with the rocket guided down into a floating landing pad while firing retro-boosters. By achieving this feat, the Chinese have overtaken other rich countries, confirming the velocity of Chinaโs rise. Europeโs Ariane Group has been working with the European Space Agency on a reusable rocket stage called Themis. A New Zealand-US project called Rocket Lab has fired boosters, and then parachuted them into the ocean, so parts can be reused on later launches. China has apparently overtaken both projects. . NEXT: SCI-FI ROCKETS It is worth noting that the Chinese are testing multiple systemsโso they are also deploying systems where a rocket flies straight up and then returns to earth, intact, to land upright, in the style which has been seen for a half a century in sci-fi movies. Active Chinese companies in this area include LandSpace, Space Epoch, Deep Blue Aerospace and Galactic Energy. So China can say to its American critics: โYes, you were first. But weโre happy to be making remarkable progress in this area.โ Yet the elite in the US will think differently. Their attitude is more likely to be something like this: โHey, we may be number one now, but at the rate they are going, weโre gonna be eating their dust. How can we Tonya them?โ .
Nury Vittachi
75,674 ะฟัะพัะผะพััะพะฒ โข 2 ะผะตัััะตะฒ ะฝะฐะทะฐะด
