Bojana Coulibaly, Ph.D.
@CoulibalyBojana • 14,627 subscribers
Researcher in Critical Discourse and Conflict Analysis in the Great Lakes of Africa
Videos
"300 Tutsi homes burned to the ground in Nturo by FDLR!" A report by Bojana Coulibaly As part of a book project on the Mechanisms of Genocide Ideology in North Kivu, my research partner and I went to investigate the infamous attack on the village of Nturo which took place in October 2023. ➡️ After conducting interviews with Nturo residents, we found that Nturo had about 300 homes owned by Congolese Tutsi. They were attacked by #FDLR on October 2nd, 3rd and 4th, 2023. This was 6 months after the #M23 withdrew from 80% of their previously controlled territory in the Rutshuru and Masisi areas, and one month before the withdrawal of the EAC forces. ➡️ During the main attack, the area was under control of the Burundian EAC contingent. ➡️ We found out that after the #M23 withdrew in March 2023, the 300 Nturo families were systematically targeted by FDLR-Nyatura-Wazalendo. The residents were persecuted and had to pay monthly taxes for cattle and land ownership to the #FDLR. People were killed when they could not pay the taxes. ➡️ The FDLR attacked Nturo several times after M23 withdrew, on the watch of the Burundian EAC forces. All the Nturo residents we interviewed agree that the Burundian EAC soldiers gave a green light to the FDLR-Nyatura-Wazalendo on the day of the main attack. This was confirmed in a video by one of the assailants. The complicity of the Burundian EAC forces with FDLR may be explained by their endorsement of anti-Tutsi genocide ideology. ➡️ On October 2nd, the big attack began. Two Nturo residents got killed during the attack. On October 3rd, FDLR, Nyatura and their families came and looted all the homes, loading trucks with the belongings of Nturo residents. Most residents had fled on October 2nd and 3rd. On October 4th, the assailants came with yellow canisters full of gasoline. They deliberately sprayed all the houses and set fire, which led to the total annihilation of the village of Nturo. ➡️ As we can see in the video footage, FDLR-Nyatura-Wazalendo clearly acknowledged that they were wiping of the map a "Tutsi village". ➡️ During the attack, the majority of Nturo residents fled to the Bwiza IDP camp where 17,000 IDPs had gathered from several parts of eastern DRC, after facing persecution by #FDLR & Nyatura for decades. ➡️ Since November 2023, Nturo residents have began to return to Nturo to rebuild their homes. Those who came in November 2023 witnessed attacks carried out by a FARDC Sukhoi. Indeed, according to the residents, seven bombs were dropped on Nturo. ➡️ When we visit Nturo today, we can see that all the houses have recently been rebuilt. ➡️ ➡️What happened in Nturo is illustrative of the politics of divisionism used by the Government of Kinshasa in its conflict against #M23, particularly through its collaboration with the genocidal force #FDLR. It is also representative of the impact of genocide ideology in DR Congo. ➡️➡️While the attack is slightly mentioned in the December 2023 UN Group of Experts report, it is certainly inadequate as no statement was done by MONUSCO & no investigation was ever carried out. In fact, around the time of the withdrawal of the EAC forces in November 2023, the Burundian army joined the DRC government coalition comprising FARDC, MONUSCO, #FDLR, Wazalendo and European Mercenaries, to fight against #M23. ➡️➡️The total annihilation of Nturo is proof that there is ongoing ethnic cleansing of the Congolese Tutsi in eastern DRC. It shows the impact of genocide ideology in the region, as systematic attacks on Congolese Tutsi in Kitchanga and Bwiza by FDLR also took place. ➡️➡️This tragedy similarly highlights that Nturo residents were feeling safe under the presence of #M23. However, when #M23 withdrew in March 2023, letting EAC take over, the security of Nturo residents drastically decreased. This particular element seems to legitimize the existence of #M23. ➡️➡️➡️ In view of these observations, could we conclude that #M23 is the solution to insecurity in Eastern DRC? (Video by TEDDY MAZINA)
Bojana Coulibaly, Ph.D.179,279 次观看 • 1 年前
L'historien Diatezwa Basile nous éclaire avec perspicacité et méthode sur la rhétorique de la "nationalité douteuse", ou la politisation d'exclusion des Tutsi du Congo, vielle rhétorique de haine, notamment depuis la loi de 1981, qui avait rendu les Tutsi congolais apatrides, et que le président Felix Tshisekedi re-convoque aujourd'hui depuis Bruxelles, en marge du #GlobalGateway2025 de l'European Commission. L'historien Basile Diatezwa dans cet extrait déconstruit: 1) le langage propagandiste de Kinshasa sur la supposée "nationalité douteuse" des Tutsi congolais et sur une soi-disant pratique "d'infiltration" par le Rwanda; 2) l'histoire de la violence et de l'exclusion vécues de manière systémique depuis 3 décennies par cette communauté marginalisée, qu'on présente comme "étrangère" et dont on bafoue les droits fondamentaux de manière systématique; 3) les griefs de la communauté tutsi congolaise poussée à l'exil depuis plus de 30 ans, et ainsi la raison pour laquelle cette communauté a dû prendre les armes... non pas "pour demander la nationalité congolaise, car ils sont Congolais", mais pour le retour dans leur pays depuis 30 ans d'exil dans des camps de réfugiés, pour vivre une vie sans exclusion et sans être la cible de haine et de violence en RDC. Il ajoute qu'un état responsable doit protéger tous ses citoyens sans discrimination, et que la #RDC ne peut continuer à être dans une guerre permanente contre le Rwanda, mais doit au contraire créer les conditions pour une paix véritable et durable. Ecoutez l'historien Basile Diatezwa le 3 avril 2024 sur Congo buzz Tv (sous-titrage en anglais) ⬇️
Bojana Coulibaly, Ph.D.112,643 次观看 • 11 个月前
Kinshasa continues to hide its military losses by making up stories and spreading propaganda, diligently carried out by news agency Reuters & news media TV5MONDE Info. Other than collectively admitting that Kinshasa is violating international law by using mercenaries who are operating drones that bomb civilians, namely Tutsi Banyamulenge in the High Plateaus, and around Uvira, Kinshasa, Reuters and TV5Monde, are claiming that Erik Prince "liberated" or "participated in liberating Uvira". First of all, as we have reported directly from Uvira on January 17th via Conspiracy Tracker Great Lakes, AFC/M23 withdrew voluntarily at sunset on January 17th. My team and I personally followed the last convoy of AFC/M23 as they exited #Uvira. While, we could see wazalendo at the outskirts of Uvira, and could hear some remote gunshots that never reached anywhere near Uvira center, NO wazalendo, FARDC, Burundian troops, let alone white mercenaries dared approaching the city of Uvira before AFC/M23 exited. #Uvira was entirely secured by AFC/M23 during the entire time they were positioned there from December 10th to January 17th. And it is only after they had left, that the wazalendo stormed into the city to loot, shoot, and to attack civilians and their property. The Burundian troops alongside FARDC followed thereafter from Bujumbura. Reuters and TV5MONDE are trying to make the public believe that Erik Prince is some sort of Rambo that could confront the highly determined young AFC/M23 soldiers, who 1) have been either discriminated against their entire lives for who they are, born and raised in refugee camps, ready to die because they have pledged that they will not grow old in refugee camps like their parents have, or 2) others who have had no country that could keep them safe from armed groups and corrupt officials for 30 years. One high-ranking military officer of AFC/M23 said to my colleague and I, when we asked him about Erik Prince and "his boys", his answer was quite edifying: "those ones, they are even weaker than the wazalendo". The type of sensationalist propaganda made-in Kinshasa, amplified by partners like Reuters, or TV5MONDE Info, only serves to further exacerbate the violence which currently puts at high risk of extermination the entire Banyamulenge community living in High Plateaus and around Uvira, and to sabotage any attempt at achieving peace in #DRC through the #Washington and @Doha peace processes.
Bojana Coulibaly, Ph.D.53,094 次观看 • 7 个月前
Martin Fayulu, who today is one of the leaders of the #DRC Opposition, former presidential candidate, and leader of the ECIDé party calling for "National Dialogue", has consistently fueled anti-Tutsi hate throughout his political career. His latest xenophobic comment on Tutsi Banyamulenge is not a simple slip of the tongue, but illustrates the wider systemic anti-Tutsi xenophobia characterizing the current Kinshasa regime and its genocidal #FDLR backers. On March 9, 2020 at the French Senate, Fayulu spoke at a conference titled "60 Years of Instability in Africa of Great Lakes", alongside a convicted denier of the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi, the Cameroonian Charles Onana, as well as other prominent genocide deniers such as the Canadian Judi Rever and French Hubert Védrine. In his intervention at the French Senate, right after directing a xenophobic comment at the La Francophonie Secretary General Louise Mushikiwabo, contesting her legitimacy to lead the OIF because she is (Tutsi) Rwandan, Fayulu went on claiming that the Tutsi have "infiltrated" and "invaded" the armed forces of Congo. The notion of “Tutsi infiltration” is an old conspiracy theory used by the perpetrators of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda against the hundreds of thousands of Tutsi who were pushed to exile and subjected to targeted killings by the consecutive genocidal governments of Kayibanda, Habyarimana and Sindikukwabo, since Rwanda's independence. This theory of a "Tutsi foreigner-infilitrator-invader" has then consistently been used since the 1994 genocide by genocide deniers and promoters of the anti-Tutsi genocide rhetoric, which is today politically and militarily embodied by the #FDLR and their support networks which include the DRC Government of Felix Tshisekedi. At the conference on March 9, 2020, Fayulu, addressing the French Senate in Paris, declared: "I’ll give you a figure. Today in the Congolese army, which we call the FARDC… there are 300 Tutsi officers… I have no problem with that, I grew up with Rwandans. I play tennis, I was in friends’ groups with them, we are brothers and sisters… but what is going on? In the Public Force, which is what the Congolese army was called before Independence, there wasn’t a single Tutsi. In the ANC, the Congolese National Army after independence, there wasn’t a single Tutsi. In the Zairian Armed Forces, the FAZ, there weren’t any. Today, how is it that there are 300 officers, more than 100 generals… What is really happening here? Fayulu’s concluding rhetorical question was not a simple harmless statement. In the ongoing context of systemic Tutsiphobia in DRC, widespread use of anti-Tutsi hate speech, arbitrary arrests of thousands of Tutsi-looking or Kinyarwanda speaking Congolese, hate attacks and killings of Congolese Military and Police personnel of Tutsi origin*, Fayulu’s statement is a discursive weapon of incitement to violence, hate crimes, and ethnic cleansing of Congolese Tutsi in DRC. *A report published in January 2025 by Never Again Rwanda “Hate Speech and Violence Status Report in DRC (2021-2024)” has documented, between 2021 and 2024, twenty-seven (27) cases of targeted attacks or killings of Congolese Tutsi Military and Police personnel, labeled as “Rwandan infiltrators”, “Rwandan spies”, etc. The lynching of Captain Patrick Rukatura Gisore (video recorded and shared on social media), who was burned alive by Wazalendo in Goma on November 9, 2023, is well known. The case of Lt. Bob Ngirivugizi, who was hanged at his home by his own colleagues on March 18, 2023, is also well known. The mainstream media such as Le journal Afrique TV5MONDE, that provide a platform for such promoters of anti-Tutsi ideology (as seen in this interview below with Fayulu), and the lack of denunciation of such dangerous rhetoric by the "human rights" organizations Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, contribute in this catastrophic normalization of genocide ideology which has led to 1 million Rwandan Tutsi killed in 1994 and tens of thousands of Congolese Tutsi killed in DRC, as well as close to a million Congolese Tutsi pushed to exile. Owing to such normalization of anti-Tutsi hate in Congolese politics and mainstream international media, being Tutsi today in Congo, protecting the Tutsi from targeted violence, or refusing to espouse such hatred against the Tutsi, has turned into a death sentence. We have seen it materialized in the widespread targeted killings and arbitrary arrests in Congo, as well as in the death sentences by DRC Government against the members of #AFC/#M23/#Twirwaneho (including against their family members such as the wife of Corneille Nangaa), or against the former president Joseph Kabila.
Bojana Coulibaly, Ph.D.10,579 次观看 • 1 个月前
At #Kwibuka32 in Ottawa on April 7, I warned that in #DRC the same ideology that fueled the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi persists, as genocidal forces are tolerated while Rwanda & threatened Tutsi communities in DRC are blamed for defending themselves.
Bojana Coulibaly, Ph.D.39,534 次观看 • 5 个月前
In this exclusive interview Part 1 I carried out with AFC-Alliance Fleuve Congo leader @CorneilleNanga we are looking back at the 2018 elections, when Mr. Nangaa served as the president of the Electoral Commission (CENI). Mr. Nangaa shows that Tshisekedi was never elected into office, and that MONUSCO & the international community endorsed, what was called at the time, "a compromise the African way" ("compromis à l'africaine"), which sought to prevent Martin Fayulu, who won the elections, from taking office. Fayulu was considered to be "extremist" & he was very unpopular with various international & national political and military actors. Mr. Nangaa indicates that should Fayulu had been declared president of DRC in 2018, there was a very high risk of a coup d'état & of a popular uprising leading to extreme violence.
Bojana Coulibaly, Ph.D.76,533 次观看 • 1 年前
#Uvira Rappel: - Janvier 2023, M23 se retire de 80% du territoire libéré. - Les troupes burundaises de l’EAC s’installent, en théorie en application du cessez-le-feu, mais en pratique laissant champs libre au #FDLR, #Nyatura, #FARDC et #Wazalendo, biberonnés à l’idéologie du génocide anti-Tutsi depuis des décennies. - Ces derniers entreprennent du 2 au 4 octobre, face caméra, la destruction totale du village de Nturo où 300 maisons appartenant à des Tutsi congolais seront réduites aux cendres, 9 personnes seront tuées, des milliers de Tutsi congolais en provenance de Nturo, du Petit Masisi, de Kitchanga et ses environs fuient vers le camp de Bwiza où 17,000 déplacés, dont plus de 60% enfants, vont se réfugier. - Du 6 au 10 octobre à Kitchanga, une chasse aux Tutsi par les FDLR-Wazalendo a lieu sous le regard des troupes burundaise de l’EAC et de la MONUSCO. Des familles entières seront décimées, notamment à la machette. - le 15 octobre, le camp de Bwiza où les 17,000 Tutsi s’étaient réfugiés, sera attaqué par ces mêmes forces génocidaires. On accuse les déplacés d’être des « collaborateurs M23 ». - Ces 17,000 déplacés vont survivre à une extermination totale grâce à l’intervention du M23. “Never Again!” (Col. Nzenze)
Bojana Coulibaly, Ph.D.43,823 次观看 • 9 个月前
It’s inconceivable to hear a mission to the United Nations utter that a country like Rwanda — 1) which following the most horrific & well planned genocide in the history of humanity, enabled by the same UN, USA and France, with permanent seats in the UN Security Council, and during its 30 years of reconstruction, has put a nation-wide institutional emphasis on unity, the living-together, the removal of division & toxic differences, the rebuilding of a cohesive nation where nation prevails over colonially-masterminded ethnicity, 2) which champions in gender equality with over 50% of women in parliament and is a safe haven for the LGBTQ community, 3) which has promoted & implemented transitional justice through home-grown solutions like Gacaca, a system which has allowed victims and perpetrators to rebuild their lives and fight against hate ideology side by side, 4) which has been at the forefront of the promotion and implementation of regional, continental and global peace, neutralizing terror in CAR, in Mozambique, contributing to peace solutions in Haiti, and has initiated, alongside the Netherlands and the USA, the 2015 Kigali Principles on the Protection of Civilians which "pledges for the effective and thorough implementation of the protection of civilians in UN peacekeeping", 5) which for 20 years, despite having to rebuild every institution and social service from ashes, has championed in UN peacekeeping around the world, becoming the 4th top contributor to UN peacekeeping missions after Bangladesh, Nepal, and India, and ahead of all the permanent Security Council members "lecturing" Rwanda today about "peace" in Congo, 6) which has signed and fulfilled its part of every regional and international peace agreement on DRC, 7) which is hosting 100,000 Congolese refugees expelled out of their own country and ancestral land for being perceived as "foreigners", "occupiers", "differently looking", "speaking their language", after they have been dehumanized, robbed of their modes of subsistence, lynched and raped, — supposedly, according to the DRC representative to the UN, “opposes itself to the “Hutu” in Rwanda” and is supposedly “an aggressor” in Congo where 260 armed groups operate freely, killing their own people and raping their own women, who fight alongside the DRC government itself which supplies them weapons and logistical support, and the FDLR whose members perpetrated the 94 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda, whose hate ideology and anti-Tutsi xenophobia has permeated every part of the the Congolese society and institutions, and all this in broad daylight and in full impunity, on the watch of the UN Security Council and its peacekeeping mission MONUSCO, “lecturing” Rwanda today about peace in Congo, emboldening Congo to keep the violence and chaos status quo, when in fact it is Congo they should be “lecturing” about peace and holding themselves accountable for their 25 years of presence without result.
Bojana Coulibaly, Ph.D.101,006 次观看 • 2 年前
![Habyarimana (1992) - Tshisekedi (2025) : Identical Genocidal Rhetoric and a Dangerous Historical Link The allocution of #DRC President Felix Tshisekedi on Oct 12, 2025, in Brussels, in front of the Congolese Diaspora, denouncing the dialogue brokered by Washington & Doha, is a mere copy of the speech by the Rwandan genocidal president Habyarimana in 1992 when he denounced the Arusha Peace Accords he had just signed, calling them "scraps of paper". Habyarimana, like Tshisekedi, affirms that the "meeting" (for Habyarimana), the "dialogue" (for Tshisekedi), in other words, the peace agreements in their respective contexts, even after they had signed them, mean absolutely nothing. 1) Habyarimana says (after he had signed the Arusha Accords) "I do not feel that it is time for meetings yet. When that time comes, I will inform the [Interahamwe] militia and we'll come charging in." 2) Almost as a mere copy, 33 years later, Tshisekedi (after he had signed peace agreements in Washington and Doha), says that the dialogue will only happen (or continue) "over his dead body". He implies here that instead of dialogue, he will wage war (something he suggests elsewhere in his speech by saying: "I am not weak") against his counterparts (Rwanda in Washington & #AFC/#M23 in Doha). It is established today that Tshisekedi's force—which he uses to wage war in eastern DRC—is one that has embedded the #FDLR (genocidal force from Rwanda founded by ex-FAR and Interahamwe militia members) and the #Wazalendo militias — a reminder of Habyarimana's Interahamwe, (both Wazalendo and Interahamwe driven by anti-Tutsi genocidal ideology). - Tshisekedi, like Habyariamana, presents here "the enemy", or what he calls here "the aggressor", as "the Tutsi", expressed in Tshisekedi's use of the expression "doubtful nationality", which was and still is a concept used as a political instrument in #DRC to A) exclude the Rwandophone Tutsi of Eastern Congo from citizenship, from civil and political rights, and to B) "ethnically cleanse" them. - It follows the colonial racist theory promoted by European explorers and Belgian colonial administrators, that presented the Tutsi are "foreigners", "invaders", and "colonizers". This is the theory that Habyarimana uses in his speech in 1992, like his genocidal government used between 1990 and 1994, and people like Leon Mugesera who in his famous speech in 1992 said that they (the Hutu extremist government and their militias) will "send the Tutsi back to Ethiopia, where they came from, through the Nyabarongo river". Thirty years apart and these two speeches are identically characterized by a genocidal ideology which has targeted the Tutsi community in the region for 66 years since 1959. That ideology has not faded in 66 years, but has instead been consolidated and shaped officially to embody the current #DRC regime led by Felix Tshisekedi. (Archival footage source: "Tuez-les tous! Rwanda: histoire d'un génocide sans importance" (2004) by Raphaël Glucksmann, David Hazan & Pierre Mezerette) U.S. Senior Advisor for Arab and African Affairs Donald J. Trump Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Qatar Présidence RDC 🇨🇩 RDC • Affaires Etrangères 🇨🇩 Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Int'l Cooperation Bertrand Bisimwa Corneille Nangaa](https://image.24vids.com/tw-1977766067914289640/amplify_video_thumb/1977752128891367424/img/_3dkuKJmFrF0NGaE.jpg)
Habyarimana (1992) - Tshisekedi (2025) : Identical Genocidal Rhetoric and a Dangerous Historical Link The allocution of #DRC President Felix Tshisekedi on Oct 12, 2025, in Brussels, in front of the Congolese Diaspora, denouncing the dialogue brokered by Washington & Doha, is a mere copy of the speech by the Rwandan genocidal president Habyarimana in 1992 when he denounced the Arusha Peace Accords he had just signed, calling them "scraps of paper". Habyarimana, like Tshisekedi, affirms that the "meeting" (for Habyarimana), the "dialogue" (for Tshisekedi), in other words, the peace agreements in their respective contexts, even after they had signed them, mean absolutely nothing. 1) Habyarimana says (after he had signed the Arusha Accords) "I do not feel that it is time for meetings yet. When that time comes, I will inform the [Interahamwe] militia and we'll come charging in." 2) Almost as a mere copy, 33 years later, Tshisekedi (after he had signed peace agreements in Washington and Doha), says that the dialogue will only happen (or continue) "over his dead body". He implies here that instead of dialogue, he will wage war (something he suggests elsewhere in his speech by saying: "I am not weak") against his counterparts (Rwanda in Washington & #AFC/#M23 in Doha). It is established today that Tshisekedi's force—which he uses to wage war in eastern DRC—is one that has embedded the #FDLR (genocidal force from Rwanda founded by ex-FAR and Interahamwe militia members) and the #Wazalendo militias — a reminder of Habyarimana's Interahamwe, (both Wazalendo and Interahamwe driven by anti-Tutsi genocidal ideology). - Tshisekedi, like Habyariamana, presents here "the enemy", or what he calls here "the aggressor", as "the Tutsi", expressed in Tshisekedi's use of the expression "doubtful nationality", which was and still is a concept used as a political instrument in #DRC to A) exclude the Rwandophone Tutsi of Eastern Congo from citizenship, from civil and political rights, and to B) "ethnically cleanse" them. - It follows the colonial racist theory promoted by European explorers and Belgian colonial administrators, that presented the Tutsi are "foreigners", "invaders", and "colonizers". This is the theory that Habyarimana uses in his speech in 1992, like his genocidal government used between 1990 and 1994, and people like Leon Mugesera who in his famous speech in 1992 said that they (the Hutu extremist government and their militias) will "send the Tutsi back to Ethiopia, where they came from, through the Nyabarongo river". Thirty years apart and these two speeches are identically characterized by a genocidal ideology which has targeted the Tutsi community in the region for 66 years since 1959. That ideology has not faded in 66 years, but has instead been consolidated and shaped officially to embody the current #DRC regime led by Felix Tshisekedi. (Archival footage source: "Tuez-les tous! Rwanda: histoire d'un génocide sans importance" (2004) by Raphaël Glucksmann, David Hazan & Pierre Mezerette) U.S. Senior Advisor for Arab and African Affairs Donald J. Trump Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Qatar Présidence RDC 🇨🇩 RDC • Affaires Etrangères 🇨🇩 Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Int'l Cooperation Bertrand Bisimwa Corneille Nangaa
Bojana Coulibaly, Ph.D.43,808 次观看 • 11 个月前
My interview with Corneille Nanga Part 2 on the circumstances of the creation of AFC-Alliance Fleuve Congo in December 2023, and on its mission. "Our vision is to bring back the living together, after rebuilding the state, to allow the reconciliation of the Congolese, to live in peace in Congo, but also in the subregion." @CorneilleNanga
Bojana Coulibaly, Ph.D.40,339 次观看 • 1 年前
Sur le discours négrophobe des médias et chercheurs occidentaux qui parlent d'un supposé "culte de la mémoire" au Rwanda, Jessica Mwiza sur Le journal Afrique TV5MONDE interviewée par DominiqueTchimbakala déclare : "On ne demande jamais aux Français s'il y a un culte de la mémoire lorsqu'on célèbre le débarquement des alliés en 44 et c'est indécent de le demander pour des histoires africaines!" Pour écouter toute l'interview 👇
Bojana Coulibaly, Ph.D.56,805 次观看 • 2 年前
In my video interview in the North Kivu province with #M23 spokesperson (video credit to TEDDY MAZINA), Lawrence KANYUKA explains how genocide ideology — brought by the Interahamwe who committed the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda, and who reorganized as #FDLR in Congo — has led to the 30-year long targeting of the Tutsi communities, or those who "look like Tutsi" in DRC. He explained that the violence and insecurity created in Eastern Congo by the genocidal force #FDLR, which has been integrated into the national army #FARDC, and which receives the operational and logistical support of both MONUSCO and #SADC, is one of the principal root causes of the conflict.
Bojana Coulibaly, Ph.D.44,523 次观看 • 2 年前