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Ray Peat and Bud Weiss - The Biology of Carbon Dioxide Better audio, brightened the video. 00:00 Language and altitude, a trip to Russia, Ray’s introduction to science 01:00 J.C. Bose and the properties of life 04:00 Twitching nerves and rocks 05:50 Respiration, Otto Warburg, Albert Szent-Györgyi, William Blake, Swedenborg, brain physiology 07:00 Getting a degree in biology by keeping quiet, membranes 08:30 Gilbert Ling, surface electrical effect 10:00 Science, money, and prestige 11:00 W.F. Koch, respiration, cancer treatments, the quinone system 13:00 Contraction, respiration as electrical property, cardinal adsorbents 14:00 What is CO2? 15:30 Lewis acids, electron donors and acceptors 1700 CO2 as a Koch reagent 18:30 Stabilizing the system, cardinal adsorbents - CO2 and progesterone 19:30 Protein conformation, sodium and potassium 21:00 Hair ion exchange, membrane pumps 22:30 Buteyko, oxygen, and the Bohr curve 23:30 CO2, calcium, and bone density 26:00 Energy at altitude 27:30 Osteopetrosis, marble bone disease 28:30 CO2 baths for cardiovascular disease (watching TV) 29:30 The essentiality of CO2 for all life 30:30 Ideal environmental CO2 levels, planetary temperature 31:00 Low light environments, CO2 and life 32:00 Loss of CO2 with aging, frogs and salamanders 33:30 CO2 protects from poisoning and hypoxia 34:30 The naked mole rat 35:30 Queen bees, lipid peroxidation, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and longevity 36:00 CO2 lowers lipid peroxidation 36:30 Near-death experience, NDE and CO2 37:00 Pure oxygen, medical death, permissive hypercapnia, shrinking the brain 38:30 Stroke, transient ischemic attacks, Coke, baking soda, paralysis 39:50 Curing septic shock and loss of circulation with CO2 41:00 Carbogen, post-war, reductionist medicine 42:15 Hyperbaric oxygen therapy, CO2, water, and cancer 44:00 Absorbing CO2, bones and protein synthesis, bag breathing, and blood pressure 45:00 Bats, caves, longevity and high metabolism 46:00 Dropping a tank of CO2, arthritis 47:30 Breathlessness, Co2 stimulating its production, ETC, cytochrome oxidase, thyroid, altitude, mitochondria 49:30 Diabetes, cancer, lactic acid, NAD, NADH excess, inflammation, cell pH 51:00 CO2, lipolysis, glycolysis, free fatty acids, respiration 52:30 Acid/alkaline, water economy, electrons, gelatin, mechanical hyperventilation 55:00 Altitude, pollution, and asthma 56:00 Did you say you sit in a plastic bag full of CO2?” CO2 springs, membrane gradients 58:30 The Bohr effect 59:00 Carbaminos, pituitary hormones, prolactin, growth hormone, and CO2 1:01:00 So-called receptors 1:02:00 Leaf bag full of CO2 1:03:00 Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, acidifying the system, kidneys 1:04:30 What is the role of bicarbonate in acid/base regulation? 1:05:30 Pregnenolone, progesterone, estrogen, and lactic acid 1:07:00 Thyroid hormone (T3) CO2, respiration, calcium carbonate in bones 1:08:30 Endotoxin, permeability, nitric oxide, TNF, estrogen, suppressing respiration, hypothyroidism 1:10:00 Isn’t estrogen good for the brain? Coke (the other one) is safer 1:12:00 Mae Wan Ho, polarisation streams 1:13:00 The living state, reading a newspaper through a fish 1:14:00 Life as a liquid crystal 1:15:30 CO2 as a context for system models, the limits of reductionist science mp3 link below

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Scientists cured hiccups by putting a plastic bag over the person's head. The research aimed to determine the level of inhaled CO2 required to stop hiccups. A 20 L (4-gallon) bag was placed over the head, sealed around the neck, and inflated with air. As the person breathes, oxygen saturation is monitored with a pulse oximeter, and CO2 is monitored with a mouth CO2 sensor. In another experiment, there were some small holes in the bag. In another, the bag was filled with pure oxygen. The research showed that, for hiccups to stop, inhaled and exhaled CO2 concentrations had to equalize and then rise together to approximately 50 mmHg. The equalization indicates that the body can no longer expel CO₂ — meaning arterial blood CO₂ (PaCO₂) has caught up with venous blood CO₂ (PvCO₂). In experiment 1, this happened around 3 minutes, and the hiccups stopped. In experiment 2 (the bag with holes), it didn’t happen, and the hiccups didn't stop. In experiment 3 (the bag filled with oxygen to start with), both occurred around 6 minutes. “We stumbled upon the observation that acute CO2 retention induced by plastic bag rebreathing resolves persistent hiccups. This discovery is actually quite similar to the results achieved by other Japanese researchers during experiments using felines when they indicated that CO2 inhalation suppresses the movements of the muscles associated with hiccups... The mechanism behind our method is simple: hiccups stop when the partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood (PaCO2) reaches the same level as that in venous blood (PvCO2), or approximately 50 mm Hg.” The required threshold of CO2 concentration is only slightly above what you'd normally exhale, but massively higher than what you'd normally inhale. Normal atmospheric CO₂ = ~0.04% (about 0.3 mmHg) Normal exhaled CO₂ (EtCO₂) = ~5% (~38 mmHg) The target in this paper = ~6.6% (~50 mmHg) Of course, putting a plastic bag over your head is a bad idea, but rebreathing into a paper bag can have the same effect without the risk of suffocation. Ref: CO2 retention: The key to stopping hiccups

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Ray Peat on diabetes, cortisol, sugar, and protein: "I saw that several of the amino acids in proteins are powerful insulin stimulants. When you eat protein by itself, you stimulate insulin secretion, which is needed to metabolize the amino acids. In reaction to the insulin, your liver has to put out glucose to keep your blood sugar going, so your brain, blood cells, kidneys, and so on can keep working. If your liver is somewhat low on glycogen, then every time you eat protein and have an insulin secretion, your body secretes a compensating amount of cortisol to bring your blood sugar back up. However, the cortisol brings your blood sugar up at the expense of protein. Cortisol first breaks down tissues like the thymus gland, immune cells, and muscles. If you eat lots of protein, despite the high cortisol, you can maintain a balance by replacing your muscles and thymus gland, but you are running on constantly high cortisol secretion. In my previous interest in diabetes, I saw that doctors often neglected to measure hormones related to blood sugar when prescribing insulin. Doctors would call a person diabetic and say they needed to take insulin for life. But by testing cortisol in some of these individuals, we saw that many so-called diabetics just had very high cortisol. Sugar happens to be the best thing for lowering cortisol to normal. Since high cortisol can give the impression of diabetes by causing high blood sugar, you get the unexpected effect of lowering cortisol when you eat sugar. Some of these people had a very quick recovery from their so-called diabetes."

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Ray Peat spoke about the problems with fish oil for decades: “In declaring EPA and DHA (the omega-3s) to be safe, the FDA neglected to evaluate their antithyroid, immunosuppressive, lipid peroxidative (Song et al., 2000), light sensitizing, and antimitochondrial effects, their depression of glucose oxidation (Delarue et al., 2003), and their contribution to metastatic cancer (Klieveri, et al., 2000), lipofuscinosis and liver damage, among other problems.” “Although by 1980 many animal diseases were known to be caused by eating oily fish, and the unsaturated oils were known to accelerate the formation of the "age pigment," lipofuscin, many "beneficial effects" of dietary fish oil started appearing in research journals around that time, and the mass media, responding to the industry's public relations campaign, began ignoring studies that showed harmful effects from eating fish oil.” “When animals are fed fish oil and then exposed to bacteria, their immunosuppressed thymic (T) cells cause them to succumb to the infection more easily than animals fed coconut oil or a fat free diet. Natural killer cells, which eliminate cancer cells and virus infected cells, are decreased after eating fish oil, and T suppressor cells are often increased. More subtle interference with immunity is produced by the actions of PUFA on the "immune synapse," a contact between cells that permits the transmission of immunological information. The immunosuppressive effect of fish oil is recognized as a useful aid in preventing the rejection of transplanted organs, but some studies are showing that survival a year after transplantation isn't improved.” “The most popular way of arguing that fish oil will prevent heart disease is to show that it lowers blood lipids, continuing the old approach of the American Heart Association's "heart protective diet." Unfortunately for that argument, it's now known that the triglycerides in the blood are decreased because of the fish oil's toxic effects on the liver (Hagve and Christophersen, 1988; Ritskes-Hoitinga, et al., 1998). In experiments with rats, EPA and DHA lowered blood lipids only when given to rats that had been fed, in which case the fats were incorporated into tissues, and suppressed mitochondrial respiration (Osmundsen, et al., 1998).” The Great Fish Oil Experiment (1997) Link below

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