The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) has five segments: P1,... pre-communicating segment, originates at the end of the basilar artery & terminates at the posterior communicating artery (green) P2, post-communicating segment, begins after the posterior communicating artery (PCOM) and loops around the midbrain & terminates at the origin of the lateral occipital artery as it enters the quadrigeminal cistern (blue) P3, quadrigeminal segment, which runs through the quadrigeminal cistern in a posteromedial direction (purple) P4, cortical segment, located within the sulci of the occipital lobe (yellow) P5, terminal branches (orange) #neuroeducacion #MedTwitter Oren Gottfried, MD The Innovation | Medicineshow more

The posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) has five segments:... P1, anterior medullary: located in front of the medulla (blue) P2, lateral medullary: runs alongside the medulla and ends at the origin of the glossopharyngeal, vagal, and accessory nerves (purple) P3, tonsillomedullary: runs around the caudal half of the cerebellar tonsil (green) P4, telovelotonsillar: runs in the cleft between the tela choroidea and the inferior medullary velum, and the superior pole of the cerebellar tonsil (orange) P5, cortical: distributed to the cerebellar surface (yellow) Illustrated for Michael T. Lawton, MD ‘s 7 Cavernomas #Neuroscience #MedTwitter #NeuroTwitter Oren Gottfried, MD The Innovation | Medicineshow more

UNUSUAL China begins building the “New Three Gorges” China... has announced the launch of a major new project — the construction of the “Three Gorges” waterway on the Yangtze River, which will include the largest navigation gate in the world. The project, costing 77.2 billion yuan (£11.4 billion), includes a new navigation channel at the Three Gorges Dam — the largest engineering project in the world — as well as an expansion of the dam’s capacity at Gezhouba downstream on the Yangtze. It is designed for vessels of up to 10,000 tons. This is the first major national project to be launched under China’s 14th Five‑Year Plan (2026–2030), and it comes after ten years of research and planning studies. It is being built due to the rising volume of transport along the Yangtze River — China’s main inland shipping artery. Once completed, the annual capacity of the “Three Gorges” will double, exceeding 336 million tonsshow more

At the age of thirteen, in the late 1940s,... Thomas Fogarty, newly bereft of his father, found himself employed at Cincinnati’s Good Samaritan Hospital, sorting supplies and learning the rhythms of the place from the ground up. With time and a certain doggedness, he moved from the stockroom to the operating room, working his way up to the role of scrub technician, where he stood at the surgeon’s elbow, handing over instruments. Back then, the approach to removing blood clots from an artery was crude and perilous. It was a bit like a ritual sacrifice—that involved slicing the artery wide open in a procedure that could easily stretch over nine hours and leave the patient with incisions from the abdomen down both legs. The outcome, more often than not, was dismal. Many didn’t survive, many others ended up with amputations. It was during those hours at the operating table, observing the struggle of clot removal, that Fogarty began to wonder if there might be a way to make the process a bit less medieval. He retreated to his garage with little more than a length of tubing, a surgical glove, and an idea. There, he crafted a tool so simple that it verged on the audacious. He started with a urethral catheter, flexible yet sturdy enough to navigate through a clot. To the end of the catheter, he attached a tiny balloon made from the finger of a latex glove. Once past the clot, the balloon could be inflated with saline from the other end of the tube, expanding it to the width of the artery and then pulled back—bringing the clot along with it. The device was so simple, so staggeringly clever, that when he demonstrated its use, the surgeons were equal parts gobsmacked and irritated. With it, clot removal (embolectomy) was no longer a barbaric ritual but a neat, almost gentlemanly procedure. Like removing a cork from a bottle. Thomas Fogarty went on to become a cardiovascular surgeon. That little embolectomy catheter he dreamt up became the very first minimally invasive surgical device. Here’s a video showing how it’s done: through a small incision in the groin, under local anesthesia.show more

The cause of the fire at the largest kosher... supermarket in London, Kosher Kingdom in Golders Green, is unknown, and accidents do happen. Though it is very coincidental that just two weeks ago King Charles stood right outside, as he came to show solidarity with the local Jewish community after two previous attacks that both occurred within 200 meters: the stabbing attack (marked yellow on the map) and the torching of the ambulances at a synagogue (blue).show more

BMW M5, E28. The first M5. Hand-assembled by BMW... Motorsport in Garching, not built like a normal 5 Series. Powered by a 3.5L straight-six derived from the BMW M1’s engine. 282 hp and 5-speed manual only. At the time, it was faster than many sports cars like Ferrari 328. And it didn’t even look the part with subtle M badges on the exterior. From the outside, it could pass as a normal 5 Series. That’s what made it different and it was the beginning of a new segment of sleeper super saloons. Nothing really competed with it at the time. Everything that came after followed this.show more

Having some mild cognitive impairment trying to remember dementia... patterns on imaging? Is looking at dementia PET scans one of your PET peeves? Have short-term memory loss when you read about dementia imaging? Here’s a way to remember dementia patterns so you will never forget! Major dementia imaging patterns: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) —AD has a Nike swoosh pattern—with decreased metabolism in parietal & temporal regions —Remember when you see the Nike swoosh patter, just call it! Dementia w/Lewy Bodies (DLB) —Temporoparietal hypometabolism like AD but also involves occipital cortex, specific for DLB. —DLB also extends farther to the ant. temporal cortex. —Remember, regions of hypometabolism look more like an L. And Lewy starts w/an L Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) —Frontal & temporal hypometabolism as expected, but extends along the anterior cingulate gyrus —Anterior cingulate involvement makes the hypometabolism looks like a lowercase letter f—and frontotemporal starts with f Posterior cortical atrophy —Can be from AD or DLB & has hypometabolism in the occipital & post. temporal lobe, sparing the anterior temporal lobe —Sparing the anterior temporal lobe makes the involvement look like a C instead of an L like DLB. —So remember pCa Vascular dementia —Vascular dementia has a variable distribution, depending on the regions infarcted (V is both for Vascular & Variable) —Wedged shaped regions of hypometabolism corresponding to cortical infarcts—looks like an inverted V This list isn’t all inclusive & there can be variations or even mixed dementias But hopefully this gives you a starting point you won’t soon forget!show more

🚨 As the 2026 Assembly elections draw closer, actor-politician... Vijay’s Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam (TVK) is facing scrutiny over its digital presence. Recently, a segment of TVK stakeholders informed Vijay that the official website has been non-functional for over five months. Aadhav Arjuna, the party's General Secretary for Election Campaign Management and founder of the political consulting firm Voice of Commons, is at the center of this issue. Insiders suggest that the digital credentials and maintenance responsibilities were shifted to his firm in August 2025 from The Route team. With the party office reportedly not operating on a "365-day" full-capacity schedule, the combination of a non-functioning website has left some supporters wondering who is truly steering the party. 🇪🇸🇪🇸🇪🇸show more

Madain Saleh, also known as Al-Hijr, is a pre-Islamic... archaeological site located in the northwest of Saudi Arabia. It is one of the most important archaeological sites in the Middle East and was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2008. Madain Saleh is a place of great historical and cultural significance, and it is a must-visit destination for anyone interested in the history and culture of the Arabian Peninsula. Madain Saleh was the second city of the Nabataean kingdom, which was established in 2nd Century BC. The Nabataeans were an Arab tribe who were known for their expertise in carving tombs and buildings out of rock. They were also skilled in agriculture, trade, and commerce. The Nabataean kingdom was centered in Petra, which is located in modern-day Jordan. Madain Saleh served as a strategic outpost for Nabataeans, and it was an important stop on the trade routes that connected the Arabian Peninsula with the Mediterranean world. Archaeological site of Madain Saleh covers an area of 13 square kilometers. It is located in a remote desert region, and it is surrounded by rocky mountains and valleys. The site contains around 130 tombs, which were carved out of the sandstone cliffs. The tombs are adorned with intricate carvings and inscriptions, which provide insights into the culture and religion of the Nabataeans. The most famous tomb at Madain Saleh is the Qasr Al-Farid, which means "the lonely castle." This tomb is located on a hilltop and is surrounded by a large courtyard. It is the largest tomb at the site, and it is considered to be one of the finest examples of Nabataean architecture. The tomb was never completed, and it is believed that it was abandoned after the death of the Nabataean king who commissioned it. Another important tomb at Madain Saleh is the Tomb of Lihyan son of Kuza. This tomb is located in the southern part of the site and is carved into a rock cliff. It features a large entrance hall, a central chamber, and a series of smaller rooms. The tomb is decorated with intricate carvings and inscriptions, which provide insights into the religious beliefs of Nabataeans. Madain Saleh is not just a site of tombs; it also contains a number of other important structures. These include the Al-Khuraymat and Al-Sabika temples, which were used for religious ceremonies and rituals. The site also contains a number of houses, wells, and cisterns, which provide insights into the daily lives of the Nabataeans. Madain Saleh was abandoned in the 3rd Century AD, after decline of the Nabataean kingdom. The site was rediscovered in the 19th Century by the Swiss traveler Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. Since then, it has been studied by archaeologists from all over the world. The site is now managed by the Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage, which has carried out extensive restoration and preservation work. Madain Saleh is not just a site of historical and cultural significance; it is also a place of great natural beauty. The site is surrounded by rugged mountains and valleys, and it is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna. Visitors to the site can enjoy hiking and camping, as well as exploring the ancient ruins. Madain Saleh is a site of great historical and cultural significance, and it is a must-visit destination for anyone interested in the history and culture of the Arabian Peninsula. Ancient ruins at Madain Saleh provide a glimpse into the engineering and architectural skills of the Nabataeans, as well as their religious beliefs and cultural practices. However, as the site becomes an increasingly popular tourist destination, there are concerns about its preservation and the impact of tourism on the local environment. It is important that the Saudi government and local communities work together to ensure that the site is protected and that tourism is managed in a sustainable way. 🎥© Paris Verra #archaeohistoriesshow more

In the 1800s, Scottish surgeon Robert Liston became infamous... for a surgery that led to an astonishing 300% mortality rate, losing his patient to infection, accidentally amputating his assistant's fingers, who also died of infection, and slashing a spectator who died from heart attack. While amputating another patient's leg, he broke his personal record by finishing the surgery in two and a half minutes. However, in the interest of speed, he chopped off the patient's testicles along with his leg. He also once mistook a lump in a young boy's neck for a skin tag and removed it suddenly at the boys home. The lump turned out to be an aneurysm of his carotid artery, and the boy died. Keep in mind that in those times there was no anesthesia and that speed and cleanliness were the only skills. Known as "the fastest knife on West End," Robert Liston was particularly skilled at quick amputations. Where most surgeons at that time lost one in four patients, due to his speed and skill, Liston only lost about one in ten.show more

Humble day for a cardiologist… A patient of 44... years came with an axillary chest pain and scapular pain. (I have indicated the pain sites in the accompanying picture). He has had diabetes for the past three years and also has a family history of heart disease. He is not a smoker and doesn’t have any other coronary risk factors. His ECG, ECHO and TMT were normal. Because the pain was atypical and non-exertional and his non-invasive testing was normal, I prescribed medication and sent him home. He came back again with more severe pain at the same site after a month, and again, the ECG and Troponin were normal. I reassured him once more. He came back the next day (last Saturday) with the same complaints, but this time I suggested doing an angiogram to investigate the persistent pain. What I found was a 90% lesion in the PLV artery. I stented the vessel, and he experienced total relief from his chest pain. Physicians and cardiologists should be willing to modify their diagnosis when the initial line of management does not provide clinical benefit to the patient. Ego has no role in medicine. #chestpain #heartattack #medtwittershow more

Your brain has a circuit that doesn't know you... live in a city. Its only job is to monitor whether birds are still singing. Right now, in this room, it is on. The circuit predates primates. Mammals have been using ambient soundscape continuity as a predator-detection system for roughly 200 million years. Birds stop singing when something larger moves through their territory. For most of mammalian history, a forest full of song meant no large predator was nearby, and the cessation of sound was the warning. Your nervous system never updated this software. The Max Planck Institute tested the inverse in 2022 with 295 participants. Six minutes of birdsong dropped anxiety with a medium effect size. Six minutes of traffic noise raised depression with the same. The effect worked on subjects who lived in dense urban environments and had no regular contact with nature. The brain still ran the check. Birdsong sits in the 1,000 to 8,000 Hz range. Your brainstem reads continuous patterns in that band as a signal that nothing dangerous is currently moving through the environment. EEG data shows birdsong at 45 to 50 decibels boosts alpha wave activity by 14.1% relative to silence. Alpha is the brainwave signature of relaxed alertness. Push the same birdsong above 60 decibels and the response flips. Stress markers rise 29%. The circuit only trusts the signal at the volume of quiet conversation, which is exactly the volume birds sing at from a typical distance. Three things happen simultaneously when the brain registers ambient safety. The amygdala downregulates. The parasympathetic nervous system takes over from the sympathetic. Heart rate variability rises, cortisol drops. The posterior cingulate cortex, which sits at the center of the rumination circuit, quiets down. King's College London tracked this through a smartphone study with over 1,200 participants and found the mood lift lasted hours after the sound stopped. People diagnosed with depression got the same response as healthy controls. Most of what gets labeled mental fatigue is hypervigilance running in the background. Birdsong tells the circuit it can stand down, and the brain reallocates the freed compute everywhere else. A quiet park feels different from a quiet office because the parks have sentinels.show more

Listen closely to this segment of BTS's performance at... the World Cup final show. When Kim Taehyung enters, his voice takes on a much greater spatial presence. It is as if his voice “takes over” the stadium. Although the vocalists share the melodic line, Taehyung's entry immediately alters the spatial perception of the performance. This week, alongside other vocal professionals, I was exploring the concept of “DOMINANT TIMBRE.” While not a formal technical term in vocal acoustics, it is frequently used to describe voices whose timbral identity naturally stands out within an ensemble. In terms of social perception — specifically in behavioral and communication studies — the term can also describe vocal tones that convey authority, power, or dominance. This perception can be explained by a combination of factors related to vocal projection, the harmonic spectrum, resonance, and acoustic presence. The result is a voice that seems to fill the stadium. V's voice possesses: • Greater vocal projection: the voice seems to “travel” effortlessly across the stadium. • More energy in the mid-high harmonics (singer's formant): this region of the spectrum allows a voice to stand out, even in a massive venue. • Highly efficient resonance: the vocal tract is configured so that the sound gains body and depth. • Greater “acoustic presence”: the voice seems to occupy more three-dimensional space, whereas other voices sound more localized. This explains why two people can sing the exact same pitch, at the same intensity (measured in dB), and the same melody, yet one of them seems “three times larger.” The brain interprets this voice as having more presence because it contains more acoustic information within the frequency ranges to which we are most sensitive. TAEHYUNG AT FIFA HALFTIME SHOW #Kimtaehyung #Taehyung #V #BTSVshow more

❗️🇺🇸🇮🇷 the U.S. Marine Corps 11th Expeditionary Unit, led... by the amphibious assault ship USS Boxer (LHD-4), is approaching the U.S. Central Command’s area of responsibility. This group, which includes around 2,500 Marines, was deployed to the Middle East at the end of March. After departing from San Diego, it conducted several weeks of training in the Pacific, stopped at Guam for resupply, and then headed toward the region. According to the latest information, the formation has already passed through the Strait of Malacca and is currently in the Indian Ocean near Sri Lanka. It is expected to reach the Arabian Sea within the next few hours. For reference, the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit aboard USS Tripoli (LHA-7) is already participating in operations in the area. Both USS Boxer and USS Tripoli are capable of carrying F-35B stealth fighters. Available photos confirm that both ships are operating at full combat readiness with F-35Bs on deck. Video is generated by grok AIshow more

RUMOR HAS IT👀: An interesting theory on why Harry... could've been at Louis' show in Berlin: (©️SchuSchu8437) •There were VIP boxes all around the arena. In the break between Pale Waves and Louis most of them were illuminated. All in the same light EXPECT for one. Which had a green light. •The VIP box right next to the green light was blacked out, by a curtain? Look at the box to the right of it. Every other dark box was very obviously just without light. • Louis kept looking in that direction, at least it looked like that. •Afterwards ,outside of the arena where there was the tour buses enter and the trucks unload. Pretty shortly fans are sent away from that side. Security said they couldn’t stand there anymore and got shooed away. Just when everyone left and no one seemed to pay attention, a completely blacked out VIP Van left the backstage area of the arena and drove by . People still kept coming out of the arena and went to that spot again. They were not actively send away again after the Van left. #louistomlinson #HDWGHBerlinshow more

The media would like to portray Karmelo Anthony as... if he’s just a good boy that “dindu nuffin” wrong. The reality? The Frisco Independent School district went through great lengths to cover up his disciplinary record which included being suspended for previously bringing a knife to school. Shortly after Austin Metcalf was murdered the local news was doing its job covering the case. But then something happened… The local news aired this clip from one of Karmelo’s classmates revealing that Karmelo was known for fighting at school. After this news segment aired the local news almost completely dropped the story. Why? Because their good boy narrative was crumbling. Luckily I saved the clip because I knew they would try to memory hole it.show more

I will never forget the first time I walked... into St Peter's Basilica... None of it is painted. Everything overhead that appears to be a fresco is a mosaic: millions of small glass tiles, cut and set into place by hand. Michelangelo pierced the drum with sixteen windows, and beneath them runs a band of text, black on gold: TU ES PETRUS ET SUPER HANC PETRAM AEDIFICABO ECCLESIAM MEAM. "You are Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church." From the floor it reads like an ordinary inscription but each of those letters is two metres tall... Above the windows the dome divides into sixteen segments, and within them six tiers of figures rise in rings: the popes buried in the basilica, then Christ, the Virgin Mary, St John the Baptist and the Apostles, then angels carrying the instruments of the Passion, then the faces of cherubim and seraphim. Above all of them, a blue sky scattered with gold stars, and at the summit, in the lantern, God the Father. The man who designed it, Giuseppe Cesari, was a painter. Between 1603 and 1612 he produced sixty-five life-size cartoons setting out the whole scheme, and every one of them was then translated into glass by mosaicists. The reason is actually pretty unglamorous. The basilica was damp, and candle smoke and incense from centuries of liturgy were eating the pictures alive. So the Vatican began converting the building into glass, dome by dome, and from the end of the 1600s the painted altarpieces too, one at a time. By the basilica's own reckoning, around ten thousand square metres of mosaic. The workshop that did all of this is still open: twelve artists work in the Vatican Mosaic Studio today, cutting tesserae by hand in nearly 28,000 shades and fixing them with a linseed-oil stucco whose recipe has been in use for four centuries. Earlier this year its director, Paolo Di Buono, described the work: "We have the idea that we are working for something that is almost eternal."show more