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A cliffside bookstore has been built inside a massive limestone sinkhole in Guangxi China. Set in the Mianhua Tiankeng it sits inside a karst collapse feature formed over thousands of years as underground caves eroded and caved in leaving sheer vertical limestone walls. Bookshelves and walkways are built directly...

175,756 просмотров • 4 месяцев назад •via X (Twitter)

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And this? This is the very first piece of artificial limestone, YES, CaCO3, YES, hard as f and YES, waterproof, what I made from… Wood ash ONLY!!! 100% caveman tech! Now look at the color of this thing. How would you describe it? May I say it has the color of the pyramids? Hell yeah! Why? BTW: this is just the binder. Add original, natural limestone and fossils and you’ll en up with “natural” limestone. (With a bit of potassium residue.) Any questions? The secret recipe maybe? Anyone interested? Here you go: 1. Burn 🔥 everything around you and collect the wood ash 2. Burn natural limestone (calcination) to produce quick lime Steps 1. and 2. can be combined into one step. 3. Make wood ash lye the traditional way, by dripping drip 💧 water on wood ash and collecting the water that went through the ash. Any vessel will do but an oak barrel is the traditional way doing it. I used a plastic bucket with holes at the bottom. The wood ash lye is mostly KOH and K2CO3. What we need is CaCO3. We need to change the letter K to letters Ca. We’ll do it by adding the letters Ca to the liquid. 4. Add quick lime (CaO) or hydrated lime, slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) to the lye until it stops bubbling in vinegar. (We badly miss a decent video at this point, Marcell!!!) 5. Add (or don’t add) fossils = natural limestone rubble to the mix, stir well 6. Get rid of of the excess liquid through a nub Now any expert can tell you that this will never make a stone because of two reasons: 1. Billions of years and 2. High pressure are needed Well, no. The first point is just total nonsense, and although the second has something in it, it is false. Virtually ANY pressure will make it, including my current technique of squeezing it in a kitchen cloth. I’m not kidding. No pressure- no stone, that is correct. But only a minimal level of pressure, using my bare hands is enough to push the freshly made CaCO3 molecules close enough for crystallization (calcit) to begin. And here we are.

Marcell Fóti 🪨

59,106 просмотров • 2 месяцев назад

Reshaping previous ideas on the story of civilisation, Gobekli Tepe in Türkiye was built by a prehistoric people 6,000 years before Stonehenge... Atop a limestone plateau near Urfa called Gobekli Tepe, Turkish for "Belly Hill", Schmidt discovered more than 20 circular stone enclosures. The largest was 20m across, a circle of stone with two elaborately carved pillars 5.5m tall at its centre. The carved stone pillars – eerie, stylised human figures with folded hands and fox-pelt belts – weighed up to 10 tons. Carving and erecting them must have been a tremendous technical challenge for people who hadn't yet domesticated animals or invented pottery, let alone metal tools. The structures were 11,000 years old, or more, making them humanity's oldest known monumental structures, built not for shelter but for some other purpose. After a decade of work, Schmidt reached a remarkable conclusion. When I visited his dig house in Urfa's old town in 2007, Schmidt – then working for the German Archaeological Institute – told me Gobekli Tepe could help rewrite the story of civilisation by explaining the reason humans started farming and began living in permanent settlements. The stone tools and other evidence Schmidt and his team found at the site showed that the circular enclosures had been built by hunter-gatherers, living off the land the way humans had since before the last Ice Age. Tens of thousands of animal bones that were uncovered were from wild species, and there was no evidence of domesticated grains or other plants. Schmidt thought these hunter-gatherers had come together 11,500 years ago to carve Gobekli Tepe's T-shaped pillars with stone tools, using limestone bedrock of the hill beneath their feet as a quarry. Carving and moving the pillars would have been a tremendous task, but perhaps not as difficult as it seems at first glance. The pillars are carved from the natural limestone layers of the hill's bedrock. Limestone is soft enough to work with the flint or even wood tools available at the time, given practice and patience. And because the hill's limestone formations were horizontal layers between 0.6-1.5m thick, archaeologists working at the site believe ancient builders just had to cut away the excess from sides, rather than from underneath as well. Once a pillar was carved out, they then shifted it a few hundred metres across the hilltop, using rope, log beams and ample manpower. Schmidt thought that small, nomadic bands from across the region were motivated by their beliefs to join forces on the hilltop for periodic building projects, hold great feasts and then scatter again. The site, Schmidt argued, was a ritual centre, perhaps some sort of burial or death cult complex, rather than a settlement. That was a big claim.. .. Archaeologists had long thought complex ritual and organised religion were luxuries that societies developed only once they began domesticating crops and animals, a transition known as the Neolithic. Once they had a food surplus, thinking went, they could devote their extra resources to rituals and monuments. Gobekli Tepe, Schmidt told me, turned that timeline upside down. The stone tools at the site, backed up by radiocarbon dates, placed it firmly in the pre-Neolithic era. More than 25 years after the first excavations there, there is still no evidence for domesticated plants or animals. And Schmidt didn't think anyone lived at the site full-time. He called it a "cathedral on a hill". 🎥© arkeolojievreni (IG) #archaeohistories

Archaeo - Histories

38,119 просмотров • 1 год назад

Hello Hugh Thomas , let’s do it one by one, sample by sample, stone by stone. Whenever an artificial stone recipe of mine reaches a certain stage that’s the results are comparable to the natural version I’ll send a cast sample to you (with its mold) to analyze. The first one could be this perfectly chiseled fake limestone cube. As you can see you can’t fit a razor blade between the stone and the cheap silicone mold from Temu. This proves my micro chiseling skills. The recipe is public, you don’t even need my cube, you could create your own - but you won’t. So I’ll send this cute cube to you. The “secret” recipe is: I started from wood ash lye, also called potash, or K2CO3, by slowly dripping water through hard wood ash. Hard wood ash from your fireplace, yeah. Then I added slaked lime, and the chemical reaction produced fine, molecular level CaCO3 particles, fine limestone floating in the liquid. FYI: the secret chemical reaction is, and was in the ancient times as well: K2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + 2KOH Yummy! Next step: I let the limestone particles settle, and poured the KOH, potassium hydroxide solution above (that also formed in the liquid, see above) into the kitchen sink as it is a very good drain cleaner indeed. I added water and poured it into the sink several times, trying to clean the slurry from the KOH. So yes, the cube is from almost pure limestone, CaCO3 - with some residual KOH contamination. The KOH contamination can be reduced infinitely, I just stopped after 4 rounds. (Pro tip: put the slurry into a filter bag and put the bag into a mountain creek for an hour.) The next step is filtering and pressing the remaining liquid from the slurry. Because it’s a wet mess at this point. Pressure is a key factor to success! At least one thing is accurate from the universal canon: no pressure-no stone. How do I know? By trying and failing a few (dozen) times. So I poured the white limestone slurry into a sock 🧦 and pressed and squeezed it by hand - and that was JUST enough pressure for the magic to happen 😮 It looks like nature/god is on our side, everything is working as it was designed this way. Then I put the almost dry limestone paste into this Temu mold. Fun fact: it still contains a lot of water which will eventually be pressed out as the crystallization progresses, so we’ll need to get rid of that water through a hole, a nub. But there is no hole 🕳️ on this Temu mold so I poured the excess liquid from the top a few times. Hardening time=drying time=crystallization time : 1 week. The important lesson I learned from this experience is as follows: I tried to understand why this sludge turned into hard stone, because, as we were told, IT IS IMPOSSIBLE, and my understanding is this: wood ash lye does two different magics in parallel for this to happen: 1. It magically contains the right kind of contamination to facilitate calcite crystal formation and 2. The incredibly high pH (remember, 2 molecules of KOH are produced from 1 molecule of K2CO3!) in the liquid boost the calcite formation even more. ———- My only request from you and your colleagues concerning this analysis is full, 100000% transparency. And be honest. I know something you clearly don’t: you have lost this battle already. We need the data fast, not in 4 years or something. Transparency means sharing whatever you find here on X, without scientific drama and pullbacks. We don’t need a 947 pages scientific paper. We need the results, the data only. BTW: I already know what you will find: a “special type of natural limestone” with some minimal potassium contamination🤣🤣🤣 Now feel free to DM me, let this scientific analysis happen! And thank you for your offer!

Marcell Fóti 🪨

38,468 просмотров • 14 дней назад