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A molecular beam epitaxy system is not a machine in the traditional sense. Even though it looks like a Time Travel Machine to the untrained eye. It is an ultra high vacuum atomic assembly chamber operating near 10⁻¹⁰ torr, lower pressure than low Earth orbit, where even a single...

23,949 просмотров • 1 месяц назад •via X (Twitter)

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🚨 SCIENTISTS JUST BUILT A WIRE THAT IS ONLY ONE ATOM WIDE. Researchers have created linear carbon atomic chains essentially a string of carbon atoms bonded in a straight line suspended between two gold electrodes, and directly observed how electrons travel through them. These chains are one of the most extreme forms of matter: a true 1D carbon structure with extraordinary stiffness and unique electronic behavior. In this setup, electrons can travel through the chain in ways that reveal quantum effects not seen in conventional materials. Why this matters: • Linear carbon chains are predicted to be the strongest material known, stronger even than graphene or carbon nanotubes • They offer a platform to study true one-dimensional physics and quantum transport at the atomic scale • Understanding charge flow through single-atom chains could help design future molecular-scale electronics • The gold-carbon-gold junction acts like a prototype for atomic-scale wires and switches The deeper implication: We are now building and testing electronics at the ultimate limit of miniaturization literally one atom wide. These experiments don’t just push the boundaries of what’s physically possible; they give us a window into how matter behaves when reduced to a single dimension. The rules that govern bulk materials break down here, and new quantum phenomena emerge. This kind of work lays the groundwork for a future where electronic devices are engineered atom by atom rather than fabricated in bulk. We’re moving from “smaller transistors” to “wires made of single atoms.” How close do you think we are to practical molecular or atomic-scale electronics becoming reality? Follow for more frontier nanotechnology, quantum transport, and atomic-scale materials research.

TheNewPhysics

31,491 просмотров • 2 месяцев назад

Yesterday at Brown University ICERM's workshop on “Agentic Scientific Computing and Scientific Machine Learning” I spoke about “Adaptive Swarms Across Scales”, making the case for scientific AI as systems that can create representations, stress them, fracture them, and enlarge the category in which future representations live. The category here is a composable and breakable working universe of science: data, hypotheses, simulations, measurements, tools, failures, figures, papers, provenance, and the transformations that connect them. Discovery happens when those transformations become executable, inspectable, composable, and capable of changing the world model they operate within. Atomistic modeling gives one category - states, forces, trajectories, observables, boundary conditions, conservation laws. Neural surrogates learn fast morphisms inside or between such categories. But discovery is higher-order: it changes which objects and morphisms are available in the first place: what variables exist, what operations are allowed, what evidence counts, what scale is active, what invariant is being preserved, and what kind of explanation the system is even capable of forming. This is scientific method as adaptive architecture: compression, stress, fracture, recomposition. Fracture matters here because it makes the logic physical: a non-commuting diagram realized in matter. The imposed load, material hierarchy, defect field, and assumed continuum description no longer map cleanly into the observed outcome. The crack is the obstruction and it identifies where the old morphism failed and where a new representation must be introduced. The physical crack and the categorical obstruction are the same event viewed in different substrates. ScienceClaw × Infinite is a machine for constructing and transforming a category of scientific artifacts. Each artifact is typed. Each operation has lineage. Each failed branch remains in the category as reusable structure. The “paper” is no longer the terminal object of science; it is one projection of a larger compositional trace, and it can be generated at any time for consumption by a human or an AI. With that the unit of scientific labor is changing. For most of the twentieth century the unit was the result (a measurement, a theorem, a synthesized molecule). It is now becoming the algorithm that produces results, and after that, the substrate of discovery itself. The static PDF is the wrong terminal object for this regime, and the role of the scientist with it. We now design algorithms that build algorithms, and eventually substrates in which such algorithms compose themselves. At that point, the scientist is no longer outside the discovery system. The scientist becomes one of the representations the system can transform. In that sense, the systems will eventually do science to us, and that is the structural consequence of the principle they are built on.

Markus J. Buehler

10,095 просмотров • 3 месяцев назад

🇺🇸🇮🇷 After reports that a U.S A-10 Warthog crashed near the Strait of Hormuz, it raises the question: how easy is it to shoot down? The A-10 looks like an easy target. It’s slow, flies low, and lacks the sleek defenses of modern jets. But the A-10 wasn’t designed to avoid being shot at, it was designed to survive it. Everything about the aircraft reflects that mindset. The pilot sits inside a titanium armored shell, critical systems are duplicated, and the engines are spaced to reduce the chance of a single strike taking the plane down. Even the fuel system is built to limit catastrophic damage. Combat history shows the result. During the Gulf War, A-10s routinely returned to base with severe damage, shredded wings, failed hydraulics, and systems barely holding together, yet still managed to complete their missions. Modern air defenses can certainly hit an A-10. The challenge is finishing the job. Flying low among terrain and battlefield clutter, the aircraft complicates clean targeting, and its resilience means that a hit is often not enough. That durability is what keeps it relevant. While newer aircraft rely on speed or stealth to stay safe, the A-10 relies on something more old-fashioned: the ability to endure. It isn’t invulnerable, but it was built with a simple assumption that many aircraft avoid, that war will reach it. And when it does, the A-10 is expected to fly home anyway.

Mario Nawfal

594,547 просмотров • 4 месяцев назад

This is a turbine blade from a 571 MW General Electric gas turbine. It sits inside the hottest part of a machine where combustion gases can reach roughly 1,600°C, while the turbine rotor spins at 3,000+ rpm depending on the grid. At that speed the blade tips are a couple of metres out and the centrifugal load is in the range of something like 10,000+ g or more. And yet this blade isn't bolted to the rotor. It’s root slides into a precision Fir-tree groove machined into the turbine disc, spreading the enormous centrifugal load across multiple contact surfaces instead of concentrating it through a fastener. The hottest first stage buckets are single crystal nickel superalloys like Rene N5 or similar. No grain boundaries, which is what would fail first under the heat and creep The blade is also cooled internally and protected by thermal barrier coatings, allowing the metal itself to remain far below the temperature of the gas flowing around it. At full power you’re looking at 571 MW and about 93 tonnes of natural gas burn rate an hour, that’s roughly a tonne and a half every minute. And the exhaust still contains enormous amounts of usable heat. In a combined cycle plant, that heat is recovered in a heat recovery steam generator, which boils water into steam. The steam then drives a second steam turbine, extracting energy that would otherwise disappear out of the exhaust into the environment. The result is more than 64% thermal efficiency, compared with about 44% for the gas turbine operating alone. For a sense of scale, A single gas turbine installation of this scale can supply electricity equivalent to roughly 600,000+ homes. What’s still odd is that, the blade carrying all of this load can still look like a simple piece of metal being hammered into a slot to the untrained eye. Source, 1989alibek

Ammanichanda

85,980 просмотров • 12 дней назад

AI just hit a wall that no amount of money can move. The planet itself. There is not enough power, water, or land on Earth to build the data centers the AI race now demands. So the most valuable bet in artificial intelligence is no longer a chip company or a model. It is a rocket company. The plan is to leave. In January, SpaceX filed with the FCC to launch up to 1 million solar-powered data center satellites into orbit. In February it bought xAI, the maker of Grok, folding an entire frontier AI lab into a rocket company in the largest corporate merger ever recorded. On June 8 it unveiled the AI1, a compute satellite with a 70-meter wingspan, wider than a Boeing 747, powered by the sun, cooled by the vacuum of space, and wired to the ground through Starlink. Four days later it went public in the largest IPO in history, near 1.77 trillion dollars, touched 2.1 trillion on its first day, raised close to 86 billion, and made one man the first trillionaire alive. Now read the direction of that merger, because it is the whole story. A rocket company bought the AI lab. Not the reverse. For three years everyone assumed the constraint on AI was chips, or data, or talent. It is none of them anymore. It is energy and heat and dirt. The head of Anthropic said his company grew faster than the exponential, 80 times in a single year, and that is exactly why it ran out of compute. The answer was not to build more data centers in Virginia. It was to leave the atmosphere, where the sun never sets and a solar panel does five times the work. The moat in artificial intelligence is no longer the model. It is the launch. And the first rent is already being paid. A rival lab, Anthropic, is reported to be sending roughly 1.25 billion dollars a month to Musk for compute. Google near 920 million. If intelligence moves to orbit, the company that owns the only affordable road there becomes the landlord of the next layer of the internet, the way one bookstore became the landlord of the cloud. The merger is the proof of concept. The IPO is the war chest. Those monthly checks are the lease. Here is the part the price tag does not want you to read. Close to a trillion dollars of that valuation rests on orbital data centers that do not yet exist, and on a chip factory, Terafab, that SpaceX's own public filing calls a general framework with no binding deal, one that may not achieve commercial viability. Musk said it on camera. This is not a promise. The largest IPO ever written is priced on a future the filing itself cannot verify. The other side is just as real. Compute in orbit costs about four times what it costs on the ground today, and the curve may not cross for fifteen years. The machines that print the chips are backordered for years. Shedding heat in a vacuum at this scale has never been done. Musk's timelines have a long history of meaning later. And Bezos is racing the same orbit with a constellation of 51,600 satellites of his own. But strip it all away and the trade underneath is one sentence. Earth has run out of room for intelligence, and whoever owns the road off the planet owns whatever gets built next. Call it the most expensive science fiction ever sold, or the first time the map of the internet pointed up.

Shanaka Anslem Perera ⚡

54,458 просмотров • 2 месяцев назад

There is a room in Málaga that was built to be the closest thing on earth to standing inside heaven. It is called the camarín of the Virgin of Victory, and it is hidden at the top of a tower inside the Santuario de la Victoria. To reach it, you climb and the ascent is the entire point... The building you are climbing through was completed in 1700, and it was designed as a single argument made in stone. At the bottom lies a crypt: a black chamber crowded with white plaster skeletons, a meditation on death and the brevity of life. From there a staircase rises, and as you climb it the light grows stronger and the imagery changes from bones to saints. The architects of the time understood this ascent as the soul's own journey, the dark crypt as the stage of penitence, the staircase as the stage of spiritual progress, and the room at the very top as the final stage: the union of the soul with the divine. That room at the top is the camarín, and its dome is one of the most extraordinary interiors in Spain... Every surface is covered in white and gold plasterwork. There is no empty space anywhere. The Baroque called this horror vacui, the horror of the void: the conviction that a space meant to represent heaven should not contain a single bare patch of stone. Out of that plasterwork emerge angels, flowers, birds, and mirrors. The mirrors are not decoration alone. They catch the light pouring in through the windows of the drum and throw it around the chamber, so that the gold seems to move and the whole room appears to shimmer and breathe. This wonder was built by people who believed that if you wanted to show a human being what heaven might feel like, you did not describe it to them. You built a room, and you let them climb into it... -- -- -- If you enjoyed this, I write a weekly newsletter read by over 50,000 people who love rediscovering the beauty of the past. You can join us here: If you'd like to support my work, a paid subscription is what makes it possible.

James Lucas

69,389 просмотров • 3 месяцев назад

Jeff Bezos just told you exactly how to price AI. Nobody listened. Bezos: “AI is real and it is going to change every industry. In fact it’s a very unusual technology in that regard in that it’s a horizontal enabling layer.” Horizontal enabling layer. Three words that reprice the entire technology sector. The iPhone was a vertical. One product. One new market. Electricity was a horizontal. One substrate that rewired every market on Earth. Wall Street is pricing AI like it is the next iPhone. Bezos is telling you it is the next electrical grid. Right now, thousands of companies are trying to sell AI as a product. A feature. A tool. A subscription tier. Every single one of them will be priced to zero. You do not sell a horizontal layer. You do not compete with it. You build on top of it or you disappear beneath it. For a century, entire industries survived on one thing. Complexity. The friction of navigating law, medicine, logistics, finance. That was the moat. If you could not memorize the maze, you could not compete. A horizontal layer does not navigate the maze. It dissolves the walls. Electricity did not compete with the candle industry. It erased the need for one. The most dangerous part of a horizontal shift is how quiet it is. It moves underneath the economy. The surface looks normal. Revenue still holds. Every day you operate on the old substrate, you accumulate a debt you cannot see and cannot repay. The internet repriced distribution. AI is repricing cognition itself. When intelligence becomes a utility that runs through the walls of every company on Earth, the premium on human expertise does not erode. It evaporates. This is not a disruption. Disruptions replace products. This replaces the ground you are standing on.

Dustin

541,957 просмотров • 4 месяцев назад

The largest theft in history has already happened. The people behind it just cannot open what they stole yet. Right now, intelligence agencies and criminal groups are quietly copying the world's encrypted data, bank records, medical files, state secrets, private messages, and storing every byte untouched. They cannot read any of it. They are collecting it anyway, because they know the key is about to be invented. The strategy has a name, harvest now, decrypt later, and in 2026 it stopped being theory. Washington declared this the Year of Quantum Security in January, backed by the FBI, the NSA, and NIST. Canada ordered every federal agency to file a migration plan by April. Europe set its deadline for December. Governments do not impose operational deadlines on a someday problem. They do it when the clock is already running. Here is what moved the clock. Every password, every transfer, every secret on Earth is protected by one assumption, that a certain math problem is too hard to solve. Quantum computers solve exactly that problem. For years the machine that could do it looked decades away. Then in late 2025 Google's Willow chip cracked the hardest part of building one, and in March 2026 Google's own researchers estimated that breaking the encryption behind Bitcoin might take fewer than 500,000 qubits, down from 20 million, and could run in minutes. The day this becomes real has a name, Q-Day, and the latest estimates place it between 2030 and 2033. Now make it concrete. Roughly 6.5 million Bitcoin, about a third of every coin that will ever exist, worth close to 500 billion dollars, sit in addresses that have already exposed the very key a quantum computer needs. That includes the coins of Satoshi, the anonymous creator. On Q-Day they become, in the researchers' own word, trivially stealable. It would not look like a crash or a whale selling. It would look like half a trillion dollars of the most secure money ever built simply walking out the door. The asset designed to trust no one and no institution turns out to rest on a single unverified bet, that one math problem stays hard forever. This is what sits beneath the entire digital world. A bank balance, a Bitcoin, a classified cable, all of it is real only because of a proof you supposedly cannot forge. Quantum breaks the proof. Everything we call secure is true only until someone finally checks, and for the first time the check is visible on the horizon. You cannot know whether your data has already been copied. You cannot know the exact day the key arrives. The trust holding up the digital age is a clock counting down to a zero no one can see. The honest counter matters. No machine on Earth can break this encryption today, and serious cryptographers still argue the real threat is a decade or more away. The timeline is far from certain. Quantum-safe codes already exist, the migration has started, and Bitcoin can move its coins to safety before Q-Day if it acts in time. The danger is not that everything breaks tomorrow. It is that anything which must stay secret into the 2030s, a state secret, an identity, a private key, is being stolen today and is already on the clock. The breach is not coming. It is already here, sitting in storage, perfectly encrypted, waiting for a machine that does not exist yet to read it out loud. Research and opinion, not investment advice.

Shanaka Anslem Perera ⚡

185,515 просмотров • 2 месяцев назад

A machine like this can cost $500,000 to well over $1 million to make parts that may be worth only $10-15 This is the real manufacturing story. This INDEX six-spindle automatic carries 6 motorised spindles, up to 12 CNC tool carriers, operates at 8,000+ rpm, and weighs 7.2 tonnes. Different operations happen simultaneously as the spindle drum indexes each workpiece from station to station. A real scale production example produced a precision component in 11 seconds, versus 38 seconds on a conventional single-spindle lathe. That's roughly 327 parts per hour before downtime. But the machine is only the hardware. Tool geometry, CNC programs, cutting parameters, spindle synchronisation, tooling, bar feeding, chip evacuation, coolant, inspection and collision checked simulation all have to be engineered around the exact part. That is what it takes to integrate this machine into a factory workflow. This accumulated capability is what kept Germany and Japan at the pinnacle of machine-tool manufacturing for decades almost unchallenged. The advantage wasn't just building the hardware, but knowing how to program, tool and integrate these machines for thousands of different manufacturing requirements globally. China has now built much of that ecosystem at extraordinary scale, machines, controls, tooling, software, automation and integration. Its huge domestic manufacturing base has accelerated that learning curve dramatically. Today, Chinese manufacturers can increasingly offer sophisticated CNC and multi-spindle systems at 30-40% lower total costs in most applications, putting serious and relentless price pressure on German and Japanese builders. China produced 37% of the world's machine tools in 2025, compared with 12% for Germany and 10% for Japan. These are the machines that make the machines and ultimately determine how much an economy can manufacture. China is the biggest player as of now and growing faster than anyone else in manufacturing high-end machining tools. Source, Daniel Jansson

Ammanichanda

38,188 просмотров • 16 дней назад