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DeFi proved the technology works. Now the bigger question: can it rebuild how credit, liquidity, and risk move through markets? At Summit, Stani, founder of Aave, will unpack DeFi’s next leap forward. Tickets: Stani founded ETHLend in 2017 before launching Aave in 2020, now one of the largest and...

36,967 просмотров • 1 месяц назад •via X (Twitter)

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🎙️New pod just dropped! I sit down with my old friend Stani, Founder of Aave Labs, to deep dive into Aave v4 and its biggest updates compared to v3. This is Ep. 1 of a new series where I analyze the evolving architecture of onchain lending markets and their impact on DeFi. Just as onchain spot trading evolved from p2p models like EtherDelta to pooled AMMs like Uniswap v2—and now to modular designs like Uniswap v4, built as lower-level protocols for sophisticated actors to run custom strategies without fragmenting liquidity—lending is following a similar path. ETHLend struggled to scale its p2p fixed-rate lending approach and lacked sophisticated actors building on top of the protocol to abstract this complexity. Aave v1 introduced pooled liquidity, making it easier for retail users to borrow and lend using the same strategy dictated by the Aave DAO. Now, Aave v4 marks a new phase: a modular hub-and-spoke design for deploying bespoke credit markets. 🧩 Hubs = Capital allocators that determine rates & provide credit lines 🛠️ Spokes = isolated, configurable lending strategies that draw capital from a Hub Use cases range from RWAs to fixed-rate credit to looped LP vaults (e.g., strategies pioneered by Arrakis on Uniswap v3 + MakerDAO). Critically, Aave evolves from a vertically integrated DAO—the sole allocator of protocol capital—into a permissionless platform where institutions (e.g., BlackRock) and DAOs can co-allocate capital alongside Aave itself. This is the beginning of a modular credit layer for all of DeFi. 🎧 Listen here: 📺 Watch here: 📖 Aave v4 proposal:

Hilmar

26,030 просмотров • 1 год назад

Everyone's watching #Bitcoin and #altcoins bleed and calling crypto dead. Stani Kulechov looked at what actually happened and saw the opposite: "DeFi is this machinery that just keeps working in the background, regardless of market cycles." Stani Kulechov (Stani) is the founder of Aave and one of the people who built decentralized finance into what it is today. He joined me to explain why, while everyone was distracted, DeFi quietly grew up: "We went from DeFi is experimentation, to DeFi protocols are the future, to DeFi protocols are making revenue. We did almost 150 million in net revenue." We cover: - Why DeFi survived the crash: hundreds of millions in liquidations processed transparently, in minutes, while the protocols kept generating revenue - Why in five years we won't call it DeFi anymore; "it's going to be on-chain finance, or just finance" - When banks start using DeFi themselves, and why every new entry point deepens liquidity for everyone - Why #Ethereum is lagging: the L2 scaling choice, the trilemma, and the privacy layer it still needs before institutions arrive - Why governments have no incentive to protect your privacy, "it helps them stay in control" - Financing abundance: how tokenizing real-world assets could fund energy, compute and robotics the way JP Morgan once funded the railroads Thanks to Stani for coming on New Era Finance Podcast. Thanks to OKX for being today's sponsor of the show. Make sure to use their €400 Deposit Bonus with the link in the comment tweet. Timestamps: 00:00 - Current State of DeFi 03:30 - DeFi's Evolution 09:03 - The Future of On-Chain Finance 12:37 - Aave V4 16:15 - Monad and High Throughput Solutions 17:54 - Ethereum's Role 21:22 - Privacy in Finance 23:42 - The Aave App 26:31 - Differentiating Aave 28:35 - Looking Ahead 30:48 - The Importance of RWAs in Aave's Strategy 31:59 - A Vision for the Future of Finance

Michaël van de Poppe

108,344 просмотров • 1 месяц назад

Risk oracles, automated systems that monitor and manage protocol risk onchain, are set to become a cornerstone of onchain finance. However, their reliability and design philosophy determine whether they actually reduce or introduce risk. When risk oracles fail to operate throughout volatile conditions, depend on poor-quality data, or lack transparency, they become a point of failure. Onchain finance needs infrastructure that’s neutral, transparent, and battle-tested under extreme conditions. That’s where the Chainlink Runtime Environment (CRE) comes in. CRE’s modular orchestration framework lets developers build highly-customizable and resilient risk oracle systems leveraging the industry’s most reliable infrastructure and highest-quality data. With CRE, protocol developers, DeFi risk managers, and risk curators can create risk oracle solutions that include: • Custom pricing logic to reflect complex instruments • Dynamic risk parameters to maximize efficiency and safety • Automated freeze or circuit-breaker functionality All built on verifiable, decentralized infrastructure. That’s why LlamaRisk chose CRE to power LlamaGuard NAV, a next-gen oracle integrated by Aave Horizon that prices tokenized RWAs using dynamic price bounds and advanced risk controls. In combining Chainlink’s proven reliability and neutrality with LlamaRisk’s expertise in protocol risk, LlamaGuard provides Aave Horizon with a transparent, automated risk management system designed for institutional-grade tokenized assets. This design separates responsibilities: • Chainlink provides the trusted infrastructure for secure data validation and workflow orchestration. • LlamaRisk configures the transparent, dynamic risk logic that runs on top of CRE. The result: a highly-reliable and transparent risk oracle solution that ensures neutrality at the system level and adheres to DeFi’s decentralization ethos. As Sergey Nazarov and Stani noted at SmartCon 2025, CRE-powered risk oracles on Aave Horizon bring together specialized experts to deliver transparent, verifiable, and robust systems for the next era of DeFi. Protocols that implement properly designed risk oracles have an inherent advantage by offering users stronger safety, more efficient markets, and better institutional alignment. Safer oracles = Safer DeFi.

Chainlink

32,106 просмотров • 10 месяцев назад

Do you want another ripple:native thesis on how Ripple is positioning XRP to modernize the whole financial system? Look at private credit. This is one of those markets most people never think about because it does not move like stocks, crypto, or even government bonds. A private-credit loan can be worth hundreds of millions of dollars. The borrower pays interest. The lender earns a return. The asset itself can be valuable. But there is one huge problem. It can be extremely hard to move. That is exactly what caught my attention in the Sandy Kaul and Anant Kumar discussion. Anant Kumar, from Benefit Street Partners, described the issue in a very simple way. Private credit has limited ownership. And it has almost no real secondary-market liquidity. A lender can originate a huge loan, but once that loan is sitting inside a fund, selling pieces of it is not as simple as selling a stock. That capital can stay trapped. Now imagine the same loan becoming digital. Not changing the economics of the loan. Not changing who the borrower is. Not changing who remains lender of record. Just changing how ownership can be represented. Instead of one giant $100M position sitting inside one structure, that loan could be represented as millions of smaller digital interests. Suddenly something that was hard to divide becomes divisible. Something that barely traded could potentially develop a secondary market. Something trapped inside one fund could become easier to distribute among approved investors. That is the part people should focus on. Because this is not some random idea coming from crypto Twitter. Sandy Kaul is Head of Digital Assets and Innovation at Franklin Templeton. Franklin Templeton manages roughly $1.78T. Anant Kumar is from Benefit Street Partners. And Franklin Templeton itself just closed a $1.5B Collateralized Fund Obligation tied to private equity secondaries and U.S. middle-market direct lending through Benefit Street Partners. So when they are talking about the problem of private-credit liquidity, they are talking about a market they actually operate inside. And this is where my ripple:native thesis gets much bigger. Because XRP Ledger is being built around the exact same problem. Not just payments. Not just moving stablecoins. Credit. Liquidity. Tokenized ownership. Secondary markets. Institutional lending. Collateral. That is what starts connecting everything. Private credit is already one of the largest categories inside tokenized real-world assets. Franklin Templeton’s own research says tokenized RWAs grew from around $5B in 2023 to more than $25B by early 2026. Private credit, Treasuries and real estate make up a major part of that growth. That tells me something important. Wall Street is not only tokenizing cash. It is beginning to tokenize assets that traditionally sit in some of the least liquid corners of finance. And private credit may be one of the biggest opportunities because liquidity is exactly where the pain is. Now look at XRPL. In 2025, VERT launched structured-credit infrastructure using XRP Ledger and its EVM sidechain. Its first live transaction was a BRL 700M Agribusiness Receivables Certificate. Roughly $130M. That is real structured credit. Recorded through infrastructure using XRPL. So when I hear Sandy Kaul and Anant Kumar talking about tokenizing private loans, I do not have to imagine whether XRPL could ever touch this market. It already has. That is only the beginning of the setup. The bigger piece is what Ripple is building directly into the network. The XRPL Lending Protocol. This is where everything starts making sense. Ripple has been very clear about the next stage of tokenization. Putting an asset onchain is not enough. A Treasury token sitting in a wallet is still just an asset sitting in a wallet. A private-credit token sitting in a wallet is still just a loan represented digitally. The real transformation happens when those assets can enter functioning capital markets. Borrowing. Lending. Liquidity. Collateral. Credit. That is exactly where the XRPL Lending Protocol is headed. Ripple explicitly names private credit among the assets that can move into this infrastructure, alongside Treasuries, money-market funds, stablecoins and commodities. That is a huge detail. Because private credit is not some side use case Ripple accidentally fits. It is literally one of the categories they are building around. Now add XLS-65. The Single Asset Vault design. This allows assets from multiple depositors to be pooled into one onchain vault. And that vault can hold XRP. Trust-line tokens. Or Multi-Purpose Tokens. Think about what that means in plain English. Today, one large institution may have to fund a giant private loan. Tomorrow, capital can potentially be pooled digitally. Thousands of approved investors contribute. The capital sits inside a common structure. A loan gets funded. The returns flow back through that structure. That is extremely close to what Anant Kumar is talking about when he says one loan could be split into smaller pieces. Now add XLS-66. The Lending Protocol. Fixed-term, uncollateralized lending. Credit underwriting stays offchain. The actual loan can be created and managed onchain. That detail matters more than people realize. Private credit is not anonymous DeFi. The borrower is evaluated. Creditworthiness matters. Interest matters. Terms matter. Default matters. Underwriting matters. XRPL is not trying to throw away that traditional credit process. It is trying to put the financial infrastructure around it onchain. That is why this feels much more institutional than a normal crypto lending protocol. And then you get to the liquidity problem. This is where Anant Kumar’s point becomes the whole thesis. Private-credit loans barely trade. If investors want redemptions, funds can have a problem. The assets may be good. The borrowers may be paying. But there may not be a deep market to sell into. That is trapped capital. Tokenization attacks that directly. Imagine one $100M private loan. Instead of treating it as one huge block, it becomes millions of smaller digital interests. Approved institutions can own pieces. Funds can rebalance. Banks can distribute exposure. Ownership can move without the whole loan changing hands as one giant object. Now put those interests on XRPL. They can be issued digitally. Held digitally. Transferred digitally. Settled digitally. Traded inside controlled markets. Used inside lending infrastructure. That is a completely different market structure. And XRPL is also building the control layer institutions need. Permissioned Domains. Permissioned DEXes. Credentials. Deep Freeze. Confidential Transfers. This is important because a bank is not going to take a $500M private-credit position and make it freely available to every random wallet in the world. Institutions need to control who can hold these assets. Who can trade them. Which jurisdiction they come from. Whether they satisfy eligibility rules. XRPL is being built for exactly that. You can have public blockchain infrastructure while still creating controlled markets where only approved participants transact. That solves one of the biggest objections banks have to permissionless finance. They do not need to choose between old closed systems and completely open anonymous markets. They can have digital assets with institutional rules built around them. That is where Permissioned DEXes become powerful. Imagine a tokenized private loan. Only approved investors can trade it. The loan still exists. The lender still exists. The borrower still exists. But now there is a secondary market. A fund needs liquidity? It can sell part of the position. Another institution wants exposure? It can buy a smaller piece. The market no longer depends on one giant bilateral transfer. That is how tokenization can start unlocking liquidity. And the more I look at this, the more I think ripple:native is being positioned for a much bigger role than people realize. Because every new tokenized asset creates another liquidity problem. Private credit token A. Private credit token B. Treasuries. Money-market funds. Stablecoins. Commercial paper. Tokenized deposits. Fund interests. Every asset needs somewhere to trade. Every institution needs somewhere to move value. Every market needs liquidity. You cannot have deep direct markets between every possible pair. That is where a common bridge asset becomes valuable. Private-credit token → ripple:native → RLUSD. RLUSD → ripple:native → another private-credit token. A European institution holds EUR liquidity and wants a U.S. private-credit position. EUR liquidity → ripple:native → RLUSD → tokenized credit. A fund wants to exit one credit position and move into another. Credit token A → ripple:native → RLUSD → credit token B. The more markets appear, the more possible routes exist. And the value of a common liquid bridge increases with the number of things it can connect. That is the part I think people still underestimate. ripple:native does not need every private-credit transaction to use XRP. It needs XRP to become useful wherever direct liquidity is weak. If XRPL becomes home to hundreds or thousands of tokenized credit instruments, there will always be fragmented liquidity somewhere. That is where deep XRP markets become valuable. Now add another piece that gets almost no attention. XRP itself can sit inside XLS-65 vault infrastructure. So XRP does not only have a potential role as bridge liquidity. It can also become pooled capital. That creates a completely different path. XRP goes into a vault. Vault capital gets pooled. The lending infrastructure uses that capital. Borrowers receive credit. Interest flows back through the structure. Now XRP is not just moving between markets. It is potentially sitting inside the capital base of the credit market itself. That is where the phrase “XRP utility is growing across payments, liquidity and credit markets” starts to make much more sense. Those are three completely different engines. Payments move value. Liquidity connects assets. Credit makes capital productive. Ripple is building around all three. Then you have ZILO and Licuido. Ripple invested in both to expand regulated transfer agency, tokenized issuance and collateral mobility on XRPL. That matters because a private-credit market is not just about issuing a token. Someone has to manage ownership records. Transfers. Servicing. Restrictions. Collateral. Secondary transactions. Settlement. If Ripple keeps adding these pieces, XRPL starts looking less like a blockchain with tokens on it and more like an operating system for financial assets. That is why Sandy Kaul’s broader thinking matters too. She has argued that blockchain is moving toward becoming a universal liquidity layer. Stablecoins. Tokenized cash. Lending. Collateral. Those are exactly the pieces appearing around XRPL. And I think private credit could be where this becomes impossible to ignore. Because the pain is so obvious. Imagine owning a valuable asset you cannot easily sell. That is private credit today. Imagine a fund holding billions in loans that barely trade. The assets are generating income. But if investors suddenly want cash, the fund cannot just tap a button and sell a fraction instantly. That is a huge weakness. Tokenization changes the unit of ownership. XRPL changes the infrastructure around that ownership. Permissioned markets change who can trade it. Lending turns those assets into productive capital. ripple:native can connect the liquidity between everything. That is the full setup. And now take it to the bullish extreme. Imagine private-credit managers start tokenizing at scale. A $500M fund does not hold 50 giant, isolated loan positions anymore. Each one becomes digitally represented. A $100M loan becomes 100M digital units worth $1 each. Approved investors can own smaller pieces. Funds can rebalance positions instead of selling whole loans. Banks can distribute exposure. Family offices can participate. Institutions can move capital without waiting for one buyer willing to absorb the entire block. Now imagine those assets living on XRPL. A fund wants to raise liquidity. It sells tokenized interests through a Permissioned DEX. Another approved institution takes the other side. Settlement happens digitally. RLUSD provides the dollar liquidity. XRP can bridge where direct liquidity is thin. The fund gets cash. The buyer gets credit exposure. The loan keeps performing. Nothing has to be dismantled. That is a much more efficient market. Then lending infrastructure goes live. An institution holds $200M of tokenized private credit. It does not want to sell. It wants liquidity. Instead of exiting the position, it uses that asset inside XRPL credit infrastructure. Capital gets unlocked. The institution receives liquidity. Moves into RLUSD. Then routes part of that capital through XRP into EUR. Now look at what XRP is sitting between. Private credit. Stablecoin liquidity. FX. Lending. Collateral. Global settlement. That is not a small use case. Now scale it. $100B of private credit on XRPL. Then $500B. Then $1T. Thousands of tokenized loans. Thousands of institutions. Loans constantly being issued. Traded. Financed. Pledged. Refinanced. Settled. Each new asset adds another market. Each new market needs liquidity. Each new participant creates another flow. And a common liquid bridge becomes more valuable as the network gets more complex. That is where ripple:native can become institutional credit-market liquidity. Not just a payment token. Not just a crypto trade. Liquidity sitting underneath a digital credit economy. And if that starts happening at hundreds of billions or trillions in scale, the XRP price conversation changes too. Market makers need inventory. Liquidity providers need inventory. Vaults can hold XRP. More XRP gets deployed inside financial infrastructure. The amount of financial value XRP markets have to support gets larger. If XRP is worth $1, $1B of XRP liquidity requires 1B XRP. At $10, it takes 100M. At $100, 10M. The higher the value of XRP, the more dollar liquidity each unit can represent. So if XRPL ever becomes a serious home for institutional private credit, the market may eventually have to price XRP around a completely different economic role. That is the thesis I keep coming back to. Sandy Kaul is talking about tokenizing private credit. Anant Kumar is talking about solving access and liquidity. Benefit Street Partners is operating directly in that market. Franklin Templeton is already deep in private markets. VERT has already put real structured-credit activity onto XRPL infrastructure. Ripple is building the Lending Protocol. XLS-65 can pool capital. XLS-66 can create fixed-term credit. Permissioned DEXes can create controlled secondary markets. Credentials can control eligibility. ZILO and Licuido expand issuance and collateral mobility. And ripple:native sits inside the liquidity and credit architecture. These are not separate stories to me anymore. They are all pieces of the same direction. Credit becomes digital. Digital credit becomes easier to divide. Divided credit becomes easier to trade. Tradable credit needs liquidity. Liquidity needs infrastructure. XRPL is being built for that infrastructure. And ripple:native can become part of the capital moving underneath it. That is why I think this private-credit conversation is one of the most underrated ripple:native theses right now. The endgame is not simply banks sending XRP across borders. The endgame could be XRP sitting inside a financial system where trillions of dollars of loans, Treasuries, stablecoins, funds and collateral move through the same liquidity network. That is a much bigger market than payments alone. And if Ripple gets this right, private credit may end up being one of the places where the world finally understands what they have been building. Remember this thesis when private credit starts moving onchain. If you understand where private credit is heading, you understand why I’m watching ripple:native.

X Finance Bull

16,025 просмотров • 16 дней назад

🚨 A MULTI-TRILLION-DOLLAR CREDIT MARKET IS MOVING ONCHAIN🚨 VS1 Finance is building the institutional standard on the $XRP Ledger while preparing live issuance under the NATIONAL BANK OF GEORGIA'S REGULATORY SANDBOX GLOBAL PRIVATE CREDIT IS PROJECTED TO REACH $4.5 TRILLION BY 2030. Now VS1 Finance has been selected by the XRP Ledger Foundation to build an open-source reference application for permissioned, compliant lending on XRPL. This matters because tokenizing a bond is only step one. Real capital markets need more: -The ability to borrow against that bond. -Pools where approved lenders can supply liquidity. -Rules for interest, repayment and defaults. Secondary markets where the asset can move instead of sitting frozen in one wallet. VS1 is combining XRPL Credentials, Permissioned Domains, Multi-Purpose Tokens, Single Asset Vaults and the Lending Protocol into one framework institutions can study, copy and build from. A company could issue a corporate bond on XRPL. Verified investors could hold it. The bond could enter a compliant market. Its owner could potentially use it inside an underwritten credit facility instead of selling it. That is how tokenized assets become productive capital. Georgia’s central bank has already opened a regulatory sandbox for tokenized bonds, and VS1 is preparing bond issuance infrastructure for the region. The lending amendments still require validator approval. But the direction is clear. XRPL is expanding from moving money into issuing assets, managing liquidity and executing credit. Every transaction requires XRP for fees. XRP can also bridge assets through XRPL’s native exchange when it provides the most efficient route. The ledger does not need to capture the entire $4.5T market. Even a small share could bring a completely different level of assets, liquidity and institutional activity to XRPL. That is why I believe the market is still underpricing what is being built around $XRP.

X Finance Bull

11,462 просмотров • 1 месяц назад

EXCLUSIVE: Morpho 🦋 CEO Paul Frambot 🦋 on how Morpho Midnight is new infrastructure for institutional private credit. This week, Morpho launched Midnight, which enables fixed-rate, fixed-term onchain lending, starting with one cbBTC/USDC market on Base across multiple maturities. This is unlike most DeFi today, where protocols like Aave and Compound set your risk, rate, and term using their formulas. This is not ideal for large institutions with their own risk appetite. Morpho 🦋 Midnight hands risk, rate AND term to the open market, so investors can set their risk appetite, and borrowers can apply to meet that in the marketplace. Lending on Midnight means buying a claim on future cashflows, where you pay 0.95 today, receive 1.00 at maturity. The difference (discount) is your rate as a lender. That's exactly how a zero-coupon bond works, the primitive bond markets are built on. Some other nuances that came out in the interview Prior fixed-rate protocols split liquidity into a pool per maturity, so markets stayed thin and most died. This is how a bond desk runs a book. Morpho aims to ensure liquidity isn't fragmented into individual pools. It offers source funds only at fill, and one balance sheet can quote fixed rates across all maturities at once. So you quote once in many places. The fees are capped in the code with settlement at 50bps a year, a lender fee at 1%, and governance can *never* raise them. Infrastructure that can't reprice you is infrastructure a treasurer can underwrite. Wall St is coming to these DeFi protocols For example, Apollo (roughly $940bn AUM) is contracted to buy up to 9% of MORPHO supply over four years. So I sat down with Paul Frambot, Morpho's CEO, days after his most ambitious launch yet. DeFi lending reached tens of billions without a single maturity date. Now we find out what it builds with one.

Simon Taylor

12,173 просмотров • 1 месяц назад