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#FluorescenceFriday #Science #neuroscience Dendritic branches (green) in the mouse brain, studded with spines ("lollipops"), and myelin sheaths (pink tubes) that surround axons. Contacts between axons and dendrites called synapses facilitate communication between neurons. There are ~100 trillion synapses in the human brain, so collectively humanity has the same order... show more

Eric Betzig

3,670 subscribers

16,375 views • 2 years ago •via X (Twitter)

Science & Technology #FluorescenceFriday #Science #neuroscience

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BryanRoth2 years ago

@HHMINEWS Beautiful

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I’ve made this video as an intuition pump for the density of #synapses in the #brain. This volume ~ grain of sand, has >3.2 million synapses (orange cubes). Peeling them away leaves only inputs on 2 #neurons. Zooming in, we see the synapses localized to the dendritic spines. #b3d

I’ve made this video as an intuition pump for the density of #synapses in the #brain. This volume ~ grain of sand, has >3.2 million synapses (orange cubes). Peeling them away leaves only inputs on 2 #neurons. Zooming in, we see the synapses localized to the dendritic spines. #b3d

Tyler Sloan

394,839 views • 3 years ago

#FluorescenceFriday #neuroscience #bioart A minute sliver of some of the most complex matter in the known universe: a small subset of neurons (yellow) and pre- (blue) and post- (magenta) synaptic markers over 75 x 100 x 125 um in layers IV-V of the mouse primary somatosensory cortex, as seen by combined expansion and lattice light sheet microscopy (ExLLSM): The first six seconds show all pre/post synaptic pairs, the remainder shows only those pairs associated with the small subset of labeled dendritic spines. An insanely complicated computational machine.

#FluorescenceFriday #neuroscience #bioart A minute sliver of some of the most complex matter in the known universe: a small subset of neurons (yellow) and pre- (blue) and post- (magenta) synaptic markers over 75 x 100 x 125 um in layers IV-V of the mouse primary somatosensory cortex, as seen by combined expansion and lattice light sheet microscopy (ExLLSM): The first six seconds show all pre/post synaptic pairs, the remainder shows only those pairs associated with the small subset of labeled dendritic spines. An insanely complicated computational machine.

Eric Betzig

17,484 views • 2 years ago

#FluorescenceFriday #neuroscience #neurodevelopment Axonal wiring of newly differentiated neurons stochastically labeled by Autobow in the spinal cord of a zebrafish embryo, 48-60 hours post fertilization, as seen by adaptive optical lattice light sheet microscopy

#FluorescenceFriday #neuroscience #neurodevelopment Axonal wiring of newly differentiated neurons stochastically labeled by Autobow in the spinal cord of a zebrafish embryo, 48-60 hours post fertilization, as seen by adaptive optical lattice light sheet microscopy

Eric Betzig

13,106 views • 2 years ago

In a fly's brain, there are some 140,000 neurons that connect via 54.5 million synapses. Researchers have now mapped *all of them*. That and more of the best in Science Magazine and science in this edition of #ScienceAdviser: Vid: Tyler Sloan/FlyWire

In a fly's brain, there are some 140,000 neurons that connect via 54.5 million synapses. Researchers have now mapped all of them. That and more of the best in Science Magazine and science in this edition of #ScienceAdviser: Vid: Tyler Sloan/FlyWire

Christie Wilcox

130,824 views • 1 year ago

Every moment we remember is encoded by changes in the synapses connecting brain cells. Now, in a mouse study in nature, our own @fpolleux and Attila Losonczy labs have for the first time imaged these synaptic changes as an animal forms memories. Learn more! #neuroscience #memory

Every moment we remember is encoded by changes in the synapses connecting brain cells. Now, in a mouse study in nature, our own @fpolleux and Attila Losonczy labs have for the first time imaged these synaptic changes as an animal forms memories. Learn more! #neuroscience #memory

Columbia University's Zuckerman Institute

17,177 views • 1 year ago

MICrONs is a big dataset that allows you to see the little details of brain cells in a whole new way. Get up close to the synapses between two layer 2/3 pyramidal cells (in green and purple) in this mesmerizing video by our #ElectronMicroscopy team.

MICrONs is a big dataset that allows you to see the little details of brain cells in a whole new way. Get up close to the synapses between two layer 2/3 pyramidal cells (in green and purple) in this mesmerizing video by our #ElectronMicroscopy team.

allen institute

12,449 views • 7 months ago

Organelle dynamics and sequential cell divisions for 200 time points at 44 sec intervals in the early zebrafish brain, 14 hours post fertilization. As seen by adaptive optical lattice light sheet microscopy:

Organelle dynamics and sequential cell divisions for 200 time points at 44 sec intervals in the early zebrafish brain, 14 hours post fertilization. As seen by adaptive optical lattice light sheet microscopy:

Eric Betzig

11,952 views • 1 year ago

Current robotics models really underscore how wildly efficient the human brain is. Robotics models are relatively small (low billions of parameters), are only storing a second of context, and doing 100ms inference steps. By contrast the human brain has 100 trillion synapses (roughly analogous to parameters), processes 24 frames per second, while considering hours of previous context. So how do we expect to get many order-of-magnitude improvements in robotics across all these dimensions (which are trading off against each other in terms inference compute) at the same time? And how do we explain what's going on in the brain? Is it more analogous to a software advantage or a hardware advantage? Full episode with Sergey Levine out now!

Current robotics models really underscore how wildly efficient the human brain is. Robotics models are relatively small (low billions of parameters), are only storing a second of context, and doing 100ms inference steps. By contrast the human brain has 100 trillion synapses (roughly analogous to parameters), processes 24 frames per second, while considering hours of previous context. So how do we expect to get many order-of-magnitude improvements in robotics across all these dimensions (which are trading off against each other in terms inference compute) at the same time? And how do we explain what's going on in the brain? Is it more analogous to a software advantage or a hardware advantage? Full episode with Sergey Levine out now!

Dwarkesh Patel

87,247 views • 11 months ago

BOOOM! “How 40 Hz Light and Sound Waves Could Halt Alzheimer’s”—MIT Groundbreaking brain research! In a series of papers starting in 2016, a collaboration led by an MIT lab has demonstrated that light flickering and/or sound clicking at 40 Hz (a technology called GENUS for Gamma Entrainment Using Sensory stimuli), reduces levels of amyloid-beta and tau proteins, prevents neuron death and preserves synapses and even sustains learning and memory in a variety of Alzheimer’s. This frequency is key to many other points of observations recently and through the past. We are seeing more and more elements where sound and light change the brain in material and repeatable ways. Link:

BOOOM! “How 40 Hz Light and Sound Waves Could Halt Alzheimer’s”—MIT Groundbreaking brain research! In a series of papers starting in 2016, a collaboration led by an MIT lab has demonstrated that light flickering and/or sound clicking at 40 Hz (a technology called GENUS for Gamma Entrainment Using Sensory stimuli), reduces levels of amyloid-beta and tau proteins, prevents neuron death and preserves synapses and even sustains learning and memory in a variety of Alzheimer’s. This frequency is key to many other points of observations recently and through the past. We are seeing more and more elements where sound and light change the brain in material and repeatable ways. Link:

Brian Roemmele

150,608 views • 2 years ago

Our latest work is out today in Science Magazine: a self-organizing system that models organizer-driven patterning and commissural axon guidance in human neural development. This was achieved with human midline #assembloids by combining floor plate and spinal cord #organoids from pluripotent stem cells. A key advance is the three-part configuration (a floor plate squeezed in between two spinal cords), which enables human axons to cross the midline (and the subsequent synchronization of activity between the two parts seen in the video below). This platform opens the door to many applications; here, we used it to screen and identify human-enriched midline crossing regulators. Work led by Massimo Onesto with Neal Amin

Our latest work is out today in Science Magazine: a self-organizing system that models organizer-driven patterning and commissural axon guidance in human neural development. This was achieved with human midline #assembloids by combining floor plate and spinal cord #organoids from pluripotent stem cells. A key advance is the three-part configuration (a floor plate squeezed in between two spinal cords), which enables human axons to cross the midline (and the subsequent synchronization of activity between the two parts seen in the video below). This platform opens the door to many applications; here, we used it to screen and identify human-enriched midline crossing regulators. Work led by Massimo Onesto with Neal Amin

Sergiu P. Pasca

10,345 views • 1 year ago

Women with anxiety do not show the same brain signatures as men. Female brains tend to display elevated high beta activity and asymmetric alpha patterns between the left and right prefrontal cortex. The system is operating in a state of heightened anticipatory vigilance. Male anxiety often presents differently. More subtle shifts in theta activity. Less visible. More computational. Different circuitry carrying the same burden. Same diagnosis. Different neurophysiology. Most neuroscience research still treats the brain as if sex differences are secondary. They are not.

Women with anxiety do not show the same brain signatures as men. Female brains tend to display elevated high beta activity and asymmetric alpha patterns between the left and right prefrontal cortex. The system is operating in a state of heightened anticipatory vigilance. Male anxiety often presents differently. More subtle shifts in theta activity. Less visible. More computational. Different circuitry carrying the same burden. Same diagnosis. Different neurophysiology. Most neuroscience research still treats the brain as if sex differences are secondary. They are not.

Louisa Nicola

31,570 views • 3 months ago

DIVINE MATHEMATICS Number One (1) is the Number of God. Everything is from Number. Number One (1) is the Number of Hydrogen. Your DNA is written in the Divine Mathematics of the Fibonacci Geometric Patterns/Sequences. Your DNA is written in Mathematical Number Patterns. That is why Science is filled with Calculations. Nature is written in the Fibonacci Geometric Patterns/Sequences. You do not need religion to know God. You need to understand the nature of existence from the angle of Science and Mathematics. Galileo Galilei, who deserves to be called the Father of Physics said thus how God created the Universe: "God created the Universe in the language of Mathematics" Everything in the Universe is Governed by Numbers. For this Purpose, Zero or Nothing or the Void is counted, not just as a Number, but as the Source of All Numbers. Zero or Nothing or the Void is mentioned in the Bible as early as Genesis because the Zero or the Void or Nothing is the Basis of All Numbers. In Genesis 1: 1-3 it is written thus: 1. In the Heaven and Earth. 2. And the Earth was without Form and Void; and Darkness was upon the Face of the Deep.... 3. And God said Let there be Light and there was Light. What follows are the 7 Days of Creation. Religion deceives and brainwashed the Masses that these are 7 literal Days. They're really about the Fibonacci Geometric Patterns/Sequences. Numbers govern the Chemical Elements that constitute the Universe, with Hydrogen being Number One to emerge from Zero and is the Same as the Zero with the Zero being the Darkness that was upon the Face of the Great Deep mentioned in Genesis 1:2. Number One became the Light which emerged from the Darkness. Without Darkness, there can be no Light. Everything is essentially a Mirror of the Same Thing. This is what is called Polarity. In other Words, Opposite Things depend on the each other in order to exist. Without Darkness, you cannot know what Light is. This is also represented by Gender, with the Female and the Male being diverse Forms of the Same Thing. The Hermetic Principles explain the relationship between everything in some details. In that regards, I suggest that you should look up the Hermetic Principles in the Kyballion. It is because the Numbers begins from Zero or Nothing or the Void that it is said that God made the Universe from Nothing. As already mentioned Number One is the Number of Hydrogen. The Hydrogen Atom permeates Everything in the Universe. It is because there is Hydrogen that there is a Material Universe. Hydrogen is Number One (1) on the Chemical Periodic Table. There is Nothing in the Material Universe that is not from Hydrogen. Hydrogen is the Basis of all Physical Existence. That is why Number One (1) is also the Number of God. The Sun and the Stars and Planets are All comprised of Hydrogen. Oxygen is constituted by the Thermonuclear Synthesis Hydrogen in the Nuclei of Stars. Hydrogen then COMBUSTS with Hydrogen to produce Dihydrogen Monoxide aka WATER. Your very being is literally powered by Hydrogen. As already indicated, Oxygen first came into Existence through Thermonuclear Fusion of Hydrogen Atoms in Stars. Stars are composed of the Hydrogen. Hydrogen is the Medium of Consciousness and Medium of the Material Universe of which we are an Intrinsic part. All of Nature is powered by Number One (1) aka Hydrogen. You're literally made of Hydrogen that has been transformed in Stars. The Sun, as a Star is composed of Hydrogen Atoms. The Circle which represents Zeros Nothing or the Void or the Darkness and also the Light represents the Hydrogen Atom. That is why the Sun and Moon are Circles. The Circle is the Basic Geometric Pattern. The multiplication of identical Circles create the Patterns and Sequences of the Flower of Life which is in All Indigenous Cultures. ✨🙌🏾💫

DIVINE MATHEMATICS Number One (1) is the Number of God. Everything is from Number. Number One (1) is the Number of Hydrogen. Your DNA is written in the Divine Mathematics of the Fibonacci Geometric Patterns/Sequences. Your DNA is written in Mathematical Number Patterns. That is why Science is filled with Calculations. Nature is written in the Fibonacci Geometric Patterns/Sequences. You do not need religion to know God. You need to understand the nature of existence from the angle of Science and Mathematics. Galileo Galilei, who deserves to be called the Father of Physics said thus how God created the Universe: "God created the Universe in the language of Mathematics" Everything in the Universe is Governed by Numbers. For this Purpose, Zero or Nothing or the Void is counted, not just as a Number, but as the Source of All Numbers. Zero or Nothing or the Void is mentioned in the Bible as early as Genesis because the Zero or the Void or Nothing is the Basis of All Numbers. In Genesis 1: 1-3 it is written thus: 1. In the Heaven and Earth. 2. And the Earth was without Form and Void; and Darkness was upon the Face of the Deep.... 3. And God said Let there be Light and there was Light. What follows are the 7 Days of Creation. Religion deceives and brainwashed the Masses that these are 7 literal Days. They're really about the Fibonacci Geometric Patterns/Sequences. Numbers govern the Chemical Elements that constitute the Universe, with Hydrogen being Number One to emerge from Zero and is the Same as the Zero with the Zero being the Darkness that was upon the Face of the Great Deep mentioned in Genesis 1:2. Number One became the Light which emerged from the Darkness. Without Darkness, there can be no Light. Everything is essentially a Mirror of the Same Thing. This is what is called Polarity. In other Words, Opposite Things depend on the each other in order to exist. Without Darkness, you cannot know what Light is. This is also represented by Gender, with the Female and the Male being diverse Forms of the Same Thing. The Hermetic Principles explain the relationship between everything in some details. In that regards, I suggest that you should look up the Hermetic Principles in the Kyballion. It is because the Numbers begins from Zero or Nothing or the Void that it is said that God made the Universe from Nothing. As already mentioned Number One is the Number of Hydrogen. The Hydrogen Atom permeates Everything in the Universe. It is because there is Hydrogen that there is a Material Universe. Hydrogen is Number One (1) on the Chemical Periodic Table. There is Nothing in the Material Universe that is not from Hydrogen. Hydrogen is the Basis of all Physical Existence. That is why Number One (1) is also the Number of God. The Sun and the Stars and Planets are All comprised of Hydrogen. Oxygen is constituted by the Thermonuclear Synthesis Hydrogen in the Nuclei of Stars. Hydrogen then COMBUSTS with Hydrogen to produce Dihydrogen Monoxide aka WATER. Your very being is literally powered by Hydrogen. As already indicated, Oxygen first came into Existence through Thermonuclear Fusion of Hydrogen Atoms in Stars. Stars are composed of the Hydrogen. Hydrogen is the Medium of Consciousness and Medium of the Material Universe of which we are an Intrinsic part. All of Nature is powered by Number One (1) aka Hydrogen. You're literally made of Hydrogen that has been transformed in Stars. The Sun, as a Star is composed of Hydrogen Atoms. The Circle which represents Zeros Nothing or the Void or the Darkness and also the Light represents the Hydrogen Atom. That is why the Sun and Moon are Circles. The Circle is the Basic Geometric Pattern. The multiplication of identical Circles create the Patterns and Sequences of the Flower of Life which is in All Indigenous Cultures. ✨🙌🏾💫

🧬Maxpein🧬

25,608 views • 1 year ago

Dr. David Sinclair says his lab at Harvard grew a miniature human brain in a dish. Then two small black dots appeared on its surface. They were eyes. These brains are grown from single human cells. They develop the same structures found in a full human brain... They even have measurable brain waves... And under a microscope, you can see calcium signals firing like fireworks. This indicates neurons are communicating with each other in the same way neurons in your brain are firing right now as you read this. After about a year, the firing fades and the brain loses function. Sinclair says when his team treats these aging brains with three "longevity" genes called OSK, the firing comes back on. They have also introduced Alzheimer's disease into these brains. Using the same three genes, it reverses. He says this technology is not limited to brains. His lab has reversed aging in the eye, liver, kidney, and skin. Every tissue responds to the same treatment. Now the first human trial is coming. — David Sinclair (David Sinclair) on Tom Bilyeu's (Tom Bilyeu) podcast PS. David Sinclair is speaking at SynBioBeta on May 6th this year, discussing the science of slowing and reversing aging. Tickets available in the comments below.

Dr. David Sinclair says his lab at Harvard grew a miniature human brain in a dish. Then two small black dots appeared on its surface. They were eyes. These brains are grown from single human cells. They develop the same structures found in a full human brain... They even have measurable brain waves... And under a microscope, you can see calcium signals firing like fireworks. This indicates neurons are communicating with each other in the same way neurons in your brain are firing right now as you read this. After about a year, the firing fades and the brain loses function. Sinclair says when his team treats these aging brains with three "longevity" genes called OSK, the firing comes back on. They have also introduced Alzheimer's disease into these brains. Using the same three genes, it reverses. He says this technology is not limited to brains. His lab has reversed aging in the eye, liver, kidney, and skin. Every tissue responds to the same treatment. Now the first human trial is coming. — David Sinclair (David Sinclair) on Tom Bilyeu's (Tom Bilyeu) podcast PS. David Sinclair is speaking at SynBioBeta on May 6th this year, discussing the science of slowing and reversing aging. Tickets available in the comments below.

John Cumbers

157,553 views • 4 months ago

NEURALINK CO FOUNDER: AI ISN’T COPYING US, IT’S FINDING THE SAME TRUTHS WE DID Max Hodak, a Neuralink co-founder, says something remarkable is happening between AI and neuroscience. The deeper researchers look, the more they see the same mathematical patterns emerging in machines that exist in human thought. Different systems, trained in totally different ways, are somehow ending up at the same destination. “There’s been this really interesting unification happening between what’s going on in artificial intelligence and what’s happening in neuroscience. A year or two ago, people thought these models were just glorified autocompletes or stochastic parrots, but that doesn’t seem to be the case. When you look inside these AI models, you see mathematical objects that look a lot like what you see in the brain. Different models trained on different data sets are converging toward the same underlying representations. That means these systems are learning something deep about the universe, the same things the brain has already figured out. It gives us reason to believe that AI is on the right track.” Source: Jon Hernandez Neuralink

NEURALINK CO FOUNDER: AI ISN’T COPYING US, IT’S FINDING THE SAME TRUTHS WE DID Max Hodak, a Neuralink co-founder, says something remarkable is happening between AI and neuroscience. The deeper researchers look, the more they see the same mathematical patterns emerging in machines that exist in human thought. Different systems, trained in totally different ways, are somehow ending up at the same destination. “There’s been this really interesting unification happening between what’s going on in artificial intelligence and what’s happening in neuroscience. A year or two ago, people thought these models were just glorified autocompletes or stochastic parrots, but that doesn’t seem to be the case. When you look inside these AI models, you see mathematical objects that look a lot like what you see in the brain. Different models trained on different data sets are converging toward the same underlying representations. That means these systems are learning something deep about the universe, the same things the brain has already figured out. It gives us reason to believe that AI is on the right track.” Source: Jon Hernandez Neuralink

Mario Nawfal

88,154 views • 8 months ago

My last post about being sick with #COVID19 attracted much attention, good and bad. For those who wished me well, thank you very much! I have already recovered my sense of smell and taste and am improving from Covid symptoms every day. For the denialists who took precious time of their lives to come to my post and say that the virus does not exist or that it is just a common cold, just a message: I directly see the virus in the brain using microscopy, and you can see it as well in the video I made below. Viral protein (red, viral nucleocapsid) is found mainly inside neurons (blue, neun) in the olfactory cortex. Glial cells such as astrocytes (white, gfap) and microglia (green, iba1( are attacking these infected neurons, trying to slow down the viral spreading across the brain. Although beneficial, this mechanism also generates more neuroinflammatory propagation, with additional collateral damage to the circuits besides the death of infected neurons. You can deny as much as you want that this is happening, but science is here clearly proving what is going on. Our first study was published last year: We are currently also looking at how vaccines can modulate this type of neuronal damage. So far, it seems that, although not able to prevent neuronal infection, vaccination reduces the neuroinflammatory response generated by the immune system in the brain. More to come soon! #FluorescenceFriday

My last post about being sick with #COVID19 attracted much attention, good and bad. For those who wished me well, thank you very much! I have already recovered my sense of smell and taste and am improving from Covid symptoms every day. For the denialists who took precious time of their lives to come to my post and say that the virus does not exist or that it is just a common cold, just a message: I directly see the virus in the brain using microscopy, and you can see it as well in the video I made below. Viral protein (red, viral nucleocapsid) is found mainly inside neurons (blue, neun) in the olfactory cortex. Glial cells such as astrocytes (white, gfap) and microglia (green, iba1( are attacking these infected neurons, trying to slow down the viral spreading across the brain. Although beneficial, this mechanism also generates more neuroinflammatory propagation, with additional collateral damage to the circuits besides the death of infected neurons. You can deny as much as you want that this is happening, but science is here clearly proving what is going on. Our first study was published last year: We are currently also looking at how vaccines can modulate this type of neuronal damage. So far, it seems that, although not able to prevent neuronal infection, vaccination reduces the neuroinflammatory response generated by the immune system in the brain. More to come soon! #FluorescenceFriday

Danielle Beckman

387,794 views • 2 years ago

Chase Hughes says we ARE living in a Simulation “Separation is the GREATEST LIE ever told to the entire world.” In a dream the house in front of you, the air between you and that house, and the distance itself are all made of the same thing: you. There is no real distance. Everything is recursive back to one point of consciousness. This is the same truth carried in the 7000-year-old Hermetic principle “All is mind. The universe is mental” and “As above, so below.” Quantum physics keeps confirming it. “You are nature. You’re made out of that dirt.” Psychedelics rewire the brain so fast they delete the illusion of separation. Everything you see is created by mind. No distance. No other. Just ONE. What do you define as real?

Chase Hughes says we ARE living in a Simulation “Separation is the GREATEST LIE ever told to the entire world.” In a dream the house in front of you, the air between you and that house, and the distance itself are all made of the same thing: you. There is no real distance. Everything is recursive back to one point of consciousness. This is the same truth carried in the 7000-year-old Hermetic principle “All is mind. The universe is mental” and “As above, so below.” Quantum physics keeps confirming it. “You are nature. You’re made out of that dirt.” Psychedelics rewire the brain so fast they delete the illusion of separation. Everything you see is created by mind. No distance. No other. Just ONE. What do you define as real?

Interstellar

38,313 views • 25 days ago

Vladimir Putin has been briefed on the results of his contacts with CIA Director Ratcliffe, Dmitry Peskov told reporters. Other statements by the Russian Presidential Press Secretary: 🟥It is premature to discuss the impact of the CIA Director's contacts with Russian intelligence agencies on resolving the crisis in Russia-US relations; 🟥There were no contacts between Putin and CIA Director Ratcliffe; 🟥There are currently no planned contacts between the Presidential Administration and the US; 🟥Ukraine is clearly losing the conflict, as the dynamics on the front clearly demonstrate; 🟥The Kiev regime is crumbling from within and is losing stability; 🟥The Kremlin declined to comment on domestic political events in Armenia, noting that complex processes are currently underway there; 🟥The Kremlin expressed hope that domestic political processes in Armenia will proceed in accordance with the law and that the rights of all participants will be respected; 🟥Putin will meet with Industry and Trade Minister Alikhanov today.

Vladimir Putin has been briefed on the results of his contacts with CIA Director Ratcliffe, Dmitry Peskov told reporters. Other statements by the Russian Presidential Press Secretary: 🟥It is premature to discuss the impact of the CIA Director's contacts with Russian intelligence agencies on resolving the crisis in Russia-US relations; 🟥There were no contacts between Putin and CIA Director Ratcliffe; 🟥There are currently no planned contacts between the Presidential Administration and the US; 🟥Ukraine is clearly losing the conflict, as the dynamics on the front clearly demonstrate; 🟥The Kiev regime is crumbling from within and is losing stability; 🟥The Kremlin declined to comment on domestic political events in Armenia, noting that complex processes are currently underway there; 🟥The Kremlin expressed hope that domestic political processes in Armenia will proceed in accordance with the law and that the rights of all participants will be respected; 🟥Putin will meet with Industry and Trade Minister Alikhanov today.

Military Summary

35,833 views • 1 day ago