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Gravity makes things orbit...but what happens when the mass distribution itself is rotating and dragging phase space into resonances and chaos? In this scene we follow tens of thousands of stars in a toy barred galaxy: a flat disc with a central mass and a rotating bar of extra...

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Mathelirium

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When gravitational potential rotates, it can lock onto an orbit’s phase and start rearranging motion. Order can turn into visible structure, and structure can slide into chaos, without any collisions or extra bodies. This is a toy barred galaxy...a softened central potential plus a rotating bar-shaped overdensity. The bar's angle sways and wobbles, and its strength breathes over time, so the force field keeps changing.
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When gravitational potential rotates, it can lock onto an orbit’s phase and start rearranging motion. Order can turn into visible structure, and structure can slide into chaos, without any collisions or extra bodies. This is a toy barred galaxy...a softened central potential plus a rotating bar-shaped overdensity. The bar's angle sways and wobbles, and its strength breathes over time, so the force field keeps changing.

Mathelirium

10,118 Aufrufe • vor 4 Monaten

We know gravity pulls things together in space...but have you ever seen what it does in phase space? In this scene we're not watching a blob of matter in x–space. We're watching a thin probability sheet in (x, v).... position–velocity space... being pulled by its own gravity. In the collisionless limit, Liouville’s theorem says this sheet can stretch, fold, and swirl, but never tear or change area. Collapse in x is "paid for" by stretching in v. Numerically, this is a 1D cold-dark-matter toy universe: a sheet of particles evolved under the Vlasov-Poisson system. We solve Poisson on a periodic line, get the self-consistent gravitational field, then integrate Hamilton’s equations so the sheet folds into a multi-layer spiral. The glowing filaments are where the sheet keeps revisiting, carving out dense caustics in phase space. It's gravity not as "stuff falling down," but as area-preserving origami in phase space. #Mathelirium #VlasovPoisson #PhaseSpace #Liouville #DarkMatter #HamiltonianFlow #ProbabilityFlow
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We know gravity pulls things together in space...but have you ever seen what it does in phase space? In this scene we're not watching a blob of matter in x–space. We're watching a thin probability sheet in (x, v).... position–velocity space... being pulled by its own gravity. In the collisionless limit, Liouville’s theorem says this sheet can stretch, fold, and swirl, but never tear or change area. Collapse in x is "paid for" by stretching in v. Numerically, this is a 1D cold-dark-matter toy universe: a sheet of particles evolved under the Vlasov-Poisson system. We solve Poisson on a periodic line, get the self-consistent gravitational field, then integrate Hamilton’s equations so the sheet folds into a multi-layer spiral. The glowing filaments are where the sheet keeps revisiting, carving out dense caustics in phase space. It's gravity not as "stuff falling down," but as area-preserving origami in phase space. #Mathelirium #VlasovPoisson #PhaseSpace #Liouville #DarkMatter #HamiltonianFlow #ProbabilityFlow

Mathelirium

47,586 Aufrufe • vor 7 Monaten

You're watching spacetime in motion...two spinning black holes orbit, twist, and merge, dragging the very geometry of the universe into a luminous storm. Their union births a single remnant that fires smoke-wreathed jet as gravitational waves ring the cosmic fabric itself. 🤩😍 #Math #Physics #Astrophysics #SciArt #MathArt
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You're watching spacetime in motion...two spinning black holes orbit, twist, and merge, dragging the very geometry of the universe into a luminous storm. Their union births a single remnant that fires smoke-wreathed jet as gravitational waves ring the cosmic fabric itself. 🤩😍 #Math #Physics #Astrophysics #SciArt #MathArt

Mathelirium

42,531 Aufrufe • vor 7 Monaten

A Hamiltonian system is a way of describing motion where position and momentum evolve together as one coupled system. The plot shows an energy landscape in phase space, with the motion of the system traced directly on top of it and projected onto the underlying phase portrait. #HamiltonianSystems #PhaseSpace #PhysicsSimulation #DynamicalSystems #MathematicalPhysics
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A Hamiltonian system is a way of describing motion where position and momentum evolve together as one coupled system. The plot shows an energy landscape in phase space, with the motion of the system traced directly on top of it and projected onto the underlying phase portrait. #HamiltonianSystems #PhaseSpace #PhysicsSimulation #DynamicalSystems #MathematicalPhysics

Mathelirium

35,744 Aufrufe • vor 1 Monat

We know gravity pulls things together in space… but have you ever watched it work in phase space? In this scene we’re looking at a thin probability sheet in (x, v) position-velocity space evolving under its own self-gravity. In the collisionless limit, Liouville’s theorem says the sheet can stretch, fold, and swirl, but it can’t tear and it can’t change area. Any collapse in x is paid for by stretching in v. Numerically this is a 1D cold-dark-matter toy universe: a sheet of particles evolved under the Vlasov-Poisson system. We solve Poisson on a periodic line to get the self-consistent gravitational field, then integrate Hamilton’s equations so the sheet folds into a multi-layer spiral. The glowing filaments are the places the sheet keeps revisiting dense, sharp caustics carved into phase space. Gravity here isn’t stuff falling down. It’s area-preserving origami in (x, v). #Physics #VlasovPoisson #PhaseSpace #Liouville #DarkMatter #HamiltonianFlow #ProbabilityFlow #Mathematics
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We know gravity pulls things together in space… but have you ever watched it work in phase space? In this scene we’re looking at a thin probability sheet in (x, v) position-velocity space evolving under its own self-gravity. In the collisionless limit, Liouville’s theorem says the sheet can stretch, fold, and swirl, but it can’t tear and it can’t change area. Any collapse in x is paid for by stretching in v. Numerically this is a 1D cold-dark-matter toy universe: a sheet of particles evolved under the Vlasov-Poisson system. We solve Poisson on a periodic line to get the self-consistent gravitational field, then integrate Hamilton’s equations so the sheet folds into a multi-layer spiral. The glowing filaments are the places the sheet keeps revisiting dense, sharp caustics carved into phase space. Gravity here isn’t stuff falling down. It’s area-preserving origami in (x, v). #Physics #VlasovPoisson #PhaseSpace #Liouville #DarkMatter #HamiltonianFlow #ProbabilityFlow #Mathematics

Mathelirium

16,437 Aufrufe • vor 5 Monaten

What happens when you take a polynomial and keep changing its coefficients every frame? You get a resonant root field in the complex plane where clusters, arcs and outer flares form, dissolve, and reappear as the system evolves in time.
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What happens when you take a polynomial and keep changing its coefficients every frame? You get a resonant root field in the complex plane where clusters, arcs and outer flares form, dissolve, and reappear as the system evolves in time.

Mathelirium

17,291 Aufrufe • vor 1 Monat

Erwin Schrödinger’s 1926 equation changed the game by turning Quantum Mechanics into wave dynamics. That move gave Physics a new way to think. Instead of forcing a particle onto one sharp path, it lets a complex wavefunction evolve in time, with its shape and phase holding the structure of the phenomenon. What makes this so striking is that Schrödinger’s equation does not start from vague mystery. It starts from a precise and daring idea The state of a particle is a complex field ψ(x,t), and the dynamics must push ψ forward in a way that preserves total probability.
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Erwin Schrödinger’s 1926 equation changed the game by turning Quantum Mechanics into wave dynamics. That move gave Physics a new way to think. Instead of forcing a particle onto one sharp path, it lets a complex wavefunction evolve in time, with its shape and phase holding the structure of the phenomenon. What makes this so striking is that Schrödinger’s equation does not start from vague mystery. It starts from a precise and daring idea The state of a particle is a complex field ψ(x,t), and the dynamics must push ψ forward in a way that preserves total probability.

Mathelirium

54,730 Aufrufe • vor 3 Monaten

The Elusive Concept of Time - Part II Pulsar Timing The first scene showed you Time as a local rate...clocks nearer the hole run slower, light gets redshifted, and spin drags the geometry around. This follow-up keeps the same idea, but turns it into a timing experiment. Instead of watching a clock face, we watch a receiver compare what arrives versus what flat space would predict. In the animation, the three small orange dots are the pulsars...orbiting emitters that flash regularly (in their own proper time). The larger white dot is the receiver sitting off to the side, and the little dark nub next to it is a tiny craft/antenna marker to make it feel like an instrument, not a star. When a pulsar lines up behind the hole relative to the receiver, the arrival times jump, because curved spacetime added extra delay and bent the path. #Physics #GeneralRelativity #PulsarTiming #BlackHoles #FrameDragging #Spacetime #Astrophysics #Time
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The Elusive Concept of Time - Part II Pulsar Timing The first scene showed you Time as a local rate...clocks nearer the hole run slower, light gets redshifted, and spin drags the geometry around. This follow-up keeps the same idea, but turns it into a timing experiment. Instead of watching a clock face, we watch a receiver compare what arrives versus what flat space would predict. In the animation, the three small orange dots are the pulsars...orbiting emitters that flash regularly (in their own proper time). The larger white dot is the receiver sitting off to the side, and the little dark nub next to it is a tiny craft/antenna marker to make it feel like an instrument, not a star. When a pulsar lines up behind the hole relative to the receiver, the arrival times jump, because curved spacetime added extra delay and bent the path. #Physics #GeneralRelativity #PulsarTiming #BlackHoles #FrameDragging #Spacetime #Astrophysics #Time

Mathelirium

55,826 Aufrufe • vor 5 Monaten

Earth orbits the Sun, and the Sun orbits the center of the galaxy... but what is the Milky Way itself orbiting? The Milky Way is not orbiting a single object. Instead, it is moving around a shared center of mass alongside the Andromeda galaxy. While most of the universe is being pushed apart by dark energy, the gravity within our "Local Group" is strong enough to pull these two galaxies toward each other in a slow "cosmic dance." This movement isn't a clean, circular orbit; it is a direct path toward a massive collision and merger that will occur in about 4 to 5 billion years.
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Earth orbits the Sun, and the Sun orbits the center of the galaxy... but what is the Milky Way itself orbiting? The Milky Way is not orbiting a single object. Instead, it is moving around a shared center of mass alongside the Andromeda galaxy. While most of the universe is being pushed apart by dark energy, the gravity within our "Local Group" is strong enough to pull these two galaxies toward each other in a slow "cosmic dance." This movement isn't a clean, circular orbit; it is a direct path toward a massive collision and merger that will occur in about 4 to 5 billion years.

Cosmos Archive

47,427 Aufrufe • vor 4 Monaten

Phase Space Is the Real Stage of Dynamics. So, Stop Watching the Object and Watch the State. Ordinary Space tells you where something is. Phase Space tells you what state it is in. Position alone is not enough because you also need the variable that tells you where the system is trying to go. In the animation, the left panel shows the particle moving in Ordinary Space, while the right panel shows the same system as a moving point in Phase Space. For one degree of freedom, the state is (x, p) and as time evolves, that state traces a trajectory t ↦ (x(t), p(t)) Instead of thinking of a differential equation as just a formula, Phase Space lets you see it as a flow on the space of states. For this lecture we use ẋ = p ṗ = x − x³ with Hamiltonian H(x,p) = 0.5 p² + 0.25 x⁴ − 0.5 x² #PhaseSpace #DynamicalSystems #NonlinearDynamics #HamiltonianMechanics #Mathematics
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Phase Space Is the Real Stage of Dynamics. So, Stop Watching the Object and Watch the State. Ordinary Space tells you where something is. Phase Space tells you what state it is in. Position alone is not enough because you also need the variable that tells you where the system is trying to go. In the animation, the left panel shows the particle moving in Ordinary Space, while the right panel shows the same system as a moving point in Phase Space. For one degree of freedom, the state is (x, p) and as time evolves, that state traces a trajectory t ↦ (x(t), p(t)) Instead of thinking of a differential equation as just a formula, Phase Space lets you see it as a flow on the space of states. For this lecture we use ẋ = p ṗ = x − x³ with Hamiltonian H(x,p) = 0.5 p² + 0.25 x⁴ − 0.5 x² #PhaseSpace #DynamicalSystems #NonlinearDynamics #HamiltonianMechanics #Mathematics

Mathelirium

30,340 Aufrufe • vor 3 Monaten

Boost A Mass To Light Speed, And Gravity Becomes A Shockwave. The Aichelburg-Sexl Ultraboost is an exact solution of General Relativity obtained by boosting the Schwarzschild gravitational field toward light speed while keeping the energy finite.
0:30

Boost A Mass To Light Speed, And Gravity Becomes A Shockwave. The Aichelburg-Sexl Ultraboost is an exact solution of General Relativity obtained by boosting the Schwarzschild gravitational field toward light speed while keeping the energy finite.

Mathelirium

12,414 Aufrufe • vor 1 Monat

You're watching a Quadratic-Differential Teichmüller flow unfold. We drive the scene with a time-varying quadratic differential built from moving zeros and poles. Its log-magnitude sets the color, and its phase defines the horizontal foliation (the direction is half the phase). Then a Teichmüller stretch biases things along vs. against that foliation...so the surface deforms in a geodesic-like way. 🤩🤗🫠
1:26

You're watching a Quadratic-Differential Teichmüller flow unfold. We drive the scene with a time-varying quadratic differential built from moving zeros and poles. Its log-magnitude sets the color, and its phase defines the horizontal foliation (the direction is half the phase). Then a Teichmüller stretch biases things along vs. against that foliation...so the surface deforms in a geodesic-like way. 🤩🤗🫠

Mathelirium

11,938 Aufrufe • vor 8 Monaten

We often hear that machine learning models "learn patterns in data". But what does that actually look like in geometry? If you dropped a little elastic mesh into a cloud of points and let it learn, how would it fold itself to match the shape of the data? In this scene we watch a self-organizing map...a simple unsupervised neural model...learn the shape of a two-dimensional dataset arranged in a spiral arm. On top of this, we lay down a square grid of neurons whose weights live in the same plane. At the start, this grid is just a flat net floating across the cloud...it knows nothing about the structure underneath. Learning is a repeated game: pick a random data point, find the neuron whose weight is closest, and then nudge that neuron and its neighbours toward the point. Do this again and again, while slowly shrinking how far the neighbourhood influence spreads. #MachineLearning #ManifoldLearning #UnsupervisedLearning #NeuralMaps #GeometricML
0:59

We often hear that machine learning models "learn patterns in data". But what does that actually look like in geometry? If you dropped a little elastic mesh into a cloud of points and let it learn, how would it fold itself to match the shape of the data? In this scene we watch a self-organizing map...a simple unsupervised neural model...learn the shape of a two-dimensional dataset arranged in a spiral arm. On top of this, we lay down a square grid of neurons whose weights live in the same plane. At the start, this grid is just a flat net floating across the cloud...it knows nothing about the structure underneath. Learning is a repeated game: pick a random data point, find the neuron whose weight is closest, and then nudge that neuron and its neighbours toward the point. Do this again and again, while slowly shrinking how far the neighbourhood influence spreads. #MachineLearning #ManifoldLearning #UnsupervisedLearning #NeuralMaps #GeometricML

Mathelirium

139,588 Aufrufe • vor 7 Monaten

A common misconception in physics is that gravity must be negligible at the quantum scale because its measured strength appears weak compared to electromagnetism and the strong nuclear force. However, this perception arises from considering gravity only in its weak field limit. Obviously, it will appear weak under such conditions, but the situation changes when we consider regions of high mass-energy density. For example, when examining strong gravitational fields near black holes, the force becomes immensely powerful. With this in mind, lets re-examine unification and gravity at the quantum scale: Following our holographic mass solution, elementary particles like protons are found to be microscopic Schwarzschild black holes and their mass-energy density is sufficient to create a gravitational curvature equivalent to the strong nuclear force. The vacuum energy density of space provides enough energy to maintain these structures through Planck-scale dynamics, preventing their rapid evaporation via Hawking radiation, so they are ultra-stable. These discoveries, expounded in our studies like The Origin of Mass and the Nature of Gravity, available to download for free on CERN's Zenodo preprint server-🔗 -demonstrate that what we observe as distinct fundamental forces are in fact manifestations of a unified force operating at different scales, where quantum vacuum fluctuations significantly curve spacetime (the curvature being gravity) with the resulting encapsulation generating screening effects that modulate the apparent strength of gravity from its fundamental high-energy state, which results in nuclear confinement forces, to its familiar weak-field behavior that appears as regular Newtonian gravity.
0:30

A common misconception in physics is that gravity must be negligible at the quantum scale because its measured strength appears weak compared to electromagnetism and the strong nuclear force. However, this perception arises from considering gravity only in its weak field limit. Obviously, it will appear weak under such conditions, but the situation changes when we consider regions of high mass-energy density. For example, when examining strong gravitational fields near black holes, the force becomes immensely powerful. With this in mind, lets re-examine unification and gravity at the quantum scale: Following our holographic mass solution, elementary particles like protons are found to be microscopic Schwarzschild black holes and their mass-energy density is sufficient to create a gravitational curvature equivalent to the strong nuclear force. The vacuum energy density of space provides enough energy to maintain these structures through Planck-scale dynamics, preventing their rapid evaporation via Hawking radiation, so they are ultra-stable. These discoveries, expounded in our studies like The Origin of Mass and the Nature of Gravity, available to download for free on CERN's Zenodo preprint server-🔗 -demonstrate that what we observe as distinct fundamental forces are in fact manifestations of a unified force operating at different scales, where quantum vacuum fluctuations significantly curve spacetime (the curvature being gravity) with the resulting encapsulation generating screening effects that modulate the apparent strength of gravity from its fundamental high-energy state, which results in nuclear confinement forces, to its familiar weak-field behavior that appears as regular Newtonian gravity.

Nassim Haramein

19,882 Aufrufe • vor 1 Jahr

We often hear that Machine Learning models learn patterns in data. But what does that look like in geometry? Picture dropping an elastic mesh into a cloud of points and letting it adapt. How would it bend, stretch, and settle so it matches the shape hiding in the data? In this scene we watch a self-organizing map(SOM)...a classic unsupervised neural model...learn a 2D dataset arranged like a spiral arm. Over the points we place a square grid of neurons whose weights live in the same plane. At the start it’s just a flat net drifting across the cloud. No clue what the structure is. Fir the SOM, learning is a repeated game: Pick a random data point, find the neuron whose weight is closest, then nudge that neuron and its neighbours toward the point. Repeat, repeat, repeat...while gradually shrinking how wide the neighbourhood influence spreads. The result is satisfying...the grid stops being a grid and turns into a coordinate sheet wrapped onto the spiral. #MachineLearning #ManifoldLearning #UnsupervisedLearning #NeuralMaps #GeometricML #SelfOrganizingMap #Topology
0:59

We often hear that Machine Learning models learn patterns in data. But what does that look like in geometry? Picture dropping an elastic mesh into a cloud of points and letting it adapt. How would it bend, stretch, and settle so it matches the shape hiding in the data? In this scene we watch a self-organizing map(SOM)...a classic unsupervised neural model...learn a 2D dataset arranged like a spiral arm. Over the points we place a square grid of neurons whose weights live in the same plane. At the start it’s just a flat net drifting across the cloud. No clue what the structure is. Fir the SOM, learning is a repeated game: Pick a random data point, find the neuron whose weight is closest, then nudge that neuron and its neighbours toward the point. Repeat, repeat, repeat...while gradually shrinking how wide the neighbourhood influence spreads. The result is satisfying...the grid stops being a grid and turns into a coordinate sheet wrapped onto the spiral. #MachineLearning #ManifoldLearning #UnsupervisedLearning #NeuralMaps #GeometricML #SelfOrganizingMap #Topology

Mathelirium

23,021 Aufrufe • vor 5 Monaten

Speech Carries Its Own Hidden Geometry in Phase Space Speech is usually shown as a waveform of amplitude changing in time. Phase-space reconstruction gives a different view by pairing the signal with a delayed version of itself, so the voice is seen as a path rather than just a trace. On the left is the raw sound signal. On the right is the geometric structure formed by rhythm, syllables, and emphasis as the voice unfolds. * Real human speech data from the public GitHub repository voxserv/audio_quality_testing_samples, using the 16 kHz file test01_20s.wav.
0:30

Speech Carries Its Own Hidden Geometry in Phase Space Speech is usually shown as a waveform of amplitude changing in time. Phase-space reconstruction gives a different view by pairing the signal with a delayed version of itself, so the voice is seen as a path rather than just a trace. On the left is the raw sound signal. On the right is the geometric structure formed by rhythm, syllables, and emphasis as the voice unfolds. * Real human speech data from the public GitHub repository voxserv/audio_quality_testing_samples, using the 16 kHz file test01_20s.wav.

Mathelirium

18,725 Aufrufe • vor 3 Monaten

This video has been a work in progress for a few weeks, but with the precarious situation we find ourselves in, we feel that now is the time to show the strength of Ospreys support. Here’s how far and wide we reach outside of Ospreylia with more to follow!
0:46

This video has been a work in progress for a few weeks, but with the precarious situation we find ourselves in, we feel that now is the time to show the strength of Ospreys support. Here’s how far and wide we reach outside of Ospreylia with more to follow!

Ospreys Supporters

28,196 Aufrufe • vor 5 Monaten

We often hear that Machine Learning models learn patterns in data. But what does that actually look like in Geometry? If you dropped a little elastic mesh into a cloud of points and let it learn, how would it fold itself to match the shape of the data? In this scene we watch a Self-Organizing Map (SOM), a simple unsupervised neural model, learn the shape of a 3D datasets l, one static and the other dynamic. On top of this, we lay down a square grid of neurons whose weights live in the same plane. At the start, this grid is just a flat net floating across the cloud. It knows nothing about the structure underneath. Learning is a repeated game: Pick a random data point, find the neuron whose weight is closest, and then nudge that neuron and its neighbours toward the point. Do this again and again, while slowly shrinking how far the neighbourhood influence spreads. Python code is available for Subscribers. #MachineLearning #ManifoldLearning #UnsupervisedLearning #NeuralMaps #GeometricML
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We often hear that Machine Learning models learn patterns in data. But what does that actually look like in Geometry? If you dropped a little elastic mesh into a cloud of points and let it learn, how would it fold itself to match the shape of the data? In this scene we watch a Self-Organizing Map (SOM), a simple unsupervised neural model, learn the shape of a 3D datasets l, one static and the other dynamic. On top of this, we lay down a square grid of neurons whose weights live in the same plane. At the start, this grid is just a flat net floating across the cloud. It knows nothing about the structure underneath. Learning is a repeated game: Pick a random data point, find the neuron whose weight is closest, and then nudge that neuron and its neighbours toward the point. Do this again and again, while slowly shrinking how far the neighbourhood influence spreads. Python code is available for Subscribers. #MachineLearning #ManifoldLearning #UnsupervisedLearning #NeuralMaps #GeometricML

Mathelirium

76,011 Aufrufe • vor 4 Monaten

The Elusive Concept of Time. Your instincts treat time like a background meter the whole universe shares. Relativity does not take time away, it forces you to earn it operationally. Events are points. Motion is a curve through them. A clock is not a metaphor, it is a worldline with a number attached to it. Two observers can disagree on which distant events are simultaneous, and nothing contradictory happens, because causal structure is still pinned down by light cones and invariants. Even in weak gravity the rule shows up. A clock deeper in a gravitational potential ticks more slowly relative to one far away. Near a compact object the difference becomes hard to ignore. Add rotation and spacetime itself picks up a twist. That twist is frame dragging, not a new force, just geometry telling you that time and angle are coupled in a rotating spacetime. In the animation You are watching a geometry lesson disguised as a black hole scene. The fabric is a visualization of the field shaping clock-rates and the paths light can take. The ripples are driven by local proper time, so their phase visibly slows as you approach the horizon. The accretion disk is lensed through Kerr ray tracing, and its brightness is pushed by redshift and beaming so the approaching side can flare while the receding side dims. Beacon points at different radii pulse at different rates, so you can see time dilation without any labels. The bead ring is a redshift tracer, with intensity scaled by a g³ proxy so deeper emission arrives weaker and shifted. The math breakdown Start with what a clock actually measures. Proper time τ is the accumulated time along an observer’s worldline. In special relativity, the invariant interval is ds² = c² dt² − dx² − dy² − dz² Along a timelike path, dτ = (1/c) √(ds²) = √( dt² − (1/c²)(dx²+dy²+dz²) ) If the observer moves with speed v, so dx²+dy²+dy²+dz² = v² dt², then dτ = dt √(1 − v²/c²) That is time dilation as geometry. The moving clock accumulates less τ between the same pair of events. Now add gravity. General relativity replaces the flat interval with a metric gᵤᵥ that depends on position: ds² = gᵤᵥ dxᵘ dxᵛ For a stationary clock in Schwarzschild geometry (mass M), the time component is g_tt = −(1 − 2GM/(rc²)) If the clock sits at fixed r (no spatial motion), ds² = g_tt c² dt², so dτ = dt √(1 − 2GM/(rc²)) Closer to the mass means a smaller factor, so the clock ticks more slowly relative to a clock far away. That is the rule used to drive the fabric phase in the animation. Now connect time to light. A gravitational field shifts photon frequency. Between an emitter at rₑ and an observer at rₒ, f_obs / f_emit = √( (1 − 2GM/(rₑ c²)) / (1 − 2GM/(rₒ c²)) ) For a far-away observer rₒ → ∞, f_obs / f_emit = √(1 − 2GM/(rₑ c²)) Deeper emission arrives redshifted. Lower frequency. Lower energy per photon. In the render, the disk intensity uses a Kerr-derived redshift factor g (clipped for stability). The bead ring uses a simple radiative proxy I_obs ∝ g³ I_emit to make that effect visible. Finally, why rotation looks like a twist. A rotating black hole is Kerr geometry. The key structural change is a nonzero g_tφ term, which couples time to angle. That coupling is frame dragging in equations. Near the hole, being stationary is not the same notion everywhere, because the local inertial frames are being pulled around the spin axis. So the moral stays clean. Time is not a universal substance flowing everywhere at one rate. It is what clocks accumulate along worldlines. Light cones constrain what can influence what. Invariants are what everyone agrees on. The rest is operational detail that only feels universal because our daily corner of the universe is slow and mild. #GeneralRelativity #Gravity #FrameDragging #BlackHoles #Spacetime
1:00

The Elusive Concept of Time. Your instincts treat time like a background meter the whole universe shares. Relativity does not take time away, it forces you to earn it operationally. Events are points. Motion is a curve through them. A clock is not a metaphor, it is a worldline with a number attached to it. Two observers can disagree on which distant events are simultaneous, and nothing contradictory happens, because causal structure is still pinned down by light cones and invariants. Even in weak gravity the rule shows up. A clock deeper in a gravitational potential ticks more slowly relative to one far away. Near a compact object the difference becomes hard to ignore. Add rotation and spacetime itself picks up a twist. That twist is frame dragging, not a new force, just geometry telling you that time and angle are coupled in a rotating spacetime. In the animation You are watching a geometry lesson disguised as a black hole scene. The fabric is a visualization of the field shaping clock-rates and the paths light can take. The ripples are driven by local proper time, so their phase visibly slows as you approach the horizon. The accretion disk is lensed through Kerr ray tracing, and its brightness is pushed by redshift and beaming so the approaching side can flare while the receding side dims. Beacon points at different radii pulse at different rates, so you can see time dilation without any labels. The bead ring is a redshift tracer, with intensity scaled by a g³ proxy so deeper emission arrives weaker and shifted. The math breakdown Start with what a clock actually measures. Proper time τ is the accumulated time along an observer’s worldline. In special relativity, the invariant interval is ds² = c² dt² − dx² − dy² − dz² Along a timelike path, dτ = (1/c) √(ds²) = √( dt² − (1/c²)(dx²+dy²+dz²) ) If the observer moves with speed v, so dx²+dy²+dy²+dz² = v² dt², then dτ = dt √(1 − v²/c²) That is time dilation as geometry. The moving clock accumulates less τ between the same pair of events. Now add gravity. General relativity replaces the flat interval with a metric gᵤᵥ that depends on position: ds² = gᵤᵥ dxᵘ dxᵛ For a stationary clock in Schwarzschild geometry (mass M), the time component is g_tt = −(1 − 2GM/(rc²)) If the clock sits at fixed r (no spatial motion), ds² = g_tt c² dt², so dτ = dt √(1 − 2GM/(rc²)) Closer to the mass means a smaller factor, so the clock ticks more slowly relative to a clock far away. That is the rule used to drive the fabric phase in the animation. Now connect time to light. A gravitational field shifts photon frequency. Between an emitter at rₑ and an observer at rₒ, f_obs / f_emit = √( (1 − 2GM/(rₑ c²)) / (1 − 2GM/(rₒ c²)) ) For a far-away observer rₒ → ∞, f_obs / f_emit = √(1 − 2GM/(rₑ c²)) Deeper emission arrives redshifted. Lower frequency. Lower energy per photon. In the render, the disk intensity uses a Kerr-derived redshift factor g (clipped for stability). The bead ring uses a simple radiative proxy I_obs ∝ g³ I_emit to make that effect visible. Finally, why rotation looks like a twist. A rotating black hole is Kerr geometry. The key structural change is a nonzero g_tφ term, which couples time to angle. That coupling is frame dragging in equations. Near the hole, being stationary is not the same notion everywhere, because the local inertial frames are being pulled around the spin axis. So the moral stays clean. Time is not a universal substance flowing everywhere at one rate. It is what clocks accumulate along worldlines. Light cones constrain what can influence what. Invariants are what everyone agrees on. The rest is operational detail that only feels universal because our daily corner of the universe is slow and mild. #GeneralRelativity #Gravity #FrameDragging #BlackHoles #Spacetime

Mathelirium

149,517 Aufrufe • vor 5 Monaten