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How to sketch a polynomial function graph. This is a 10th degree polynomial.

Math Magician

4,803 subscribers

21,811 görüntüleme • 6 gün önce •via X (Twitter)

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Manu profil fotoğrafı

Manu4 gün önce

@davidobrador M'ha fet pensar en l'activitat que ens vas fer a l'Arabat0!

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Ado_rabbit5 gün önce

这个不是高中学过的穿针引线法吗？

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This video, created by my dear coauthor Mahdi E Kahou for our teaching and papers, shows how overparameterized neural networks produce smooth function approximations even in the context of the Runge phenomenon. Some background. Imagine you want to approximate the Runge function using polynomial interpolation at equally spaced points. It is well known that, despite targeting an infinitely differentiable function, such a polynomial approximation produces oscillatory behavior that worsens with the degree of the polynomial. In other words, higher-degree polynomial approximations might not improve accuracy. Instead, approximate the Runge function with a neural network (here, two layers are just to make the example concrete; nothing fundamental depends on it). As you increase the number of parameters well above the 11 training points (in our example, a two-layer neural network with 128 nodes each), you nicely converge to the target, without wild oscillations. Yes, this has much to do with double descent and benign overparameterization, but the main punchline of this post is that neural networks are really very different types of animals than polynomial approximations. And yes, Chebyshev nodes and splines exist, and in this case, they will prevent the oscillations. But that's not the point. Chebyshev nodes and splines still confront Faber’s theorem, which states that for any system of polynomial interpolation nodes, there exists a continuous function whose sequence of interpolating polynomials diverges as the number of nodes grows to infinity. Faber’s theorem does not apply to neural networks because they are not polynomials. The notebook, if you want to check the details, is here: Stay tuned for more on this 👀

This video, created by my dear coauthor Mahdi E Kahou for our teaching and papers, shows how overparameterized neural networks produce smooth function approximations even in the context of the Runge phenomenon. Some background. Imagine you want to approximate the Runge function using polynomial interpolation at equally spaced points. It is well known that, despite targeting an infinitely differentiable function, such a polynomial approximation produces oscillatory behavior that worsens with the degree of the polynomial. In other words, higher-degree polynomial approximations might not improve accuracy. Instead, approximate the Runge function with a neural network (here, two layers are just to make the example concrete; nothing fundamental depends on it). As you increase the number of parameters well above the 11 training points (in our example, a two-layer neural network with 128 nodes each), you nicely converge to the target, without wild oscillations. Yes, this has much to do with double descent and benign overparameterization, but the main punchline of this post is that neural networks are really very different types of animals than polynomial approximations. And yes, Chebyshev nodes and splines exist, and in this case, they will prevent the oscillations. But that's not the point. Chebyshev nodes and splines still confront Faber’s theorem, which states that for any system of polynomial interpolation nodes, there exists a continuous function whose sequence of interpolating polynomials diverges as the number of nodes grows to infinity. Faber’s theorem does not apply to neural networks because they are not polynomials. The notebook, if you want to check the details, is here: Stay tuned for more on this 👀

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still on understanding zkSNARKs, how do we get from polynomial to proof?

still on understanding zkSNARKs, how do we get from polynomial to proof?

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You start with a plain old complex polynomial p(z) = a₀ + a₁z + … + aₙzⁿ. Instead of fixing the coefficients, you treat them as variables in a controlled experiment and modulate them. Maybe you draw each aₖ from some distribution, or you let them drift along a parameter path. Do that 50,000 times, say, and you no longer have a polynomial. You have an ensemble. For each realization, the goal is the same Find its roots. Instead of attacking p(z)=0 directly with something like fsolve, you rewrite the polynomial as a matrix problem. Specifically, you build its Companion Matrix. For a monic polynomial zⁿ + bₙ₋₁zⁿ⁻¹ + … + b₀ the companion matrix is an n×n matrix whose last column contains the coefficients (with minus signs), and whose subdiagonal is filled with ones. Everything else is zero. It’s sparse, structured and deterministic. The theorem that makes this worth doing is simple and beautiful The eigenvalues of the companion matrix are exactly the roots of the polynomial. So each polynomial sample becomes a matrix. Each matrix becomes an eigenvalue problem. And eigenvalues are something numerical linear algebra is very, very good at computing.

You start with a plain old complex polynomial p(z) = a₀ + a₁z + … + aₙzⁿ. Instead of fixing the coefficients, you treat them as variables in a controlled experiment and modulate them. Maybe you draw each aₖ from some distribution, or you let them drift along a parameter path. Do that 50,000 times, say, and you no longer have a polynomial. You have an ensemble. For each realization, the goal is the same Find its roots. Instead of attacking p(z)=0 directly with something like fsolve, you rewrite the polynomial as a matrix problem. Specifically, you build its Companion Matrix. For a monic polynomial zⁿ + bₙ₋₁zⁿ⁻¹ + … + b₀ the companion matrix is an n×n matrix whose last column contains the coefficients (with minus signs), and whose subdiagonal is filled with ones. Everything else is zero. It’s sparse, structured and deterministic. The theorem that makes this worth doing is simple and beautiful The eigenvalues of the companion matrix are exactly the roots of the polynomial. So each polynomial sample becomes a matrix. Each matrix becomes an eigenvalue problem. And eigenvalues are something numerical linear algebra is very, very good at computing.

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Polynomial division can look intimidating, but we can make this more accessible by drawing rectangles!

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The evolving lemniscates of a time-choreographed complex polynomial. *DM me if you would like to see the math framework...bots are killing me.

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The roots of a polynomial aren't just numbers, but a moving geometric field that reacts like a resonant surface in the complex plane. See the description for the animation below

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This is how you turn a matrix into a graph:

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This is obviously a sketch but it's terrifying how real it is.

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