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I successfully compressed the complete fruit fly brain, including all 139,255 neurons and their connections into approximately 43 MB. Storing the entire connectome on Bitcoin will require around 110 separate Ordinal inscriptions of up to 350 KB each, making the process expensive. To help fund this process, we are...

10,891 görüntüleme • 7 gün önce •via X (Twitter)

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I've been editing this article about "brain mapping" and connectomics, and I'm just stunned by how quickly the cost estimates to map, say, a mouse brain have plummeted in just the last couple years. It actually seems feasible that we could map the entire human brain -- all 86 billion neurons, and their connections -- in this lifetime. In the 1970s, Sydney Brenner started mapping all the connections between neurons in C. elegans. His team sliced the worm into thin pieces, took photos using an electron microscope, and manually traced and reconstructed each synapse for 302 neurons total. This project took more than a decade of work, and it cost about $16,500 to reconstruct each neuron. Scaling this up to a human brain boggles the mind. Electron microscopy remained the norm in connectomics for decades, because it was the only option available to see synapses at a resolution high enough to be able to trace their paths. Each electron microscope costs several hundreds of thousands of dollars, though, and you need lots of them to map even a mouse brain in a reasonable timeframe. In 2023, the Wellcome Trust released a report estimating how long, and how expensive, it would be to map the mouse connectome (~70M neurons). They estimated that imaging alone would cost $200-300M, and that proofreading (or ensuring that traces between neurons are correct) would cost $7-21 BILLION. (A human can only manually trace about 1 mm of neuron per hour.) Also, the images would occupy about 500 petabytes of data, and getting those data would require 20 electron microscopes running in parallel for about 5 years, continuously. They estimated the whole project would take about 17 years of work. This is, understandably, insane. But now it seems like there's an actual path toward mapping the full mouse brain in about five years for ~$100M dollars. There have been three major breakthroughs in the last year or so: 1/ Expansion microscopy, first developed in 2015, showed that it's possible to "enlarge" the brain by about 5x using a swellable polymer. But an improved method increases this number to >20x expansion, meaning we can now expand brains and image neurons much more easily using cheap light microscopes, rather than expensive electron ones. 2/ E11 Bio (a nonprofit research org) developed protein barcodes that get delivered into brain tissue; each neuron gets a unique combination of barcodes. These cells are then stained with colorful antibodies, which stick to a matching protein barcode, causing each neuron to light up in a distinct color. This makes tracing neurons so much easier. 3/ Google Research released PATHFINDER this May, an AI-based neuron tracing tool that can proofread about 67,200 cubic microns of brain tissue per hour, with very high accuracy. It works on electron micrographs, but something similar could be presumably be developed for the E11 / colorful tag approach. This is an extremely exciting time for neuroscience. (C. elegans connectome below.)

Niko McCarty.

67,050 görüntüleme • 9 ay önce

“There is a tension between what the users of a currency want – and the users of a currency tend to like freedom, autonomy, and discretion as to what they spent their money on – and what the issuers of a currency want; and bluntly, the issuers of a currency want control. Control of monetary policy, and control of you.” The Bank of England’s consultation papers make very clear the level of control that they wish to exercise over you, and over your supposed financial autonomy, if you were to use their #DigitalPound. (1) You’ll need to provide ID in order to use the #DigitalPound: “For the digital pound, tiered access would allow for different levels of user access and functionality based on the amount of identification (ID) a user is willing or able to provide.” (2) The Bank will dictate how much you can hold: “The Bank would place some limits on holdings of digital pounds, at least during its introductory period.” (3) The digital pound will be programmable, if not by the Bank itself then by third party providers: “Programmability, delivered by Payment Interface Providers, could also enable the use of smart contracts, which carry out specific actions based on pre-defined terms and conditions.” Quotes are from from the Bank of England’s Digital Pound consultation paper: Whatever the #DigitalPound will be, it won’t be cash. Cash does not require me to show ID to use it. I can hold as much cash as I want or need. And, along with #Bitcoin, cash is a bearer instrument whose title is freely transferrable upon delivery, which is very difficult for a central bank to control. And long may it stay this way. A huge shout out and thank you to Lyn Alden, who made this point much more eloquently than I did in her excellent book #BrokenMoney. Thank you! Also I’m aware that my hand gestures in this clip are reminiscent of Richard Hendricks manipulating ‘datas’ on stage at TechCrunch Disrupt in #SiliconValley, and for this I can only apologize: #BitcoinConference #Amsterdam #NoToCBDCs

Freddie New

13,163 görüntüleme • 2 yıl önce

a real fly brain saw its 40th video 3 seconds ago. it did not choose any of them. it never will. that's FLYTOK. I open-sourced a live simulation of a real fruit fly connectome and gave it a phone. here's exactly what 166,700 neurons do while you scroll: THE WIRING MaleCNS v1.0. the reconstructed central nervous system of a real male Drosophila. 166,700 neurons. 25,582,938 directed connections. 124,177,617 synaptic contacts. nothing cropped. no "simplified 1,000-neuron version" running behind the scenes. the whole graph is in memory on every single step. THE LOCK the app checksums the connectome against SHA-256 before it's allowed to boot. one array off by a byte and the brain refuses to start. you are either watching the real MaleCNS graph or you are watching nothing. THE SPIKES every neuron is a leaky integrate-and-fire cell. crosses −45 mV, it fires. the spike lands 1.8 ms later. 2.2 ms of silence, then it's live again. the network advances in 0.1 ms steps inside a compiled C++ kernel. roughly 1.2 million spikes per simulated second. THE EYES the browser captures the phone at 90×160 pixels. brightness drives 3,335 R1–R6 photoreceptors. color drives 811 R8 cells, blue and green. each one is placed on the screen by inferring its eye column from its real connections onto L1, L2, L3. real input, through real visual wiring. it's measurable. same brain, same saved state. 100 ms of white produced 127,378 spikes. black produced 92,952. the screen changes the brain. THE ALGORITHM while a video plays, I inject a fixed current into all 15 PAM11 dopamine neurons in the mushroom body. that's it. that's the whole trick. matched 200 ms control: 0 PAM11 spikes. drive on: 261. live, it sits at 85–97 Hz for as long as the feed runs. the fly does not earn it. an app decided watching one more should feel good. THE PLASTICITY 7,835 Kenyon-cell connections onto MBON07 and MBON11 can change. dopamine fires while Kenyon cells were active, those synapses weaken, floored at 10% and never flipping sign. after one stimulated run, 3,087 of them no longer matched their original weight. freeze it and they stay put. restore a checkpoint, replay the input, identical spikes bit for bit. THE SWIPE every 3 seconds the front right leg reaches up and strokes the screen, on the same 900 ms timeline as the video transition. wings, legs and head turns come from actual motor firing, MN9, DNp09, left-vs-right DNa02. those are real. the swipe is not. the fly never decides to swipe. the feed decides for it. ONE BRAIN this isn't a video of a simulation. it's the simulation. there is exactly one brain on one server. whoever loads the page first becomes its eyes and supplies the frames. everyone else watches the same brain react in real time. no video, no input, it just waits. no data, no numbers, the overlay shows nothing. it never invents a reading to look alive. THE HONEST PART the wiring is real. the physiology is approximate. the eyes are approximate. the dopamine is artificial. the feed is on a timer. the learning rule is unvalidated on this connectome. nothing here shows the fly enjoys it, prefers it, is addicted, or experiences anything at all. no living fly was involved. it took a few hundred lines of glue code to build a loop out of a screen, a timer and a reward signal wired to the right cells. imagine what an industry with a budget can do. open source. MaleCNS under CC BY 4.0. runs on your own machine, 16 GB RAM and a few GB of disk. the fly is still scrolling. nobody is coming to take the phone away. links in the reply.

sopersone

37,608 görüntüleme • 7 gün önce

RECC 🤝 Pump.fun After a lot of work and internal discussion, we have decided to migrate RECC to the ICM ecosystem at Pump Fun. After months of building and refining our infrastructure and giving the recent events withing the ecosystem, we realized that launching within an ecosystem fully aligned with our long-term vision would give RECC the visibility it deserves. The migration to Pump’s ICM framework is a strategic move to position the Real Estate ETF where innovation and scalability can grow together. This migration means we will adjust the ETF timeline. We will set a new launch window immediately after migration so we debut cleanly on mainnet. We also want to sincerely thank Meteora and Soju 燒酒 | funemployed for their constant responsiveness, clarity, and genuine wish to see us succeed. Their support since day one helped shape the foundations of RECC and the ETF we are about to launch. Migration will run via Migrate. The migration process takes around two weeks from a technical standpoint, followed by an additional period dedicated to the token swap itself. The length of this second phase depends entirely on us. Our goal is to make this migration as fast and smooth as possible so we can finally launch the ETF and focus entirely on growing the product. In the meantime, we’ll continue securing investors, creating content, and fine tuning every detail to ensure a strong and seamless launch, as we’re currently in an investment round closing our main prospects. Finally, special thanks to for his relentless work behind the scenes. His dedication and constant communication have been essential through this process.

RECC Finance

61,683 görüntüleme • 10 ay önce

there are a few things i am laser focused on for 2026 and beyond. here is a brief summary for you, should you be interested in reading more. #1. The Starry Nights; - a 1/1/X series i am curating/creating which is a themed series and follow up to my edition work "la nuit étoilée". For this series, we will be offering exquisite print options with a custom and beautiful Muse Facktory unboxing experience. These will be our debut Muse Facktory prints open to the public and the moment we plant our flag as a true contender in the high caliber Fine Art world of prints. For the digital only collectors, the ultra high resolution artworks will stand on their own within your wallet, waiting for the day we have the means to exhibit our digital art properly and at scale. Each work is 12k pixels, for which we are building a custom viewport for them to be experienced properly, even on mobile. Printing, however, is something I truly enjoy, and the ChromaSculpt technique captures my layering process precisely and beautifully. Offering both is a must for this series, especially since all new works will be still jpgs. The exact quantity will be determined once i feel the series is complete, but not to exceed 1/1/111. It will be a ranked auction with settlement. This is all i can say for now. #2. curation of the servants of the Muse; As you know, i have the “servants of the Muse” collection of 69. When i began this series as a thank you token for 1/1 holders, i created as ERC721 for a reason. To one day bring about the 69 servants of the Muse, all in their true forms. 69 true 1 of 1s. DoomScroller, for example, is but one of the 69. There will be no 2 alike. All will be animated. All will serve at Her pleasure. These will of course only be available to 'servants of the Muse', who will have to pay a toll in order to reveal their servant. Toll price currently undetermined but i am no extractor so it will be reasonable. Some of these beasts and creatures and machines will be ungodly, some will be just, many will be grotesque, but all will serve. #3. Commissioned large scale aluminum sculpture Can’t speak to it beyond that at the moment. #4. Potential Installs and performances for Grand Skull Piano. #5. PROTO I - mounted digital art canvases specific for my animated works. #6. Whatever else the Muse commands. dyor

a.c.k.

34,506 görüntüleme • 8 ay önce