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Introducing DoctorGPT! After applying fine-tuning, reinforcement learning, & compilation techniques to Meta's Llama2 model, I got amazing results: - Passes the US Medical Licensing Exam - Offline - iOS & Android - Open Source Code: Full video tutorial:

Siraj Raval

61,231 subscribers

450,368 views • 3 years ago •via X (Twitter)

Education Health & Wellness Science & Technology

Anya Rossi• Live Now

Private livecam show

9 Comments

Rowan Cheung3 years ago

Great work

Dwayne3 years ago

Finally, I can achieve my dreams of becoming a doctor and charging $300 for a band aid.

biccs👨🏽‍💻{3.LAND}3 years ago

Me: my head hurts DoctorGPT: you have cancer 💀

Abhinav Das3 years ago

A Doctor in my pocket!

Manish Patel3 years ago

Can't wait for @DrHughHarvey to see this 😬😱

Linus Ekenstam – eu/acc3 years ago

This is amazing work Siraj!!!

Lachlan Phillips exo/acc 👾3 years ago

.@elonmusk @lindayaX @X The features that make YouTube the best are: 1. Full screen button makes the video horizontal mode. 2. Video plays as audio in the background so you can do other things and listen. Please implement these! Xx

Izzy Brooks3 years ago

@wagieeacc 👀

AJ Keller3 years ago

Giving me so many thoughts!

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I've got Meta's LLama2 model running locally on my iPhone! The latency is prefill = 45.4 tokens/sec & decode = 6.5 tokens/sec. It's fine-tuned on medical data. Next step: Improve performance with RLHF & Constitutional AI. RT if you want me to open source code & video tutorial

I've got Meta's LLama2 model running locally on my iPhone! The latency is prefill = 45.4 tokens/sec & decode = 6.5 tokens/sec. It's fine-tuned on medical data. Next step: Improve performance with RLHF & Constitutional AI. RT if you want me to open source code & video tutorial

Siraj Raval

52,823 views • 3 years ago

Many people are flat wrong about DeepSeek. You might think everyone freaked out about DeepSeek because the model is really good—which it is—or because it was from China, which is also true. But there's a more subtle reason: DeepSeek showed they could achieve those results using reinforcement learning instead of supervised fine-tuning. In other words, they didn't need an expensive phase where a bunch of people tuned the model by answering questions. They were able to do all of this faster and cheaper using reinforcement fine-tuning. This is a huge deal! I recorded the attached video with the following goals in mind: 1. Explain how reinforcement fine-tuning works 2. Show you how you can fine-tune your own models 3. Walk you through a complete code example

Many people are flat wrong about DeepSeek. You might think everyone freaked out about DeepSeek because the model is really good—which it is—or because it was from China, which is also true. But there's a more subtle reason: DeepSeek showed they could achieve those results using reinforcement learning instead of supervised fine-tuning. In other words, they didn't need an expensive phase where a bunch of people tuned the model by answering questions. They were able to do all of this faster and cheaper using reinforcement fine-tuning. This is a huge deal! I recorded the attached video with the following goals in mind: 1. Explain how reinforcement fine-tuning works 2. Show you how you can fine-tune your own models 3. Walk you through a complete code example

Santiago

105,589 views • 1 year ago

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Vaibhav (VB) Srivastav

68,064 views • 2 years ago

You can now fine-tune Llama 3 without writing a single line of code! We are moving at breakneck speed. I recorded a video to show you how to fine-tune any open-source model in a few minutes. I'm using a GPT capable of taking a problem and turning it into a fine-tuned model that will solve it. You don't have to write any code. You only need to explain to a GPT what problem you want to solve and tell it you want to use Llama 3. For example, "fine-tune Llama 3" or "deploy zephyr." It feels magic. The system will recommend a dataset and fine-tune the model for you. I'm using Monster API, a platform that specializes in making fine-tuning and deploying open-source models easy and fast. Their stack is well-optimized to maximize fine-tuning efficiency using techniques like Q-Lora and vLLM. They are behind the GPT. Here is what you need to do: 1. Create an account at 2. Load the GPT with the link below This is as simple as it gets. When you are done, you can click a button to deploy the model and start using it. I have 10,000 free credits for anyone using the code "SANTIAGO" in the dashboard. You can use these credits to access, fine-tune, and deploy these open-source models. You can also keep up with their latest updates, and get free credits and special offers on their Discord server:

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Santiago

324,683 views • 2 years ago

Learn to train an LLM with distributed data while ensuring privacy using federated learning in a new two-part short course, Intro to Federated Learning and Federated Fine-tuning of LLMs with Private Data, created with Flower and taught by Daniel J. Beutel and Nicholas Lane. Federated learning allows a single model to be trained across multiple devices, such as phones, or multiple organizations, such as hospitals, without the need to share data to a central server. This two-part course gives you an introduction to federated learning, and then teaches you how to fine-tune your large language model with distributed data using Flower Lab’s open source federated learning framework. You’ll learn: - How to use federated learning to train a variety of models, ranging from speech and vision models to LLMs, across distributed data while offering data privacy options to users and organizations. - Privacy Enhancing Technologies like differential privacy (DP), which obscures individual data by adding calibrated noise to query results. - Two variants of differential privacy - Central and Local - and how to choose depending on your use case. - How to measure and decrease bandwidth usage to make federated learning more practical and efficient with techniques like using pre-trained models and Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning - How federated LLM fine-tuning reduces the risk of leaking training data. Sign up here!

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Andrew Ng

65,422 views • 2 years ago

New short course on Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback! RLHF is one of the key techniques that led to the rise of modern LLMs. It is used to align LLMs with human preferences, to make them more honest, helpful and harmless, by (i) learning a reward function that mimics human preferences, as expressed in human-provided labels, then, (ii) tuning an LLM to generate outputs that receive a high reward. In this course, taught by Nikita Namjoshi, Developer Advocate for GenAI at Google Cloud, you'll learn the details of how RLHF works, including how to apply it to tune an LLM for your own applications. You'll also use an open source library to tune a base LLM to align with human preferences expressed in a training set, and evaluate the tuned model by comparing its responses before and after RLHF-tuning. Please sign up here!

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Andrew Ng

205,647 views • 2 years ago

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Boyi Li

67,643 views • 9 months ago

How can you solve complex tasks using a Large Language Model? Here is a 2-minute introduction to everything you need to know to 10x the quality of your results. Let's talk about three techniques, in order of complexity, starting with the easiest one: • In-Context Learning • Indexing + In-Context Learning • Fine-tuning In-Context Learning The team that trained GPT-3 found something they couldn't explain: You can condition a model using examples of how you want it to behave. I included an example prompt in the attached video. You can "teach" the model how you want it to interpret questions, select the correct answers, and format the results by giving a few examples. You can also give specific knowledge to the model that will be helpful when formulating answers. We call this approach "grounding the model." There's another example in the video. Indexing + In-Context Learning Unfortunately, there is a limit to how much data you can include in a prompt. We call this the "context size." One version of GPT-4 supports a context of approximately 6,000 words, while the other supports 25,000 words. Although this sounds like a lot, many applications need more than that. Imagine you wrote a book and want to build an application to answer any questions about your story. What happens if your book is longer than the context? That's where Indexing comes in. Using a model, you can turn every book passage into an embedding. These are vectors, numbers that "encode" the passage's text. You can then store these embeddings in a particular database that supports fast retrieval of these vectors. You can then turn any question into an embedding and search the database for the list of passages that are similar to that query. Instead of using the entire book to ask the model, you can now use the relevant passages as in-context information, effectively working around the context size limitation. Fine-tuning Fine-tuning can give you an extra boost to get reliable outputs from your LLM. It is, however, the most complex approach on the list. There are different approaches to fine-tuning a model with your data. A popular technique is to process your data with your LLM and use the outputs to train a new classifier that solves your specific task. Notice that here you aren't modifying the LLM. Instead, you are chaining it with your trained classifier. Another approach is to modify the parameters of the LLM using your data. Think of this as "rewiring" the model in a way that solves your particular task. The results and costs will vary depending on how many layers you want to fine-tune from the original model. Many companies think that fine-tuning is the solution to their problems. In my experience, many will benefit from exploring the other two approaches. I love explaining Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence ideas. If you enjoy in-depth content like this, follow me Santiago so you don't miss what comes next.

How can you solve complex tasks using a Large Language Model? Here is a 2-minute introduction to everything you need to know to 10x the quality of your results. Let's talk about three techniques, in order of complexity, starting with the easiest one: • In-Context Learning • Indexing + In-Context Learning • Fine-tuning In-Context Learning The team that trained GPT-3 found something they couldn't explain: You can condition a model using examples of how you want it to behave. I included an example prompt in the attached video. You can "teach" the model how you want it to interpret questions, select the correct answers, and format the results by giving a few examples. You can also give specific knowledge to the model that will be helpful when formulating answers. We call this approach "grounding the model." There's another example in the video. Indexing + In-Context Learning Unfortunately, there is a limit to how much data you can include in a prompt. We call this the "context size." One version of GPT-4 supports a context of approximately 6,000 words, while the other supports 25,000 words. Although this sounds like a lot, many applications need more than that. Imagine you wrote a book and want to build an application to answer any questions about your story. What happens if your book is longer than the context? That's where Indexing comes in. Using a model, you can turn every book passage into an embedding. These are vectors, numbers that "encode" the passage's text. You can then store these embeddings in a particular database that supports fast retrieval of these vectors. You can then turn any question into an embedding and search the database for the list of passages that are similar to that query. Instead of using the entire book to ask the model, you can now use the relevant passages as in-context information, effectively working around the context size limitation. Fine-tuning Fine-tuning can give you an extra boost to get reliable outputs from your LLM. It is, however, the most complex approach on the list. There are different approaches to fine-tuning a model with your data. A popular technique is to process your data with your LLM and use the outputs to train a new classifier that solves your specific task. Notice that here you aren't modifying the LLM. Instead, you are chaining it with your trained classifier. Another approach is to modify the parameters of the LLM using your data. Think of this as "rewiring" the model in a way that solves your particular task. The results and costs will vary depending on how many layers you want to fine-tune from the original model. Many companies think that fine-tuning is the solution to their problems. In my experience, many will benefit from exploring the other two approaches. I love explaining Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence ideas. If you enjoy in-depth content like this, follow me Santiago so you don't miss what comes next.

Santiago

384,573 views • 3 years ago

Small Language Models (SML) are the future of AI. "Small" (SML) instead of "Large" (LLM). These small models are highly specialized models with superhuman abilities on specific tasks. Here are two techniques to build these models: • Spectrum • Model Merging I give you a short introduction in the attached video, but here is a quick summary: Spectrum helps us identify the most relevant layers to solve one specific task. We can ignore everything else and focus on fine-tuning these layers. Using Spectrum, we can fine-tune models in a heartbeat. Model Merging combines multiple models into a unique, much better model than any of the individual input models. You can also combine models specialized in different tasks and get a model with multiple abilities. This is the state of the art of productizing models. It's what Arcee.ai's platform does behind the scenes. Arcee collaborated with me on this post and is sponsoring it. There are three main steps to produce a model for your particular use case: 1. You create a dataset by uploading your data. 2. You train a model. At this step, Arcee uses Spectrum and Model Merging to produce a highly specialized model for your task. 3. You can deploy that model to any environment you want. Three important notes: • Training process is 2x faster and 2x cheaper than regular fine-tuning. • Resultant models are smaller and have higher accuracy. • They create these specialized models from open-source models. Check this site so you can fully appreciate how this works: If you want to fine-tune an open-source model, consider Arcee's platform. This is the state of the art.

Small Language Models (SML) are the future of AI. "Small" (SML) instead of "Large" (LLM). These small models are highly specialized models with superhuman abilities on specific tasks. Here are two techniques to build these models: • Spectrum • Model Merging I give you a short introduction in the attached video, but here is a quick summary: Spectrum helps us identify the most relevant layers to solve one specific task. We can ignore everything else and focus on fine-tuning these layers. Using Spectrum, we can fine-tune models in a heartbeat. Model Merging combines multiple models into a unique, much better model than any of the individual input models. You can also combine models specialized in different tasks and get a model with multiple abilities. This is the state of the art of productizing models. It's what Arcee.ai's platform does behind the scenes. Arcee collaborated with me on this post and is sponsoring it. There are three main steps to produce a model for your particular use case: 1. You create a dataset by uploading your data. 2. You train a model. At this step, Arcee uses Spectrum and Model Merging to produce a highly specialized model for your task. 3. You can deploy that model to any environment you want. Three important notes: • Training process is 2x faster and 2x cheaper than regular fine-tuning. • Resultant models are smaller and have higher accuracy. • They create these specialized models from open-source models. Check this site so you can fully appreciate how this works: If you want to fine-tune an open-source model, consider Arcee's platform. This is the state of the art.

Santiago

164,162 views • 2 years ago

Introducing FLUX 3 Action. An open weights 7B World Action Model that achieves first place on the RoboLab benchmark. It outperforms the previous best open model by 6.1 percentage points while using 56% fewer parameters and running up to 3.95x faster.⁠⁠ FLUX 3 Action removes the usual trade-off between world action model performance and VLA speed: it still predicts video and actions together, but plans more than twice as far ahead and runs faster per second of robot motion than the strongest open VLA. Teams can fine-tune FLUX 3 Action on their own demonstrations to create policies for a particular robot and task. Together with NVIDIA, we also integrated FLUX 3 Action natively into Hugging Face's LeRobot, with fine-tuning recipes included and edge deployment on NVIDIA Jetson. Beyond robotics, we’re also seeing promising results training task-specific policies for acting in simulated environments like gaming, controlling a vehicle, computer use, and wherever else a model needs to understand a visual environment and then choose what to do next. FLUX 3 Action builds on the same image, video, and audio pretraining as FLUX 3, but uses a smaller architecture designed for practical deployment. In midtraining, we trained the model to predict actions and future frames together. We’re releasing the weights, code, fine-tuning recipe, benchmarks, and reproducible examples so researchers and developers can build on the model with their own robots, environments, and tasks (see below).

Introducing FLUX 3 Action. An open weights 7B World Action Model that achieves first place on the RoboLab benchmark. It outperforms the previous best open model by 6.1 percentage points while using 56% fewer parameters and running up to 3.95x faster.⁠⁠ FLUX 3 Action removes the usual trade-off between world action model performance and VLA speed: it still predicts video and actions together, but plans more than twice as far ahead and runs faster per second of robot motion than the strongest open VLA. Teams can fine-tune FLUX 3 Action on their own demonstrations to create policies for a particular robot and task. Together with NVIDIA, we also integrated FLUX 3 Action natively into Hugging Face's LeRobot, with fine-tuning recipes included and edge deployment on NVIDIA Jetson. Beyond robotics, we’re also seeing promising results training task-specific policies for acting in simulated environments like gaming, controlling a vehicle, computer use, and wherever else a model needs to understand a visual environment and then choose what to do next. FLUX 3 Action builds on the same image, video, and audio pretraining as FLUX 3, but uses a smaller architecture designed for practical deployment. In midtraining, we trained the model to predict actions and future frames together. We’re releasing the weights, code, fine-tuning recipe, benchmarks, and reproducible examples so researchers and developers can build on the model with their own robots, environments, and tasks (see below).

Black Forest Labs

179,017 views • 14 days ago

Introducing Perplexi-Tube, the Perplexity for YouTube that I built in 20 minutes... A Mobile app that uses Deepseek and Gemini I used Cursor and the React Native template built that makes building mobile apps incredibly easy. Tomorrow I'm releasing a full tutorial on how to create a mobile app with react native. You will need - XCode and Simulator (free) - Cursor - A Clerk Account (for auth, free) - A Deepseek API Key - A Gemini API Key (Optional, we used it because deepseek has been down today) Video will be released tomorrow, and I will open source this code as well.

Introducing Perplexi-Tube, the Perplexity for YouTube that I built in 20 minutes... A Mobile app that uses Deepseek and Gemini I used Cursor and the React Native template built that makes building mobile apps incredibly easy. Tomorrow I'm releasing a full tutorial on how to create a mobile app with react native. You will need - XCode and Simulator (free) - Cursor - A Clerk Account (for auth, free) - A Deepseek API Key - A Gemini API Key (Optional, we used it because deepseek has been down today) Video will be released tomorrow, and I will open source this code as well.

Riley Brown

118,021 views • 1 year ago

Alibaba just released a coding model that hits 82 percent on SWE-Bench Verified. That is the highest score ever published for an open-source model. The weights are free. The license is Apache 2.0. You can run it today. The model is Qwen 4 Coder 32B. Here is what 82 percent on SWE-Bench Verified actually means. SWE-Bench Verified tests whether an AI can autonomously resolve real bugs pulled from real production GitHub repositories. Not synthetic exercises. Real open-source projects that real teams depend on. A model gets a bug report, reads the code, writes a fix, and either passes the test suite or it does not. At 82 percent, Qwen 4 Coder 32B resolves 82 out of every 100 real production bugs it is given. Without a human guiding it. On code it has never seen before. For comparison: Qwen 4 Coder 32B: 82 percent SWE-Bench Verified. Open source. Apache 2.0. Claude Fable 5: 80.3 percent SWE-Bench Pro. $10 input / $50 output per million tokens. Currently suspended. GPT-5.6 Sol: Competitive on Terminal-Bench. $5 input / $30 output per million tokens. An open-weight model that you can download and run for free just beat both of them on the benchmark designed to measure real software engineering capability. Here is the architecture. Qwen 4 Coder 32B is a 32 billion parameter dense model. Not a Mixture-of-Experts. Every parameter is active on every request. This matters for inference: a dense 32B model runs on 22 gigabytes of VRAM, which fits on a single high-end consumer GPU or a MacBook Pro with 64GB of unified memory. The smaller variant, Qwen 4 Coder 4B, runs at approximately 135 tokens per second on an M5 Max and fits inside 8 gigabytes of RAM. For a model with usable coding capability, that is a new bar for what fits in a single laptop. The training methodology continued Alibaba's approach of reinforcement learning on verifiable coding tasks. The model gets rewarded when its code passes tests. It gets penalized when it fails. Over millions of training steps, the model learns to write code that actually runs rather than code that looks plausible. License: Apache 2.0. Full commercial use. No attribution requirement. No revenue threshold. No monthly active user ceiling. Weights: Hugging Face, available today. Runs on: vLLM, Ollama, SGLang, and any standard GGUF-compatible inference engine. Qwen 4 32B also runs at approximately 135 tokens per second on an M5 Max chip, setting a new bar for what a sub-8GB model can do on Apple Silicon. The open-source coding model just beat the best closed-source model in the world on the benchmark designed to test whether AI can actually do software engineering. The weights are free. The subscription is optional. Source: Autom8Labs AI Insight July 2026, State of Open Source LLMs June 2026, Kunal Ganglani blog June 2026.

Alibaba just released a coding model that hits 82 percent on SWE-Bench Verified. That is the highest score ever published for an open-source model. The weights are free. The license is Apache 2.0. You can run it today. The model is Qwen 4 Coder 32B. Here is what 82 percent on SWE-Bench Verified actually means. SWE-Bench Verified tests whether an AI can autonomously resolve real bugs pulled from real production GitHub repositories. Not synthetic exercises. Real open-source projects that real teams depend on. A model gets a bug report, reads the code, writes a fix, and either passes the test suite or it does not. At 82 percent, Qwen 4 Coder 32B resolves 82 out of every 100 real production bugs it is given. Without a human guiding it. On code it has never seen before. For comparison: Qwen 4 Coder 32B: 82 percent SWE-Bench Verified. Open source. Apache 2.0. Claude Fable 5: 80.3 percent SWE-Bench Pro. $10 input / $50 output per million tokens. Currently suspended. GPT-5.6 Sol: Competitive on Terminal-Bench. $5 input / $30 output per million tokens. An open-weight model that you can download and run for free just beat both of them on the benchmark designed to measure real software engineering capability. Here is the architecture. Qwen 4 Coder 32B is a 32 billion parameter dense model. Not a Mixture-of-Experts. Every parameter is active on every request. This matters for inference: a dense 32B model runs on 22 gigabytes of VRAM, which fits on a single high-end consumer GPU or a MacBook Pro with 64GB of unified memory. The smaller variant, Qwen 4 Coder 4B, runs at approximately 135 tokens per second on an M5 Max and fits inside 8 gigabytes of RAM. For a model with usable coding capability, that is a new bar for what fits in a single laptop. The training methodology continued Alibaba's approach of reinforcement learning on verifiable coding tasks. The model gets rewarded when its code passes tests. It gets penalized when it fails. Over millions of training steps, the model learns to write code that actually runs rather than code that looks plausible. License: Apache 2.0. Full commercial use. No attribution requirement. No revenue threshold. No monthly active user ceiling. Weights: Hugging Face, available today. Runs on: vLLM, Ollama, SGLang, and any standard GGUF-compatible inference engine. Qwen 4 32B also runs at approximately 135 tokens per second on an M5 Max chip, setting a new bar for what a sub-8GB model can do on Apple Silicon. The open-source coding model just beat the best closed-source model in the world on the benchmark designed to test whether AI can actually do software engineering. The weights are free. The subscription is optional. Source: Autom8Labs AI Insight July 2026, State of Open Source LLMs June 2026, Kunal Ganglani blog June 2026.

Harman

41,278 views • 3 months ago

Molmo by Ai2 - Open source SoTA Multimodal (Vision) Language model, beating Claude 3.5 Sonnet, GPT4V and comparable to GPT4o 🔥 They release four model checkpoints: 1. MolmoE-1B, a mixture of experts model with 1B (active) 7B (total) 2. Molmo-7B-O, most open 7B model 3. Molmo-7B-D, demo model 4. Molmo-72B, best model System Architecture > Input: Multi-scale, multi-crop images generated from the original image. > Vision Encoder: OpenAI's ViT-L/14 336px CLIP model, a powerful ViT, encodes images into vision tokens. > Connector: MLP projects tokens to LLM input space, followed by pooling for dimensionality reduction. > LLM: Decoder-only Transformer, various options (OLMo, OLMoE, Qwen2, Mistral, Gemma2, Phi) with diverse scales and openness. Model Variants > Vision Encoder: Consistent ViT-L/14 CLIP model across variants. > LLM: OLMo-7B-1024, OLMoE-1B-7B-0924, Qwen2 (7B, 72B), Mistral 7B, Gemma2 9B, Phi 3 Medium, offering different capacities and openness levels. Training Strategy > Stage 1: Multimodal pre-training for caption generation with new captioning data. > Stage 2: Supervised fine-tuning on a dataset mixture, updating all parameters. > No RLHF involved, Learning rates adjusted based on component types and pre-training status. > All the weights are available on Hugging Face Hub 🤗 > Compatible with Transformers (Remote Code) Kudos Ai2 for such a brilliant and open work! 🐐 Video credits: Allen AI YT Channel

Molmo by Ai2 - Open source SoTA Multimodal (Vision) Language model, beating Claude 3.5 Sonnet, GPT4V and comparable to GPT4o 🔥 They release four model checkpoints: 1. MolmoE-1B, a mixture of experts model with 1B (active) 7B (total) 2. Molmo-7B-O, most open 7B model 3. Molmo-7B-D, demo model 4. Molmo-72B, best model System Architecture > Input: Multi-scale, multi-crop images generated from the original image. > Vision Encoder: OpenAI's ViT-L/14 336px CLIP model, a powerful ViT, encodes images into vision tokens. > Connector: MLP projects tokens to LLM input space, followed by pooling for dimensionality reduction. > LLM: Decoder-only Transformer, various options (OLMo, OLMoE, Qwen2, Mistral, Gemma2, Phi) with diverse scales and openness. Model Variants > Vision Encoder: Consistent ViT-L/14 CLIP model across variants. > LLM: OLMo-7B-1024, OLMoE-1B-7B-0924, Qwen2 (7B, 72B), Mistral 7B, Gemma2 9B, Phi 3 Medium, offering different capacities and openness levels. Training Strategy > Stage 1: Multimodal pre-training for caption generation with new captioning data. > Stage 2: Supervised fine-tuning on a dataset mixture, updating all parameters. > No RLHF involved, Learning rates adjusted based on component types and pre-training status. > All the weights are available on Hugging Face Hub 🤗 > Compatible with Transformers (Remote Code) Kudos Ai2 for such a brilliant and open work! 🐐 Video credits: Allen AI YT Channel

Vaibhav (VB) Srivastav

80,474 views • 2 years ago

Dario Amodei was asked whether open source will eventually gut Anthropic's business. He didn't defend the moat. He didn't argue closed beats open. He said the whole question is a red herring. That is the reframe. And it flips how the industry keeps scoring this race. The conventional narrative is inherited from the last era of tech: open source wins because anyone can read the code, anyone improves it, contributions stack, and eventually the free thing catches the paid thing. Investors have a full lexicon for it. Commoditization. Which layer captures the value. Everyone repeats it. Amodei says the analogy breaks at the root. It's called open weights, not open source, for a reason: you can't see inside the model. So the thing that actually made open source powerful elsewhere, many people reading and additively improving shared code, never transfers. You just get a large file of numbers. Now here's where it gets interesting. The second engine isn't ideology. It's infrastructure. Free isn't free. Someone still has to host it. These are big models, and they're hard to run inference on. Someone has to make that fast. And the capabilities people assume only open weights unlock fine tuning, steering, inspecting activations labs are increasingly serving on their own clouds anyway. When DeepSeek shipped, he says he never asked whether it was open. He asked one thing: is it a good model, and is it better than us. That's the only axis he competes on. He even inverts the usual edge. Coming from outside that investor lexicon, he thinks knowing none of it lets him predict this better than the people fluent in it. He is not defending closed models. He is saying the scoreboard everyone is watching measures the wrong thing. The uncomfortable question if the free model still needs someone to run it, was the moat ever the weights, or always the machine underneath ?

Dario Amodei was asked whether open source will eventually gut Anthropic's business. He didn't defend the moat. He didn't argue closed beats open. He said the whole question is a red herring. That is the reframe. And it flips how the industry keeps scoring this race. The conventional narrative is inherited from the last era of tech: open source wins because anyone can read the code, anyone improves it, contributions stack, and eventually the free thing catches the paid thing. Investors have a full lexicon for it. Commoditization. Which layer captures the value. Everyone repeats it. Amodei says the analogy breaks at the root. It's called open weights, not open source, for a reason: you can't see inside the model. So the thing that actually made open source powerful elsewhere, many people reading and additively improving shared code, never transfers. You just get a large file of numbers. Now here's where it gets interesting. The second engine isn't ideology. It's infrastructure. Free isn't free. Someone still has to host it. These are big models, and they're hard to run inference on. Someone has to make that fast. And the capabilities people assume only open weights unlock fine tuning, steering, inspecting activations labs are increasingly serving on their own clouds anyway. When DeepSeek shipped, he says he never asked whether it was open. He asked one thing: is it a good model, and is it better than us. That's the only axis he competes on. He even inverts the usual edge. Coming from outside that investor lexicon, he thinks knowing none of it lets him predict this better than the people fluent in it. He is not defending closed models. He is saying the scoreboard everyone is watching measures the wrong thing. The uncomfortable question if the free model still needs someone to run it, was the moat ever the weights, or always the machine underneath ?

Vikram M

58,688 views • 2 months ago

🚀 We're thrilled to introduce Orthrus 🧬🐕—a groundbreaking mature RNA foundation model designed to push the boundaries of RNA property prediction! 🔬 What is Orthrus? Orthrus is a Mamba-based RNA foundation model, pre-trained using a novel self-supervised contrastive learning objective with biologically inspired augmentations. It optimizes the similarity between splicing isoforms and orthologous transcripts, capturing functional and evolutionary relationships to enhance mature RNA property prediction accuracy. 📑 Preprint: 💻 Code: 🌐 Project Page: 📦 Model Weights: 🧠 Why Orthrus? Decoding the RNA regulatory code is key to understanding biology, but traditional experimental approaches are slow and costly. Existing genomic foundation models rely on techniques like masked language modeling or next-token prediction, which aren't fully aligned with the complexities of genomic data—leading to suboptimal results. 🌟 Orthrus Highlights: - Biologically-Informed Contrastive Learning 🧪: A novel contrastive learning objective designed specifically for genomics, maximizing similarity between splicing isoforms and orthologous transcripts across species. - Extensive Pre-training 📊: Trained on splicing annotations from 10 species and orthologous alignments from 400+ mammalian species (Zoonomia Project), with a focus on sequences of high functional importance. - Superior Representations🏅: Orthrus outperforms existing genomic models on 5 mRNA property prediction tasks, often surpassing supervised methods with just a simple linear transformation. - Efficiency in Low-Data Settings📉: Orthrus excels in low-data regimes, achieving state-of-the-art results with as few as 45 labeled examples for fine-tuning on RNA half-life prediction. Shoutout to the amazing leading authors Phil (Phil Fradkin) and Ian (Ian Shi)! Also the work is impossible without an outstanding collaboration by Karina (Karin(a) Isaev), Brendan (Brendan Frey) , Quaid (Quaid Morris), Leo J. Lee! Vector Institute University Health Network U of T Department of Computer Science Temerty Centre for AI in Medicine (T-CAIREM) Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology

🚀 We're thrilled to introduce Orthrus 🧬🐕—a groundbreaking mature RNA foundation model designed to push the boundaries of RNA property prediction! 🔬 What is Orthrus? Orthrus is a Mamba-based RNA foundation model, pre-trained using a novel self-supervised contrastive learning objective with biologically inspired augmentations. It optimizes the similarity between splicing isoforms and orthologous transcripts, capturing functional and evolutionary relationships to enhance mature RNA property prediction accuracy. 📑 Preprint: 💻 Code: 🌐 Project Page: 📦 Model Weights: 🧠 Why Orthrus? Decoding the RNA regulatory code is key to understanding biology, but traditional experimental approaches are slow and costly. Existing genomic foundation models rely on techniques like masked language modeling or next-token prediction, which aren't fully aligned with the complexities of genomic data—leading to suboptimal results. 🌟 Orthrus Highlights: - Biologically-Informed Contrastive Learning 🧪: A novel contrastive learning objective designed specifically for genomics, maximizing similarity between splicing isoforms and orthologous transcripts across species. - Extensive Pre-training 📊: Trained on splicing annotations from 10 species and orthologous alignments from 400+ mammalian species (Zoonomia Project), with a focus on sequences of high functional importance. - Superior Representations🏅: Orthrus outperforms existing genomic models on 5 mRNA property prediction tasks, often surpassing supervised methods with just a simple linear transformation. - Efficiency in Low-Data Settings📉: Orthrus excels in low-data regimes, achieving state-of-the-art results with as few as 45 labeled examples for fine-tuning on RNA half-life prediction. Shoutout to the amazing leading authors Phil (Phil Fradkin) and Ian (Ian Shi)! Also the work is impossible without an outstanding collaboration by Karina (Karin(a) Isaev), Brendan (Brendan Frey) , Quaid (Quaid Morris), Leo J. Lee! Vector Institute University Health Network U of T Department of Computer Science Temerty Centre for AI in Medicine (T-CAIREM) Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology

Bo Wang

114,994 views • 2 years ago

Robora x Lemorele We are excited to announce the integration of the Robora P300 (R) model. An exclusive model developed in partnership with Lemorele, features a custom Robora-exclusive SKU and hardware configuration designed to support high-performance, wireless video streaming for AI training and perception. We will integrate this specialized unit into our VLA Module. The Robora P300 (R) enables seamless, real-time capture of high-definition HDMI video from external cameras, allowing users to wirelessly feed visual data directly into the VLA training pipeline. This enhances capabilities such as multi-view learning, remote annotation, and real-world AI fine-tuning, all without requiring tethered camera setups. While the full Robora robotics platform is still in development, users will be able to use the Robora P300 (R) hardware with their existing iOS or Android devices, enabling them to begin collecting and streaming visual data for VLA from mobile platforms. As part of our commitment to the Robora community, we will be offering exclusive giveaways of the Robora P300 (R) hardware to token holders, giving early supporters the opportunity to contribute directly to Robora’s growing AI training ecosystem and to gain early access to the tools that power the future of robotics and intelligent vision.

Robora x Lemorele We are excited to announce the integration of the Robora P300 (R) model. An exclusive model developed in partnership with Lemorele, features a custom Robora-exclusive SKU and hardware configuration designed to support high-performance, wireless video streaming for AI training and perception. We will integrate this specialized unit into our VLA Module. The Robora P300 (R) enables seamless, real-time capture of high-definition HDMI video from external cameras, allowing users to wirelessly feed visual data directly into the VLA training pipeline. This enhances capabilities such as multi-view learning, remote annotation, and real-world AI fine-tuning, all without requiring tethered camera setups. While the full Robora robotics platform is still in development, users will be able to use the Robora P300 (R) hardware with their existing iOS or Android devices, enabling them to begin collecting and streaming visual data for VLA from mobile platforms. As part of our commitment to the Robora community, we will be offering exclusive giveaways of the Robora P300 (R) hardware to token holders, giving early supporters the opportunity to contribute directly to Robora’s growing AI training ecosystem and to gain early access to the tools that power the future of robotics and intelligent vision.

Robora

19,276 views • 1 year ago

MCP is an absolute game-changer. (Together with DeepSeek, MCP is probably the hottest thing in AI over the last 6 months.) I use Cursor to write code 90% of the time. I built an MCP server to connect the Cursor agent to GroundX, an open-source RAG system, and I'm not going back. This is officially insane! Here is what I did, step by step: First, a little bit of context. I maintain an end-to-end Machine Learning System with several pipelines to process data, train, evaluate, register, deploy, and monitor a model. I've written a lot of documentation explaining how the system works and how to modify and maintain it. There's also the documentation of the few libraries I used to build the system. I'm a massive fan of GroundX, an open-source enterprise-grade RAG system you can run on your servers or deploy to any cloud provider. I've been working with them for a long time. GroundX offers two services. First, the "ingest" service uses a custom, pretrained vision model to ingest and understand your data. I used this to process all the documentation I have for my code. Markdown files, source code, HTML files, and even PDF documents. Everything I've written related to my project went into GroundX. Their second service is "search," which combines text and vector search with a fine-tuned re-ranker model to retrieve information from the data. I needed to connect Cursor with this service, and that's where MCP came in. I built an MCP server with two tools: 1. The first tool would go to GroundX and retrieve the available topics. Splitting the data into topics (or "buckets," as GroundX calls them) allows me to use the same setup to serve documentation from different topics. 2. The second tool would search GroundX under a specific topic for the context related to the supplied query. The magic happens after connecting the MCP server with Cursor. Now, I can ask any questions related to my project, and Cursor's AI agent retrieves the list of available topics from the RAG system and then searches it to provide relevant context to the model. I went from getting mediocre, sometimes wrong answers to 100% truthful, complete answers. Here is the crazy part:

MCP is an absolute game-changer. (Together with DeepSeek, MCP is probably the hottest thing in AI over the last 6 months.) I use Cursor to write code 90% of the time. I built an MCP server to connect the Cursor agent to GroundX, an open-source RAG system, and I'm not going back. This is officially insane! Here is what I did, step by step: First, a little bit of context. I maintain an end-to-end Machine Learning System with several pipelines to process data, train, evaluate, register, deploy, and monitor a model. I've written a lot of documentation explaining how the system works and how to modify and maintain it. There's also the documentation of the few libraries I used to build the system. I'm a massive fan of GroundX, an open-source enterprise-grade RAG system you can run on your servers or deploy to any cloud provider. I've been working with them for a long time. GroundX offers two services. First, the "ingest" service uses a custom, pretrained vision model to ingest and understand your data. I used this to process all the documentation I have for my code. Markdown files, source code, HTML files, and even PDF documents. Everything I've written related to my project went into GroundX. Their second service is "search," which combines text and vector search with a fine-tuned re-ranker model to retrieve information from the data. I needed to connect Cursor with this service, and that's where MCP came in. I built an MCP server with two tools: 1. The first tool would go to GroundX and retrieve the available topics. Splitting the data into topics (or "buckets," as GroundX calls them) allows me to use the same setup to serve documentation from different topics. 2. The second tool would search GroundX under a specific topic for the context related to the supplied query. The magic happens after connecting the MCP server with Cursor. Now, I can ask any questions related to my project, and Cursor's AI agent retrieves the list of available topics from the RAG system and then searches it to provide relevant context to the model. I went from getting mediocre, sometimes wrong answers to 100% truthful, complete answers. Here is the crazy part:

Santiago

255,756 views • 1 year ago

I think I discovered the cheapest way to code with AI 😁 I tried GLM 4.5 on Claude Code and I'm really amazed how good this model is! I usually test with my nextjs crm app benchmark so I asked it to do that. Prompt "create a nextjs app which is a crm app. use sqlite for the database and use api routes to manage connecting to the database from the frontend" My observations - Generation feels like Sonnet 4 intelligence - Speed is great - It used create-next-app so it bootstrapped nextjs v15.5.2 - It created a sqlite database and used Prisma ORM and helped me easily add seed data - I needed a few prompts to iron out minor issues but all's good. It didn't struggle or got stuck. - Spent $0.50 for this app. Could be way cheaper with the Z.ai sub plans After trying, I can say GLM 4.5 model is up there as the best open source model for coding. Will continue using it and update here. So far so good! P.S. DM me if you want my referral link, otherwise just check Not dropping the link here so it doesn’t look like I’m hyping it. Here's a video of the experience 👇(sped up a bit)

I think I discovered the cheapest way to code with AI 😁 I tried GLM 4.5 on Claude Code and I'm really amazed how good this model is! I usually test with my nextjs crm app benchmark so I asked it to do that. Prompt "create a nextjs app which is a crm app. use sqlite for the database and use api routes to manage connecting to the database from the frontend" My observations - Generation feels like Sonnet 4 intelligence - Speed is great - It used create-next-app so it bootstrapped nextjs v15.5.2 - It created a sqlite database and used Prisma ORM and helped me easily add seed data - I needed a few prompts to iron out minor issues but all's good. It didn't struggle or got stuck. - Spent $0.50 for this app. Could be way cheaper with the Z.ai sub plans After trying, I can say GLM 4.5 model is up there as the best open source model for coding. Will continue using it and update here. So far so good! P.S. DM me if you want my referral link, otherwise just check Not dropping the link here so it doesn’t look like I’m hyping it. Here's a video of the experience 👇(sped up a bit)

Melvin Vivas

45,749 views • 1 year ago

New framework: Kick down your robot, it will get back up every time 🥋 Chinese startup RoboParty is a Beijing startup founded April 2025 by Huang Yi, originally shipping ROBOTO ORIGIN, the world's first full-stack open-source bipedal humanoid. They released UFO: Unsupervised Reinforcement Learning Framework for Humanoid Control. DEFINITIONS -> what differs is where the learning signal comes from: - SUPERVISED: humans supply the right answers (labels), the model imitates them. - UNSUPERVISED: no answer key, the model finds structure in raw data on its own. - REINFORCEMENT LEARNING: no answer key either, the model tries things and a reward scores each attempt. → UNSUPERVISED RL: trial and error where the agent invents its own rewards, instead of engineers hand-writing one per task. REPRESENTATION LEARNING: compress raw states into a useful internal map. TEMPORAL DISTANCE: distance on that map is "how many steps from A to B." CONTRASTIVE: trained by pulling together what's close in time, pushing apart what isn't. -> CONTRASTIVE TEMPORAL-DISTANCE REPRESENTATION LEARNING: the model builds an internal map of body states where distance means how many steps it takes to get from one to another. It is trained by contrast: states that occur close together in a movement get pulled together in the map, randomly paired states get pushed apart. UFO is an open-source training framework that teaches humanoid robots skills, like getting up, walking, goal-reaching, teleoperation, without reference motions -> no motion-capture or human-video demonstrations to imitate. Its core is TeCH, a contrastive temporal-distance representation-learning algorithm: the robot explores, builds pseudo-goals by temporal rolling, and learns goal-conditioned policies from a single unified progress reward. One framework trains five different robots (Unitree G1/H1, RoboParty RP0/RP1, AgiBot X2) with automatic config conversion in ~2–3 hours per robot! The real novelty here "no demonstrations at all". No data-collection arms race,the dominant humanoid-locomotion recipe is tracking: imitate mocap/retargeted-human reference trajectories. The robot self-generates goals from its own exploration and learns from a progress reward, needing zero reference motion data. Everybody else is fighting over data acquisition, while this team just teleports out of the race entirely (inb4 "competition is for losers 💀 ). This strategy reminds me of the DeepSeek playbook applied to robots: open-source the whole stack to become the global default and commoditize everyone else. RoboParty is giving away hardware and now control software (UFO) to be the Android of humanoids. Yet another reason for the US to ban Chinese open models perhaps 🥶 ? What I also really like about this approach is the cross-embodiment infrastructure, one framework trains Unitree G1/H1, RoboParty RP0/RP1, and AgiBot X2 with automatic configuration conversion. Just like Physical Intelligence, RoboParty seems to place itself as a neutral hardware agnostic middle man. Also woth mentioning: their ability ot perform stable skill injection, e.g. adding a cartwheel without forgetting how to walk. A common failure of RL humanoid policies is that teaching a new agile skill destabilizes the existing ones (catastrophic forgetting). UFO claims you can inject rare motions (cartwheel) without collapsing learned behavior. If it holds, that's a significant incremental/continual skill-learning! But again, I have to underline it: no arXiv, no external validation, no success-rate numbers. -> robotics badely needs an independent unbiased evaluator imho. Still, look at that cool demo: robot is getting kicked and pushed around (serious disturbance) during teleoperation (controlled the person at the back wearing the VR headset), and still managed to always get back up. This is some serious demonstration of stability and robustness!

New framework: Kick down your robot, it will get back up every time 🥋 Chinese startup RoboParty is a Beijing startup founded April 2025 by Huang Yi, originally shipping ROBOTO ORIGIN, the world's first full-stack open-source bipedal humanoid. They released UFO: Unsupervised Reinforcement Learning Framework for Humanoid Control. DEFINITIONS -> what differs is where the learning signal comes from: - SUPERVISED: humans supply the right answers (labels), the model imitates them. - UNSUPERVISED: no answer key, the model finds structure in raw data on its own. - REINFORCEMENT LEARNING: no answer key either, the model tries things and a reward scores each attempt. → UNSUPERVISED RL: trial and error where the agent invents its own rewards, instead of engineers hand-writing one per task. REPRESENTATION LEARNING: compress raw states into a useful internal map. TEMPORAL DISTANCE: distance on that map is "how many steps from A to B." CONTRASTIVE: trained by pulling together what's close in time, pushing apart what isn't. -> CONTRASTIVE TEMPORAL-DISTANCE REPRESENTATION LEARNING: the model builds an internal map of body states where distance means how many steps it takes to get from one to another. It is trained by contrast: states that occur close together in a movement get pulled together in the map, randomly paired states get pushed apart. UFO is an open-source training framework that teaches humanoid robots skills, like getting up, walking, goal-reaching, teleoperation, without reference motions -> no motion-capture or human-video demonstrations to imitate. Its core is TeCH, a contrastive temporal-distance representation-learning algorithm: the robot explores, builds pseudo-goals by temporal rolling, and learns goal-conditioned policies from a single unified progress reward. One framework trains five different robots (Unitree G1/H1, RoboParty RP0/RP1, AgiBot X2) with automatic config conversion in ~2–3 hours per robot! The real novelty here "no demonstrations at all". No data-collection arms race,the dominant humanoid-locomotion recipe is tracking: imitate mocap/retargeted-human reference trajectories. The robot self-generates goals from its own exploration and learns from a progress reward, needing zero reference motion data. Everybody else is fighting over data acquisition, while this team just teleports out of the race entirely (inb4 "competition is for losers 💀 ). This strategy reminds me of the DeepSeek playbook applied to robots: open-source the whole stack to become the global default and commoditize everyone else. RoboParty is giving away hardware and now control software (UFO) to be the Android of humanoids. Yet another reason for the US to ban Chinese open models perhaps 🥶 ? What I also really like about this approach is the cross-embodiment infrastructure, one framework trains Unitree G1/H1, RoboParty RP0/RP1, and AgiBot X2 with automatic configuration conversion. Just like Physical Intelligence, RoboParty seems to place itself as a neutral hardware agnostic middle man. Also woth mentioning: their ability ot perform stable skill injection, e.g. adding a cartwheel without forgetting how to walk. A common failure of RL humanoid policies is that teaching a new agile skill destabilizes the existing ones (catastrophic forgetting). UFO claims you can inject rare motions (cartwheel) without collapsing learned behavior. If it holds, that's a significant incremental/continual skill-learning! But again, I have to underline it: no arXiv, no external validation, no success-rate numbers. -> robotics badely needs an independent unbiased evaluator imho. Still, look at that cool demo: robot is getting kicked and pushed around (serious disturbance) during teleoperation (controlled the person at the back wearing the VR headset), and still managed to always get back up. This is some serious demonstration of stability and robustness!

Léo

36,184 views • 2 months ago

There is a beautiful story that just happened in AI so let me share it for a lighter tone weekend post among all the doom stories in our AI field this week. It’s a story of people on three continents building and sharing in the open a new small efficient and state-of-the-art AI model. It started a couple of months ago when a new team in the AI scene released their first model from their headquarters in Paris (France): Mistral 7B. Impressive model, small and very strong performances in the benchmarks, better than all previous models of this size. And open source! So you could build on top of it. Lewis in Bern (Switzerland) and Ed (in Lyon, in the South of France) both from the H4 team, a team of researchers in model fine-tuning and alignment were talking about it over a coffee, in one of these gatherings that often happen at Hugging Face to break the distance between people (literal distance as HF is a remote company). What about fine-tuning it using this new DPO method that a research team from Stanford in California just posted on Arxiv, says one? Hey, that’s a great idea, replies the other. We've just build a great code base (with Nathan, Nazneen, Costa, Younes and all the H4 team and TRL community) let's use it! The next day they start diving in the datasets openly shared on the HF hub and stumble upon two interesting large and good quality fine-tuning datasets recently open-sourced by OpenBMB, a Chinese team from Tsinghua: UltraFeedback and UltraChat. A few rounds of training experiments confirm the intuition, the resulting model is super strong, by far the strongest they have ever seen in their benchmarks from Berkeley and Stanford (LMSYS and Alpaca). Join Clementine, the big boss of the open evaluation leaderboard. Her deep dive into the model capabilities confirms the results: impressive performance. But the H4 team also hosts a famous faculty member, Pr. Sasha Rush, Associate Professor at Cornell University in his daytime, hacker at HF in his nighttime. Joining the conversation, he proposes to quickly draft a research paper to organize and share all the details with the community. A few days later, the model, called Zephyr (a wind like Mistral), paper, and all details are shared with the world. Quickly other companies, everywhere in the world starts to use it. LlamaIndex, a famous data framework and community, shares how the model blew their expectations on real-life use-case benchmarks, while researchers and practitioners discuss the paper and work on the Hugging Face hub. All this happened in just a few weeks catalyzed by open access to knowledge, models, research, and datasets released all over the world (Europe, California, China) and by the idea that people can build upon one another work in AI to bring real-world value with efficient and open models. Stories like this are numerous everywhere around us and make me really proud of the AI community and see how we can build amazingly useful things together. [the video is just me reading this Friday post hahah]

There is a beautiful story that just happened in AI so let me share it for a lighter tone weekend post among all the doom stories in our AI field this week. It’s a story of people on three continents building and sharing in the open a new small efficient and state-of-the-art AI model. It started a couple of months ago when a new team in the AI scene released their first model from their headquarters in Paris (France): Mistral 7B. Impressive model, small and very strong performances in the benchmarks, better than all previous models of this size. And open source! So you could build on top of it. Lewis in Bern (Switzerland) and Ed (in Lyon, in the South of France) both from the H4 team, a team of researchers in model fine-tuning and alignment were talking about it over a coffee, in one of these gatherings that often happen at Hugging Face to break the distance between people (literal distance as HF is a remote company). What about fine-tuning it using this new DPO method that a research team from Stanford in California just posted on Arxiv, says one? Hey, that’s a great idea, replies the other. We've just build a great code base (with Nathan, Nazneen, Costa, Younes and all the H4 team and TRL community) let's use it! The next day they start diving in the datasets openly shared on the HF hub and stumble upon two interesting large and good quality fine-tuning datasets recently open-sourced by OpenBMB, a Chinese team from Tsinghua: UltraFeedback and UltraChat. A few rounds of training experiments confirm the intuition, the resulting model is super strong, by far the strongest they have ever seen in their benchmarks from Berkeley and Stanford (LMSYS and Alpaca). Join Clementine, the big boss of the open evaluation leaderboard. Her deep dive into the model capabilities confirms the results: impressive performance. But the H4 team also hosts a famous faculty member, Pr. Sasha Rush, Associate Professor at Cornell University in his daytime, hacker at HF in his nighttime. Joining the conversation, he proposes to quickly draft a research paper to organize and share all the details with the community. A few days later, the model, called Zephyr (a wind like Mistral), paper, and all details are shared with the world. Quickly other companies, everywhere in the world starts to use it. LlamaIndex, a famous data framework and community, shares how the model blew their expectations on real-life use-case benchmarks, while researchers and practitioners discuss the paper and work on the Hugging Face hub. All this happened in just a few weeks catalyzed by open access to knowledge, models, research, and datasets released all over the world (Europe, California, China) and by the idea that people can build upon one another work in AI to bring real-world value with efficient and open models. Stories like this are numerous everywhere around us and make me really proud of the AI community and see how we can build amazingly useful things together. [the video is just me reading this Friday post hahah]

Thomas Wolf

169,276 views • 2 years ago