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It's time to rethink RL. Translating real world use into model improvements requires redesigning post-training algorithms for non-verifiable, per token rewards. At AI Engineer 's World Fair, we share our insights into scaling algorithms like SDPO for continual learning.

Trajectory

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65,758 views • 13 days ago •via X (Twitter)

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Frontier models that use reasoning to "think" during inference are generating 5X more AI tokens per year. ✨ "Inference is now a thinking process. And in order to teach AI how to think, reinforcement learning and very significant computation was introduced into post-training," said NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang in a recent keynote at #CES2026. Reinforcement learning is increasing computation demands across all AI scaling laws: pre-training, post-training, and test-time scaling. Learn more about reinforcement learning and AI scaling ➡️

Frontier models that use reasoning to "think" during inference are generating 5X more AI tokens per year. ✨ "Inference is now a thinking process. And in order to teach AI how to think, reinforcement learning and very significant computation was introduced into post-training," said NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang in a recent keynote at #CES2026. Reinforcement learning is increasing computation demands across all AI scaling laws: pre-training, post-training, and test-time scaling. Learn more about reinforcement learning and AI scaling ➡️

NVIDIA AI Infrastructure

13,329 views • 7 months ago

So we did a bunch of projects with real world reinforcement learning - but it was often too inefficient to be practical to train tabula rasa. This suggests we need better priors, but acquiring these from on-robot data can often be expensive as well. In our recent work, we show that despite being fundamentally inaccurate, simulation can guide provide a cheap way to guide real-world RL finetuning to be super efficient! We propose Simulation-Guided Fine-Tuning (SGFT) - a simple paradigm for sim2real finetuning that uses simulation to provide reward shaping that accelerates real world RL finetuning *beyond* just providing an initialization. TLDR: Use value functions from sim to shape rewards for real-world RL, see large sample efficiency improvements 🧵(1/6)

So we did a bunch of projects with real world reinforcement learning - but it was often too inefficient to be practical to train tabula rasa. This suggests we need better priors, but acquiring these from on-robot data can often be expensive as well. In our recent work, we show that despite being fundamentally inaccurate, simulation can guide provide a cheap way to guide real-world RL finetuning to be super efficient! We propose Simulation-Guided Fine-Tuning (SGFT) - a simple paradigm for sim2real finetuning that uses simulation to provide reward shaping that accelerates real world RL finetuning beyond just providing an initialization. TLDR: Use value functions from sim to shape rewards for real-world RL, see large sample efficiency improvements 🧵(1/6)

Abhishek Gupta

13,637 views • 1 year ago

Why AI Progress Suddenly Feels Real - my conversation with Yann Dubois, who co-leads the Post-Training Frontiers team at OpenAI 00:00 - Intro 01:30 - Why recent AI progress feels like a step function 04:13 - Model reliability & the emotional rollercoaster of shipping GPT-5.5 07:33 - How OpenAI structures vertical and horizontal teams 09:49 - Improving model efficiency and test-time compute 12:32 - Yann's journey from Switzerland to OpenAI 15:37 - Reasoning in 2026: Real-world utility vs verifiable rewards 18:34 - GPT-5.5 Thinking vs Pro: Scaling test-time compute 20:09 - How reasoning models become more efficient 23:23 - Pre-training scaling and overcoming the data wall 27:03 - Multimodal data, synthetic data, and embodied AI 31:05 - Demystifying mid-training and post-training 37:21 - Does RL create new capabilities in AI? 38:53 - The challenges and frontier of scaling RL 43:09 - Is building AI models a craft or a strict science 48:21 - How AI models generalize across different domains 54:18 - How reinforcement learning cures AI hallucinations 56:04 - Negative generalization and conflicting instructions 58:05 - Can RL scale to law, medicine, and the broader economy? 1:00:19 - The evaluation bottleneck and Model as a Judge 1:04:21 - Continuous AI progress & continual learning 1:08:49 - Will foundation models eat the agent harness 1:11:23 - Why startups should focus on the last mile of AI

Why AI Progress Suddenly Feels Real - my conversation with Yann Dubois, who co-leads the Post-Training Frontiers team at OpenAI 00:00 - Intro 01:30 - Why recent AI progress feels like a step function 04:13 - Model reliability & the emotional rollercoaster of shipping GPT-5.5 07:33 - How OpenAI structures vertical and horizontal teams 09:49 - Improving model efficiency and test-time compute 12:32 - Yann's journey from Switzerland to OpenAI 15:37 - Reasoning in 2026: Real-world utility vs verifiable rewards 18:34 - GPT-5.5 Thinking vs Pro: Scaling test-time compute 20:09 - How reasoning models become more efficient 23:23 - Pre-training scaling and overcoming the data wall 27:03 - Multimodal data, synthetic data, and embodied AI 31:05 - Demystifying mid-training and post-training 37:21 - Does RL create new capabilities in AI? 38:53 - The challenges and frontier of scaling RL 43:09 - Is building AI models a craft or a strict science 48:21 - How AI models generalize across different domains 54:18 - How reinforcement learning cures AI hallucinations 56:04 - Negative generalization and conflicting instructions 58:05 - Can RL scale to law, medicine, and the broader economy? 1:00:19 - The evaluation bottleneck and Model as a Judge 1:04:21 - Continuous AI progress & continual learning 1:08:49 - Will foundation models eat the agent harness 1:11:23 - Why startups should focus on the last mile of AI

Matt Turck

101,212 views • 3 months ago

General Trajectory (General Trajectory (YC W25)) is training reasoning models for robotics to bring AI into the physical world. Their first model automates real-world work like mixed-SKU palletization, picking, sorting & packing. Congrats on the launch Joshua!

General Trajectory (General Trajectory (YC W25)) is training reasoning models for robotics to bring AI into the physical world. Their first model automates real-world work like mixed-SKU palletization, picking, sorting & packing. Congrats on the launch Joshua!

Y Combinator

99,581 views • 1 year ago

So I heard we need more data for robot learning :) Purely real world teleop is expensive and slow, making large scale data collection challenging. I’ve been excited about getting more data into robot learning, going beyond just real-world teleop data. To this end, we’ve been scaling up data generation with RL in realistic simulations generated on the fly from crowdsourced videos. Enables realistic data collection, much more cheaply than purely real world teleop. Importantly, data collection becomes even*cheaper* with more environments, allowing training with over 100x more data. Transfers to real robots for generalizable manipulation. A 🧵 (1/N)

So I heard we need more data for robot learning :) Purely real world teleop is expensive and slow, making large scale data collection challenging. I’ve been excited about getting more data into robot learning, going beyond just real-world teleop data. To this end, we’ve been scaling up data generation with RL in realistic simulations generated on the fly from crowdsourced videos. Enables realistic data collection, much more cheaply than purely real world teleop. Importantly, data collection becomes evencheaper with more environments, allowing training with over 100x more data. Transfers to real robots for generalizable manipulation. A 🧵 (1/N)

Abhishek Gupta

13,358 views • 1 year ago

In case you missed it, we recently launched "Post-training of LLMs," a short course where you'll: ✅ Understand when and why to use post-training methods like Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT), Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), and Online Reinforcement Learning. ✅ Learn the concepts underlying the three post-training methods of SFT, DPO, and Online RL, their common use-cases, and how to curate high-quality data to effectively train a model using each method. ✅ Download a pre-trained model and implement post-training pipelines to turn a base model into an instruct model, change the identity of a chat assistant, and improve a model’s math capabilities. Learn more and enroll for free:

In case you missed it, we recently launched "Post-training of LLMs," a short course where you'll: ✅ Understand when and why to use post-training methods like Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT), Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), and Online Reinforcement Learning. ✅ Learn the concepts underlying the three post-training methods of SFT, DPO, and Online RL, their common use-cases, and how to curate high-quality data to effectively train a model using each method. ✅ Download a pre-trained model and implement post-training pipelines to turn a base model into an instruct model, change the identity of a chat assistant, and improve a model’s math capabilities. Learn more and enroll for free:

DeepLearning.AI

16,779 views • 1 year ago

One of the four main pillars of World of Dypians is AI integration, driving gameplay, education, and immersive experiences to bridge Web2 users into the Web3 space. 🎮 Gameplay AI: Our advanced engine empowers CAWS NFTs to adapt to every player's journey, providing personalized guidance for meaningful progress. It's dynamic, evolving, and constantly improving. 👤 AI-Powered Avatars: Bringing the city to life, these avatars provide unique responses and quests, with real-time interactions on the horizon. The journey to smarter, immersive gameplay is well underway. 📚 Education & Learning AI: Transforming the Museum & Academy into hubs of interactive knowledge. Machine learning powers an evolving space for players to learn Web3 concepts effortlessly. With AI at its core, World of Dypians is creating a smarter, more inclusive gateway for Web2 users into the Web3 world. 🚀

One of the four main pillars of World of Dypians is AI integration, driving gameplay, education, and immersive experiences to bridge Web2 users into the Web3 space. 🎮 Gameplay AI: Our advanced engine empowers CAWS NFTs to adapt to every player's journey, providing personalized guidance for meaningful progress. It's dynamic, evolving, and constantly improving. 👤 AI-Powered Avatars: Bringing the city to life, these avatars provide unique responses and quests, with real-time interactions on the horizon. The journey to smarter, immersive gameplay is well underway. 📚 Education & Learning AI: Transforming the Museum & Academy into hubs of interactive knowledge. Machine learning powers an evolving space for players to learn Web3 concepts effortlessly. With AI at its core, World of Dypians is creating a smarter, more inclusive gateway for Web2 users into the Web3 world. 🚀

World of Dypians

61,214 views • 1 year ago

Meet the world at home, where life happens and bots become family 35 days ago, at our “Born to Bot, Bot to Family” launch event, we shared our vision of bringing robots into real homes. Today, we’re very happy to share that our robots are now gradually entering real families. For embodied AI, the real world is everyday life: different routines, different kitchens, and different ways of doing even the simplest tasks. This is where robots meet the world at home, where life happens and bots become family. They are still learning. They may move slowly, hesitate, and sometimes look a little clumsy. But every home they enter helps them understand the world a little better.

Meet the world at home, where life happens and bots become family 35 days ago, at our “Born to Bot, Bot to Family” launch event, we shared our vision of bringing robots into real homes. Today, we’re very happy to share that our robots are now gradually entering real families. For embodied AI, the real world is everyday life: different routines, different kitchens, and different ways of doing even the simplest tasks. This is where robots meet the world at home, where life happens and bots become family. They are still learning. They may move slowly, hesitate, and sometimes look a little clumsy. But every home they enter helps them understand the world a little better.

X Square Robot

1,204,483 views • 3 months ago

Excited to share that our paper 🌊🤺 “CFC: Simulating Character–Fluid Coupling using a Two-Level World Model” has been accepted to #SIGGRAPHASIA2025! In this work, we build a two-level world model (neural physics) for rigid-body–fluid interaction and use it to train physics-based character controllers efficiently. We study: (1) learning to model highly dynamic fluid environments, (2) representing character–fluid interaction via joint-level forces as an interface, and (3) enabling supervised policy learning on the learned world model—avoiding expensive fluid simulation in the training loop. Our talk is on Monday afternoon(Dec 15)—hope to see you there! Time: Monday, 15 December 2025 5:02pm - 5:13pm GMT+8 Location: Meeting Room S221, Level 2. #SIGGRAPHASIA #SIGGRAPH

Excited to share that our paper 🌊🤺 “CFC: Simulating Character–Fluid Coupling using a Two-Level World Model” has been accepted to #SIGGRAPHASIA2025! In this work, we build a two-level world model (neural physics) for rigid-body–fluid interaction and use it to train physics-based character controllers efficiently. We study: (1) learning to model highly dynamic fluid environments, (2) representing character–fluid interaction via joint-level forces as an interface, and (3) enabling supervised policy learning on the learned world model—avoiding expensive fluid simulation in the training loop. Our talk is on Monday afternoon(Dec 15)—hope to see you there! Time: Monday, 15 December 2025 5:02pm - 5:13pm GMT+8 Location: Meeting Room S221, Level 2. #SIGGRAPHASIA #SIGGRAPH

Zhiyang (Frank) Dou

20,247 views • 8 months ago

🚀 We open-sourced LongLive — interactive, real-time long-video generation. 👥Generates video in real time as users enter text prompts. ⚡️20.7 FPS on a single H100,⏱️up to 240s per clip. 🎬Fine-tunes SOTA short-video models (e.g., Wan) into long-video generators. 🌍One step closer to World Models. All code for training & inference, model weights, demo page, and videos released! Paper: Code: Model: Demo Page: Introduction Video:

🚀 We open-sourced LongLive — interactive, real-time long-video generation. 👥Generates video in real time as users enter text prompts. ⚡️20.7 FPS on a single H100,⏱️up to 240s per clip. 🎬Fine-tunes SOTA short-video models (e.g., Wan) into long-video generators. 🌍One step closer to World Models. All code for training & inference, model weights, demo page, and videos released! Paper: Code: Model: Demo Page: Introduction Video:

Yukang Chen

11,915 views • 11 months ago

An exciting new course: Fine-tuning and Reinforcement Learning for LLMs: Intro to Post-training, taught by Sharon Zhou, VP of AI at AMD. Available now at Post-training is the key technique used by frontier labs to turn a base LLM--a model trained on massive unlabeled text to predict the next word/token--into a helpful, reliable assistant that can follow instructions. I've also seen many applications where post-training is what turns a demo application that works only 80% of the time into a reliable system that consistently performs. This course will teach you the most important post-training techniques! In this 5 module course, Sharon walks you through the complete post-training pipeline: supervised fine-tuning, reward modeling, RLHF, and techniques like PPO and GRPO. You'll also learn to use LoRA for efficient training, and to design evals that catch problems before and after deployment. Skills you'll gain: - Apply supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning (RLHF, PPO, GRPO) to align models to desired behaviors - Use LoRA for efficient fine-tuning without retraining entire models - Prepare datasets and generate synthetic data for post-training - Understand how to operate LLM production pipelines, with go/no-go decision points and feedback loops These advanced methods aren’t limited to frontier AI labs anymore, and you can now use them in your own applications. Learn here:

An exciting new course: Fine-tuning and Reinforcement Learning for LLMs: Intro to Post-training, taught by Sharon Zhou, VP of AI at AMD. Available now at Post-training is the key technique used by frontier labs to turn a base LLM--a model trained on massive unlabeled text to predict the next word/token--into a helpful, reliable assistant that can follow instructions. I've also seen many applications where post-training is what turns a demo application that works only 80% of the time into a reliable system that consistently performs. This course will teach you the most important post-training techniques! In this 5 module course, Sharon walks you through the complete post-training pipeline: supervised fine-tuning, reward modeling, RLHF, and techniques like PPO and GRPO. You'll also learn to use LoRA for efficient training, and to design evals that catch problems before and after deployment. Skills you'll gain: - Apply supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning (RLHF, PPO, GRPO) to align models to desired behaviors - Use LoRA for efficient fine-tuning without retraining entire models - Prepare datasets and generate synthetic data for post-training - Understand how to operate LLM production pipelines, with go/no-go decision points and feedback loops These advanced methods aren’t limited to frontier AI labs anymore, and you can now use them in your own applications. Learn here:

Andrew Ng

132,304 views • 10 months ago

Continual learning sometimes gets discussed as if the goal is to dissolve the context/weights distinction. Let the model just keep accumulating, fine-tuning itself on the fly. Andrej Karpathy points out, though, that this isn't how humans do it. Our working memory gets wiped regularly. What we actually have is a consolidation process (sleep) that distills stuff into the brain, in a weird and lossy way. This is very different from how people sometimes talk about continual learning. It's not obvious it's something you can get for free from doing long enough RL loops.

Continual learning sometimes gets discussed as if the goal is to dissolve the context/weights distinction. Let the model just keep accumulating, fine-tuning itself on the fly. Andrej Karpathy points out, though, that this isn't how humans do it. Our working memory gets wiped regularly. What we actually have is a consolidation process (sleep) that distills stuff into the brain, in a weird and lossy way. This is very different from how people sometimes talk about continual learning. It's not obvious it's something you can get for free from doing long enough RL loops.

Dwarkesh Patel

60,376 views • 3 months ago

New Course: Post-training of LLMs Learn to post-train and customize an LLM in this short course, taught by Banghua Zhu, Assistant Professor at the University of Washington University of Washington, and co-founder of @NexusflowX. Training an LLM to follow instructions or answer questions has two key stages: pre-training and post-training. In pre-training, it learns to predict the next word or token from large amounts of unlabeled text. In post-training, it learns useful behaviors such as following instructions, tool use, and reasoning. Post-training transforms a general-purpose token predictor—trained on trillions of unlabeled text tokens—into an assistant that follows instructions and performs specific tasks. Because it is much cheaper than pre-training, it is practical for many more teams to incorporate post-training methods into their workflows than pre-training. In this course, you’ll learn three common post-training methods—Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT), Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), and Online Reinforcement Learning (RL)—and how to use each one effectively. With SFT, you train the model on pairs of input and ideal output responses. With DPO, you provide both a preferred (chosen) and a less preferred (rejected) response and train the model to favor the preferred output. With RL, the model generates an output, receives a reward score based on human or automated feedback, and updates the model to improve performance. You’ll learn the basic concepts, common use cases, and principles for curating high-quality data for effective training. Through hands-on labs, you’ll download a pre-trained model from Hugging Face and post-train it using SFT, DPO, and RL to see how each technique shapes model behavior. In detail, you’ll: - Understand what post-training is, when to use it, and how it differs from pre-training. - Build an SFT pipeline to turn a base model into an instruct model. - Explore how DPO reshapes behavior by minimizing contrastive loss—penalizing poor responses and reinforcing preferred ones. - Implement a DPO pipeline to change the identity of a chat assistant. - Learn online RL methods such as Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) and Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), and how to design reward functions. - Train a model with GRPO to improve its math capabilities using a verifiable reward. Post-training is one of the most rapidly developing areas of LLM training. Whether you’re building a high-accuracy context-specific assistant, fine-tuning a model's tone, or improving task-specific accuracy, this course will give you experience with the most important techniques shaping how LLMs are post-trained today. Please sign up here:

New Course: Post-training of LLMs Learn to post-train and customize an LLM in this short course, taught by Banghua Zhu, Assistant Professor at the University of Washington University of Washington, and co-founder of @NexusflowX. Training an LLM to follow instructions or answer questions has two key stages: pre-training and post-training. In pre-training, it learns to predict the next word or token from large amounts of unlabeled text. In post-training, it learns useful behaviors such as following instructions, tool use, and reasoning. Post-training transforms a general-purpose token predictor—trained on trillions of unlabeled text tokens—into an assistant that follows instructions and performs specific tasks. Because it is much cheaper than pre-training, it is practical for many more teams to incorporate post-training methods into their workflows than pre-training. In this course, you’ll learn three common post-training methods—Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT), Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), and Online Reinforcement Learning (RL)—and how to use each one effectively. With SFT, you train the model on pairs of input and ideal output responses. With DPO, you provide both a preferred (chosen) and a less preferred (rejected) response and train the model to favor the preferred output. With RL, the model generates an output, receives a reward score based on human or automated feedback, and updates the model to improve performance. You’ll learn the basic concepts, common use cases, and principles for curating high-quality data for effective training. Through hands-on labs, you’ll download a pre-trained model from Hugging Face and post-train it using SFT, DPO, and RL to see how each technique shapes model behavior. In detail, you’ll: - Understand what post-training is, when to use it, and how it differs from pre-training. - Build an SFT pipeline to turn a base model into an instruct model. - Explore how DPO reshapes behavior by minimizing contrastive loss—penalizing poor responses and reinforcing preferred ones. - Implement a DPO pipeline to change the identity of a chat assistant. - Learn online RL methods such as Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) and Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), and how to design reward functions. - Train a model with GRPO to improve its math capabilities using a verifiable reward. Post-training is one of the most rapidly developing areas of LLM training. Whether you’re building a high-accuracy context-specific assistant, fine-tuning a model's tone, or improving task-specific accuracy, this course will give you experience with the most important techniques shaping how LLMs are post-trained today. Please sign up here:

Andrew Ng

125,146 views • 1 year ago

The world we live in is run on BLACKMAIL, LIES, and CORRUPTION. A wealthy elite group of families from a specific group of bloodlines sit at the top of this global power structure. They use children as blackmail tools for their operations and occult belief systems to control governments and people in high places all around the world. It's time we come together, set aside our differences and put our time and energy into defeating the real enemy of We, The People.

The world we live in is run on BLACKMAIL, LIES, and CORRUPTION. A wealthy elite group of families from a specific group of bloodlines sit at the top of this global power structure. They use children as blackmail tools for their operations and occult belief systems to control governments and people in high places all around the world. It's time we come together, set aside our differences and put our time and energy into defeating the real enemy of We, The People.

The SCIF

225,688 views • 9 months ago

🔥🔥🔥We’ve been listening to your feedback! Our latest world model HY-World 1.5 just got a major upgrade to make world generation more accessible than ever: 🛠️ Open Training Code: Fully customizable code for building and training your own models. ⚡ Accelerated Inference: Turbocharged speed and optimized VRAM for real-time interaction. 📉 Lite 5B Model: A new lightweight model that fits into small-VRAM GPUs. 🙌 Zero Waitlist: Our online app is now fully open to everyone—no application required. This is just the beginning. HY-World is building the future of spatial intelligence—open, accessible, and community-driven. 🕹️ Play now: ⭐ GitHub:

🔥🔥🔥We’ve been listening to your feedback! Our latest world model HY-World 1.5 just got a major upgrade to make world generation more accessible than ever: 🛠️ Open Training Code: Fully customizable code for building and training your own models. ⚡ Accelerated Inference: Turbocharged speed and optimized VRAM for real-time interaction. 📉 Lite 5B Model: A new lightweight model that fits into small-VRAM GPUs. 🙌 Zero Waitlist: Our online app is now fully open to everyone—no application required. This is just the beginning. HY-World is building the future of spatial intelligence—open, accessible, and community-driven. 🕹️ Play now: ⭐ GitHub:

Tencent Hy

20,581 views • 7 months ago

An interactive world model developed by NVIDIA in collaboration with academic partners. - DreamDojo turns egocentric human video data into physical intelligence. - Human data is more scalable than robotics data but lacks action labels. - To solve this, a dedicated action model extracts latent actions by identifying physics and motion deltas between frames. Training - A massive 44k hours of video data are used for pre-training. - Post-training on small-scale robot datasets maps human physics to specific robot embodiments. - An additional distillation stage converts the model into an autoregressive, few-step diffusion model, enabling real-time, action-controllable simulation. Primary Use Cases - Live Teleoperation: Controlling a robot inside a world simulation in real-time. - Model-based Planning: Previewing and curating the best actions for improved success. - Policy Evaluation: Testing robot policies in realistic, out-of-distribution scenarios. Everything that's open-sourced: weights, code, post-training dataset, eval set, and details to reproduce.

An interactive world model developed by NVIDIA in collaboration with academic partners. - DreamDojo turns egocentric human video data into physical intelligence. - Human data is more scalable than robotics data but lacks action labels. - To solve this, a dedicated action model extracts latent actions by identifying physics and motion deltas between frames. Training - A massive 44k hours of video data are used for pre-training. - Post-training on small-scale robot datasets maps human physics to specific robot embodiments. - An additional distillation stage converts the model into an autoregressive, few-step diffusion model, enabling real-time, action-controllable simulation. Primary Use Cases - Live Teleoperation: Controlling a robot inside a world simulation in real-time. - Model-based Planning: Previewing and curating the best actions for improved success. - Policy Evaluation: Testing robot policies in realistic, out-of-distribution scenarios. Everything that's open-sourced: weights, code, post-training dataset, eval set, and details to reproduce.

The Humanoid Hub

11,575 views • 6 months ago

at Niantic Spatial 🌎, we're building the real-world model for physical AI. we believe the next generation of AI will move beyond the screen, into real-world environments where some of the hardest problems need to be solved. with high-fidelity gaussian splats as the foundation – robots, AI agents, & autonomous systems can see, localize, understand, & operate in the environments that matter most.

at Niantic Spatial 🌎, we're building the real-world model for physical AI. we believe the next generation of AI will move beyond the screen, into real-world environments where some of the hardest problems need to be solved. with high-fidelity gaussian splats as the foundation – robots, AI agents, & autonomous systems can see, localize, understand, & operate in the environments that matter most.

asim ᯅ

42,345 views • 4 months ago