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Mitochondria in a living cell, imaged today while I was training new lab members on our spinning-disk confocal microscope. Shown are the full cell and zoomed-in regions of interest. Total imaging time: 60 minutes. #CellBiology

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Science Corner: David Friedberg Explains Recent Mitotherapy Breakthroughs ⚡️ On E224, david friedberg broke down what mitotherapy is and how recent discoveries could unleash this treatment for many diseases: "So mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell." "Every cell in our body gets its energy, which is what it uses to function, from the mitochondria." "And so there's been a lot of research into the relationship between mitochondria and aging, and that dysfunctional mitochondria may actually be a key driver for many diseases." "Including many cancers, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS, features of autism, muscle tissues being weak, etc." " So, as the cells get older and the mitochondria stop working, we make new mitochondria." "But over time, the DNA degrades and the mitochondria become less effective and there are fewer functional mitochondria per cell." Friedberg highlighted three recent papers: 1) "The power and potential of mitochondria transfer" (nature) -- "these folks identified and demonstrated that mitochondria can actually transfer from one cell to another" -- " So, if you've got a cell that's got damaged, or dysfunctional mitochondria, they've identified three mechanisms by which mitochondria can move into a cell that needs more mitochondria that are working and are more functional." -- "And as a result, it can rejuvenate or provide energy to a dysfunctional cell, which might improve dysfunctional tissue or improve disease." 2) "A human brain map of mitochondrial respiratory capacity and diversity" (nature) -- " this was the first mapping of the mitochondria in the human brain" -- " what it showed was that different parts of the brain, different cells, had different amounts of mitochondria and different mitochondrial function." -- "(This) starts to highlight how that difference in energy production in different cells in different parts of the brain may actually cause some of the things like memory loss or speech impairment," -- "the mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain might actually be the key driver of that aging symptomology." 3) "Organelle-tuning condition robustly fabricates energetic mitochondria for cartilage regeneration" (nature | Bone Research) -- " (the researchers) figured out a way to treat stem cells so that (they) would start to make an excess amount of mitochondria than they normally would make" -- " So they created highly energetic mitochondria and they made a lot of them." -- " the idea that we can put mitochondria into our body or into tissue in our body to heal it or repair it has been something that folks have been trying to do research around for a long time" -- " but the limiting factor is access to enough mitochondria" -- " so this mechanism that they developed opens up the door to this whole new therapeutic modality, a new type of therapy called mitotherapy" Conclusion: " ... based on the series of papers that we're seeing coming out recently, I believe (this) could end up becoming a really incredible new therapy that may ultimately lead to the treatment for many diseases that we're dealing with right now."

The All-In Podcast

58,533 Aufrufe • vor 1 Jahr

Evolution says you can turn anything into anything if you tweak it long enough. But that house of cards collapses immediately when you realize what it takes to make even a single cell. They say new cell types arise one mutation at a time. Is that plausible? Here is the issue: Different cell types are created through a massive coordinated stack of genetic information, and it's not all just about DNA sequences. First you need a whole suite of new genetic systems related to the cell: new genes for the cell’s internal systems, instructions for its specific functional role in the body, the regulators that coordinate everything, markers to tell them where to go and when, and the controls that keep the wrong programs off. But the DNA structure itself must also be manipulated. You see, every cell in your body contains the DNA instructions to make any other cell. So how does a bone cell become a bone cell instead of a skin cell? Because of how the DNA is folded. DNA is folded in certain ways for different cell types, so that only the "bone cell instructions" are able to be read by the "cell construction program." The DNA fold decides which programs are open for each cell type. This is critical. If DNA is not folded properly so that specific cell-type information can be read, catastrophe ensues. Then you need placement blueprints, so the cells form in the right place, in the right number, and lock together to form a functional tissue. These developmental instructions are passed from parent to offspring - but research shows that tweaking these master developmental programs ends badly for the child. One mutation at a time cannot invent that entire programming stack and keep it coordinated. Research has confirmed this. To convert one cell type into another in the lab, researchers have to force many changes to happen at the same time in coordination. And even when directed by the researcher, cell conversion almost always fails. Change the sequence without the fold and you cannot get a new cell type. Fold the DNA without the new systems and you can only rearrange old programs. Make the cell without the map and it shows up in the wrong place. Break one layer in the stack and the others do not patiently wait - they fail. So creating a new cell type is not simply "tweak a gene one at a time." It requires a coordinated stack of entirely new programmed instructions: > New suite of internal systems, programmed into the DNA > New functional DNA fold so only the right systems are activated > New mapping blueprints so everything goes where it's needed Step-by-step mutation does not coordinate those layers. It produces broken cells before it produces new ones. Coordination of this level of complexity has only ever been known to come from one place: Intelligence.

Divinely Designed

22,050 Aufrufe • vor 3 Tagen