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Most people solve problems by reasoning by analogy. They look at what’s been done before and make small improvements. First principles flip that. You break a problem down to its fundamental truths and then reason up from there, ignoring convention.

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54,796 просмотров • 1 год назад •via X (Twitter)

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ELON: PEOPLE OFTEN FOLLOW THE TREND INSTEAD OF REASONING FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES “I tend to see that, instead of reasoning from first principles, people will do things because others are doing them, because there is a trend, or they just see everyone going that direction. So, they think that must be a good direction to go. This is sometimes correct, but then sometimes you're going to run off a cliff. It's much better to really look at things from a first-principles standpoint: What are the most fundamental truths in an arena? And any conclusions that you come to must be derived from those fundamental truths.” Source: Cleantech Summit, January 2011

ELON: PEOPLE OFTEN FOLLOW THE TREND INSTEAD OF REASONING FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES “I tend to see that, instead of reasoning from first principles, people will do things because others are doing them, because there is a trend, or they just see everyone going that direction. So, they think that must be a good direction to go. This is sometimes correct, but then sometimes you're going to run off a cliff. It's much better to really look at things from a first-principles standpoint: What are the most fundamental truths in an arena? And any conclusions that you come to must be derived from those fundamental truths.” Source: Cleantech Summit, January 2011

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Elon Musk: To do something truly new, you can't reason by analogy. You have to reason from first principles. “I'm a big believer in the science or physics framework of trying to analyze a problem, particularly if it's new. If something's new, then analogies don't work very well, because it's new. The way we get through daily life is mostly by analogy, by copying things with minor variations, because it's a computational shortcut. But if you want to do something that's fundamentally new, or particularly if it's counterintuitive, then you have to do a first principles analysis. You take things from what appear to be the fundamental, simple truths, and then reason up from there. And that requires a lot more thinking, and you can't do that for everything. But if you're trying to figure out something new, I think it's really the only way to go.” Source: American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 16, 2015.

Elon Musk: To do something truly new, you can't reason by analogy. You have to reason from first principles. “I'm a big believer in the science or physics framework of trying to analyze a problem, particularly if it's new. If something's new, then analogies don't work very well, because it's new. The way we get through daily life is mostly by analogy, by copying things with minor variations, because it's a computational shortcut. But if you want to do something that's fundamentally new, or particularly if it's counterintuitive, then you have to do a first principles analysis. You take things from what appear to be the fundamental, simple truths, and then reason up from there. And that requires a lot more thinking, and you can't do that for everything. But if you're trying to figure out something new, I think it's really the only way to go.” Source: American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 16, 2015.

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Elon Musk on why physics is the only law you can't break "Physics is the law, and everything else is a recommendation. I've met a lot of people who can break the law, but I haven't met anyone who could break physics" "For any kind of technology problem, you have to make sure you're not violating physics. First-principles analysis can be applied to really any walk of life" "It's really just saying, let's boil something down to the most fundamental principles, the things we are most confident are true at a foundational level. That sets your axiomatic base, and then you reason up from there"

Elon Musk on why physics is the only law you can't break "Physics is the law, and everything else is a recommendation. I've met a lot of people who can break the law, but I haven't met anyone who could break physics" "For any kind of technology problem, you have to make sure you're not violating physics. First-principles analysis can be applied to really any walk of life" "It's really just saying, let's boil something down to the most fundamental principles, the things we are most confident are true at a foundational level. That sets your axiomatic base, and then you reason up from there"

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Elon Musk describes first principles thinking as a superpower, and it truly is. Because most people never learn how to think — they just learn how to remember. They copy, they imitate, they accept. But when you break problems into their most fundamental truths, when you question everything — you step outside the illusion of precedent. That’s how Tesla, SpaceX, and Neuralink happened. Physics doesn’t care about legacy systems. It only cares about what’s possible.

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ELON: THE TOOLS OF PHYSICS ARE USEFUL IN ANY FIELD “The tools of physics are incredibly helpful to understand and make progress in any field. First principles obviously just means breaking things down to the fundamental axiomatic elements that are most likely to be true and then reason up from there as cogently as possible, as opposed to reasoning by analysis or metaphor. And then just simple things like thinking in the limit. If you extrapolate, minimize this thing or maximize that thing. Thinking in the limit is very helpful. I'd use all the tools of physics. They apply to any field. This is like a superpower, actually.” Source: Interview at Y Combinator, June 16, 2025

ELON: THE TOOLS OF PHYSICS ARE USEFUL IN ANY FIELD “The tools of physics are incredibly helpful to understand and make progress in any field. First principles obviously just means breaking things down to the fundamental axiomatic elements that are most likely to be true and then reason up from there as cogently as possible, as opposed to reasoning by analysis or metaphor. And then just simple things like thinking in the limit. If you extrapolate, minimize this thing or maximize that thing. Thinking in the limit is very helpful. I'd use all the tools of physics. They apply to any field. This is like a superpower, actually.” Source: Interview at Y Combinator, June 16, 2025

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Elon Musk explains the mental model he uses to learn anything 10x faster: "The normal way we conduct our lives is we reason by analogy. We're doing this because it's like something else that was done, or it's like what other people are doing. 'Me too' type ideas. Slight iterations on a theme." Elon continues: "It's mentally easier to reason by analogy rather than from first principles. But first principles is kind of a physics way of looking at the world. What that really means is you boil things down to the most fundamental truths and say, 'What are we sure is true?' and then reason up from there. That takes a lot more mental energy." He gives the example of batteries: "Somebody could say, and people do, that battery packs are really expensive and that's just the way they'll always be, because that's the way they've been in the past. Well no, that's pretty dumb. If you applied that reasoning to anything new, you'd never get to that new thing." Elon explains how first principles changes the question entirely: "They would say historically it costs $600 per kilowatt hour, so it's not going to be much better than that in the future. First principles would say: What are the material constituents of the batteries? What is the spot market value of those materials? It's got cobalt, nickel, aluminum, carbon, some polymers, and a steel can. If we bought that on the London Metal Exchange, what would it cost? It's like $80 per kilowatt hour. So clearly, you just need to think of clever ways to combine those materials into the shape of a battery cell, and you can have batteries much cheaper than anyone realizes."

Elon Musk explains the mental model he uses to learn anything 10x faster: "The normal way we conduct our lives is we reason by analogy. We're doing this because it's like something else that was done, or it's like what other people are doing. 'Me too' type ideas. Slight iterations on a theme." Elon continues: "It's mentally easier to reason by analogy rather than from first principles. But first principles is kind of a physics way of looking at the world. What that really means is you boil things down to the most fundamental truths and say, 'What are we sure is true?' and then reason up from there. That takes a lot more mental energy." He gives the example of batteries: "Somebody could say, and people do, that battery packs are really expensive and that's just the way they'll always be, because that's the way they've been in the past. Well no, that's pretty dumb. If you applied that reasoning to anything new, you'd never get to that new thing." Elon explains how first principles changes the question entirely: "They would say historically it costs $600 per kilowatt hour, so it's not going to be much better than that in the future. First principles would say: What are the material constituents of the batteries? What is the spot market value of those materials? It's got cobalt, nickel, aluminum, carbon, some polymers, and a steel can. If we bought that on the London Metal Exchange, what would it cost? It's like $80 per kilowatt hour. So clearly, you just need to think of clever ways to combine those materials into the shape of a battery cell, and you can have batteries much cheaper than anyone realizes."

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