Patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia require timely revascularization, but whether clinical outcomes are better with surgical bypass or endovascular therapy is unclear. New research findings are summarized in a short video.

A 𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐠𝐞 is a type of immune cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system by digesting cellular debris and pathogens. Macrophages originate from monocytes in the blood and confer innate immunity, which is typically the body’s first line of defense against foreign antigens. In addition, they mediate wound healing and tissue repair by releasing growth factors and antiinflammatory cytokines. Macrophages can be found within many organs, including the liver, brain, bones, and lungs, as well as in the blood, particularly at sites of infection.  To learn more about this NEJM Illustrated Glossary term, read the editorial “Defanging the Neutrophil to Treat Bronchiectasis”: Explore more terms: