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Polyacrylamide-based chemicals are highly effective, synthetic, high-molecular-weight polymers used in flocculation tests to aggregate small, suspended particles into larger, heavier clusters called flocs. This is how it works.

181,828 görüntüleme • 3 ay önce •via X (Twitter)

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🚨 PHYSICISTS JUST SPLIT A SINGLE PHOTON AND IT TURNED INTO AN IMPROBABLE SWARM OF PARTICLES. In a striking experiment, researchers have shown that a photon can be split apart in such a way that it produces a large number of particles, creating what they describe as a “mixture from zero to infinity.” Instead of the usual clean splitting into two photons (as seen in spontaneous parametric down-conversion), this process generated a complex, broad swarm of particles. The result challenges conventional intuition about how photons behave when pushed into extreme nonlinear regimes. Why this matters: • It demonstrates a rare and complex form of photon splitting that was previously very difficult to observe cleanly • Such processes could help simulate high-energy particle physics in table-top experiments • It opens new possibilities for generating exotic quantum states of light • It provides deeper insight into nonlinear quantum electrodynamics (QED) in strong fields The deeper implication: Photons are usually thought of as indivisible quanta of light. But under the right extreme conditions, a single photon can effectively “break apart” into many particles. This isn’t just a curiosity it touches on fundamental questions about the nature of light and matter, and could eventually lead to new tools for quantum technologies and for studying physics that normally requires particle accelerators. We’re seeing light behave in ways that blur the line between a single quantum and a many-particle system. How do you think being able to controllably split photons into swarms of particles could impact quantum optics or fundamental physics research? Follow for more frontier quantum physics and breakthroughs in light-matter interaction.

TheNewPhysics

25,874 görüntüleme • 28 gün önce

There's a bacteriophage that turns bacteria into “liquid crystals.” Specifically, Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria make Pf phages, which are rod-shaped, negatively-charged, and measure about 2 micrometers in length (roughly the length of an E. coli cell). These phages leave the cells and enter their surroundings. There, they mix with polymers, also secreted by the cells, to form a crystalline matrix. Surprisingly, this is good for the cells. Although the phages kill some of them, it also makes their biofilms stickier and able to withstand certain antibiotics. These bacteria + phages are prevalent in cystic fibrosis patients; they've formed a sort of symbiotic relationship. The Pf phages are made from thousands of repeating copies of a coat protein, called CoaB, which wraps around a single-stranded, circular DNA genome. These genes are integrated directly on the bacterial chromosome. The bacteria “turn on” these phage genes when placed in a viscous environment with low oxygen levels. This is like a trigger to start forming a biofilm. And the cells make a lot of phages; about 100 billion per milliliter. These liquid crystals form because of a physics principle called “depletion attraction.” If you just mix a bunch of loose or flexible polymers together (such as long carbon chains) they will not form a liquid crystal. But if you mix stiff rods (the phages) with loose polymers at a high enough concentration, the polymers will force the phages close together to create a material that flows like a liquid despite being ordered like a crystal. See the video below. These liquid crystal biofilms are hard to get rid of. The negatively-charged phages block many antibiotics (like aminoglycosides, which are positively-charged) from entering cells. Liquid crystals also retain water, so these biofilms can survive on drier surfaces. I first heard about this from Malmesbury’s excellent newsletter, called “Telescopic Turnip.”

Niko McCarty.

50,029 görüntüleme • 6 ay önce

Kidney stones are hard deposits made of minerals and salts. While smaller stones often pass naturally through hydration, larger or more stubborn stones require medical intervention to be cleared. ​Here are the 4 primary methods used by doctors: ​1. Shock Wave Lithotripsy (SWL): This is the most common non-invasive treatment. A machine uses high-energy sound waves (shock waves) to create strong vibrations. These vibrations break the large stone into tiny "dust" or sand-like pieces that can then be passed through urine. ​2. Ureteroscopy: For stones located in the ureter or kidney, a doctor may use a thin, flexible scope. The scope is passed through the bladder and up into the ureter. Once the stone is located, it is either captured in a small "basket" and removed or broken apart using a laser so the fragments can pass later. ​3. Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL): This is typically reserved for very large or complex stones. A small incision is made in the patient's back to reach the kidney directly. A nephroscope is then used to locate and remove the stone, often using ultrasonic or laser energy to break it up first. ​4. Natural Passage: For stones smaller than 5mm, the most common "removal" method is simply waiting. This requires high fluid intake (water) and often medication (like alpha-blockers) to help relax the muscles in the ureter, allowing the stone to pass with less pain. ​⚠️ Note: If you are experiencing severe pain, nausea, or fever, it is important to consult a healthcare professional immediately, as these can be signs of a blockage or infection. Educational purpose only .😊

Dr Honey choudhary 🩺

26,920 görüntüleme • 3 ay önce