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Soccer Headers Damage Brains Even Without Concussions, Large Study Finds | Carly Cassella, ScienceAlert The world's most popular sport is reckoning with serious health concerns. The largest study of its kind has now found that repetitively heading a soccer ball can negatively impact the brain, even in amateur players... who don't report concussions. Among 352 amateur adult soccer players, those who took more than a thousand headers a year showed microscopic changes to the outer wrinkles of their brains, right behind their eyes, regardless of their age or sex. These players also performed slightly but significantly worse on memory and learning tests. "What's important about our study is that it shows, really for the first time, that exposure to repeated head impacts causes specific changes in the brain that, in turn, impair cognitive function," explains neuroscientist Michael Lipton at Columbia University. Lipton's lab has been leading research on how soccer heading impacts the brain for over a decade now. Contact sports, like American football, Australian rules football, and rugby, are also contending with the downsides of repetitive head trauma, but in these cases, the discussion is often framed as a concussion crisis typically reserved for professionals. Lipton's research at Columbia University suggests that even mild bumps to the head can add up, and it's not just professional athletes or those who report concussions who are affected. Previous studies by Lipton have shown alterations to white matter among amateur soccer players compared to swimmers. Meanwhile, other studies have found white matter changes even without a history of concussion. But linking these brain changes to clear alterations in cognitive function has proven tricky. Lipton and his team have now developed a novel method that detects damage in the outermost wrinkles of the brain – a tricky spot to study using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI). This layer is called the cortical gray matter–white matter interface (GWI), and until recently, not much was known about it. Using their new imaging technique, Lipton and his team scanned the brains of amateur soccer players, who had played for at least five years and within the last six months. Those who said they took more headers showed significant changes in the GWI at the front of their brains – a spot consistent with the trajectory of a soccer ball during a header. The authors suspect that this injury site reflects a contrecoup force – a sort of bruise to the brain that occurs on the opposite side of the skull. Injuries to the GWI may have gone undetected or underestimated in other imaging studies, which is possibly why there are conflicting results on the neurological impact of soccer headers. A graduate student in Lipton's lab, Joan Song, developed a way to characterize what they were seeing in the MRI scans. "In healthy individuals, there's a sharp transition between these tissues," Song explains. "Here, we studied if an attenuation of this transition may occur with minor impacts caused by heading." Sure enough, the boundary between white and grey matter was fuzzier in those who took more headers. "It's very strong evidence that these microstructural changes are likely to be a cause of cognitive deficits," Lipton says. Further investigation is needed, but the findings suggest that the GWI is a good place to image in future studies on soccer heading impacts. It may even be associated with disorders like chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Read more:show more

Owen Gregorian

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Researchers scanned the brains of 60 preschool-aged children—and what they discovered about screens was “truly shocking.” “Screen time causes a LOSS of white matter in the brain.” In simple terms, Prof. Mike Nagel calls it a measure of “BRAIN DAMAGE.” What is white matter? White matter is the part of the brain made up of insulated nerve fibers that help different areas of the brain communicate quickly and efficiently. It acts like the brain’s wiring system, carrying signals from one region to another so thinking, movement, emotion, and learning can work smoothly. “So if we’re seeing deficits in myelin production early in life, we’re probably seeing deficits in neural connectivity,” Prof. Nagel warns. “The study shows the more screen time a child is exposed to, the greater the loss of white matter.” But it’s not just loss of white matter we have to worry about. When you understand how screens rewire dopamine in developing brains, the story gets even darker. 🧵

Researchers scanned the brains of 60 preschool-aged children—and what they discovered about screens was “truly shocking.” “Screen time causes a LOSS of white matter in the brain.” In simple terms, Prof. Mike Nagel calls it a measure of “BRAIN DAMAGE.” What is white matter? White matter is the part of the brain made up of insulated nerve fibers that help different areas of the brain communicate quickly and efficiently. It acts like the brain’s wiring system, carrying signals from one region to another so thinking, movement, emotion, and learning can work smoothly. “So if we’re seeing deficits in myelin production early in life, we’re probably seeing deficits in neural connectivity,” Prof. Nagel warns. “The study shows the more screen time a child is exposed to, the greater the loss of white matter.” But it’s not just loss of white matter we have to worry about. When you understand how screens rewire dopamine in developing brains, the story gets even darker. 🧵

The Vigilant Fox 🦊

313,056 görüntüleme • 4 ay önce

Whoa: Autism expert Lyn Redwood, just dropped autopsy evidence in today's ACIP meeting about Thimerosal and Autism "This study, based on autopsy brain tissue from children and adults, found a chronic, ongoing neurological inflammatory process in the brains" Something different is happening. Things are definitely changing 🔥 TRANSCRIPT: The IOM investigation regarding thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism contains several important points. If you read the report, one key finding is that the committee repeatedly noted that large epidemiological studies would not be able to detect a subpopulation that might be more genetically vulnerable, which is one of the hypotheses. The committee also dismissed findings of immune activation and inflammation in the brains of animal models exposed to thimerosal-containing vaccines. This was because they changed the criteria from their 2001 report, which focused on biological plausibility, to biological mechanisms in 2004. At that time, we didn’t fully understand the biological mechanisms. Additionally, the committee stated there was no evidence of neuroinflammation or immune activation in the brains of children with autism. However, one year later, in 2005, a landmark study published by Carlos Pardo documented exactly that. This study, based on autopsy brain tissue from children and adults, found a chronic, ongoing neuroinflammatory process in the brains. Today, those findings have been replicated repeatedly and are considered one of the hallmarks of autism. I also wanted to mention a study published by the CDC, led by Dr. Thompson, titled “Early Thimerosal Exposure and Neuropsychological Outcomes at 7 to 10 Years.” They found an association with tics, which can be very debilitating. So, there have been studies that have found evidence of harm. Those were the two main comments I wanted to make. There was another point I intended to raise, but I can’t recall it right now. However, there is evidence, and I can provide studies to support this."

Whoa: Autism expert Lyn Redwood, just dropped autopsy evidence in today's ACIP meeting about Thimerosal and Autism "This study, based on autopsy brain tissue from children and adults, found a chronic, ongoing neurological inflammatory process in the brains" Something different is happening. Things are definitely changing 🔥 TRANSCRIPT: The IOM investigation regarding thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism contains several important points. If you read the report, one key finding is that the committee repeatedly noted that large epidemiological studies would not be able to detect a subpopulation that might be more genetically vulnerable, which is one of the hypotheses. The committee also dismissed findings of immune activation and inflammation in the brains of animal models exposed to thimerosal-containing vaccines. This was because they changed the criteria from their 2001 report, which focused on biological plausibility, to biological mechanisms in 2004. At that time, we didn’t fully understand the biological mechanisms. Additionally, the committee stated there was no evidence of neuroinflammation or immune activation in the brains of children with autism. However, one year later, in 2005, a landmark study published by Carlos Pardo documented exactly that. This study, based on autopsy brain tissue from children and adults, found a chronic, ongoing neuroinflammatory process in the brains. Today, those findings have been replicated repeatedly and are considered one of the hallmarks of autism. I also wanted to mention a study published by the CDC, led by Dr. Thompson, titled “Early Thimerosal Exposure and Neuropsychological Outcomes at 7 to 10 Years.” They found an association with tics, which can be very debilitating. So, there have been studies that have found evidence of harm. Those were the two main comments I wanted to make. There was another point I intended to raise, but I can’t recall it right now. However, there is evidence, and I can provide studies to support this."

Humanspective

17,425 görüntüleme • 1 yıl önce

Dr. Daniel Monti just revealed a potentially massive breakthrough in Parkinson’s disease treatment. And it’s much simpler than you think. He just published his third study on a molecule called N-acetylcysteine, or “NAC for short.” “This is a powerful antioxidant.” “It actually protects the liver.” “We know that it does a lot of different things, but the important thing for us is that it’s a precursor to something called glutathione.” “Glutathione protects the brain when there’s damage or oxidative stress and we lose it as we age.” “And when we get sick, we lose it even more.” “So we want to have a way to efficiently increase glutathione in the brain, particularly when we have a neurodegenerative disorder such as Parkinson’s disease.” “We hypothesized early on that giving infused N-acetylcysteine would increase glutathione and actually have a positive impact on Parkinson’s disease.” “We’ve published three studies on this and we look at brain scans in all of them.” “And what we’ve seen is that the N-acetylcysteine increases the efficiency of dopamine in the brain, which is the neurotransmitter or chemical that gets lost in Parkinson’s disease and causes all of those symptoms.” “Our most recent study shows that it improves the way the brain connects to itself or talks to itself the functional connectivity in the brain.” “To be in the study, you couldn’t have changes in your Parkinson's medications for a period of time.” “In both the control group and in the NAC group, people were on their Parkinson’s medications, but if they got the NAC, they did better.” “Their brain came alive in a way that wasn’t happening before.”

Dr. Daniel Monti just revealed a potentially massive breakthrough in Parkinson’s disease treatment. And it’s much simpler than you think. He just published his third study on a molecule called N-acetylcysteine, or “NAC for short.” “This is a powerful antioxidant.” “It actually protects the liver.” “We know that it does a lot of different things, but the important thing for us is that it’s a precursor to something called glutathione.” “Glutathione protects the brain when there’s damage or oxidative stress and we lose it as we age.” “And when we get sick, we lose it even more.” “So we want to have a way to efficiently increase glutathione in the brain, particularly when we have a neurodegenerative disorder such as Parkinson’s disease.” “We hypothesized early on that giving infused N-acetylcysteine would increase glutathione and actually have a positive impact on Parkinson’s disease.” “We’ve published three studies on this and we look at brain scans in all of them.” “And what we’ve seen is that the N-acetylcysteine increases the efficiency of dopamine in the brain, which is the neurotransmitter or chemical that gets lost in Parkinson’s disease and causes all of those symptoms.” “Our most recent study shows that it improves the way the brain connects to itself or talks to itself the functional connectivity in the brain.” “To be in the study, you couldn’t have changes in your Parkinson's medications for a period of time.” “In both the control group and in the NAC group, people were on their Parkinson’s medications, but if they got the NAC, they did better.” “Their brain came alive in a way that wasn’t happening before.”

Jan Jekielek

170,003 görüntüleme • 4 ay önce

The human brain is supposed to be our most protected organ—but startling new research suggests otherwise A 2024 study from São Paulo, Brazil, revealed that microplastics are accumulating in the brain at ten times the rate of other organs, bypassing the blood-brain barrier through inhalation and the olfactory pathway Even more alarming, individuals with Alzheimer’s disease were up to 20 times more likely to have microplastics in their brain compared to those without the disease This groundbreaking discovery highlights a strong link between airborne microplastics, neuroinflammation, and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases

The human brain is supposed to be our most protected organ—but startling new research suggests otherwise A 2024 study from São Paulo, Brazil, revealed that microplastics are accumulating in the brain at ten times the rate of other organs, bypassing the blood-brain barrier through inhalation and the olfactory pathway Even more alarming, individuals with Alzheimer’s disease were up to 20 times more likely to have microplastics in their brain compared to those without the disease This groundbreaking discovery highlights a strong link between airborne microplastics, neuroinflammation, and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases

FoundMyFitness Clips

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Lionel Messi on North American soccer culture and what fans can expect for the 2026 World Cup: “Well, although I already knew it, especially about Mexico, as I said before, I was a little more surprised about the passion that exists for soccer in the United States and in Canada. I also believe that in the last few years, in my opinion, or because I didn't know so much about it, I believe that there has been a growth and an important change in the number of fans of the game, who like to enjoy the show, who are also passionate, who have a lot of passion for their teams, where soccer is truly consumed above all else. Mexico has always had a great league, that also has a lot of great teams within its league in terms of player quality, financially, and that will be very enjoyable. And then talking about the organization in the United States, both I and the people, I believe, expect something extraordinary because [in the U.S.] they are used to doing big events and this is the most important event in soccer and I believe that they are going to be up to the task so that people can come and enjoy everything.” #InterMiamiCF #MLS #Messi

Lionel Messi on North American soccer culture and what fans can expect for the 2026 World Cup: “Well, although I already knew it, especially about Mexico, as I said before, I was a little more surprised about the passion that exists for soccer in the United States and in Canada. I also believe that in the last few years, in my opinion, or because I didn't know so much about it, I believe that there has been a growth and an important change in the number of fans of the game, who like to enjoy the show, who are also passionate, who have a lot of passion for their teams, where soccer is truly consumed above all else. Mexico has always had a great league, that also has a lot of great teams within its league in terms of player quality, financially, and that will be very enjoyable. And then talking about the organization in the United States, both I and the people, I believe, expect something extraordinary because [in the U.S.] they are used to doing big events and this is the most important event in soccer and I believe that they are going to be up to the task so that people can come and enjoy everything.” #InterMiamiCF #MLS #Messi

Favian Renkel

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Use creatine to protect your brain from head injuries: Repeated head injuries can lead to second-impact syndrome, where a subsequent injury before full recovery causes rapid and potentially permanent brain damage. This is a significant risk for athletes, military, or anyone prone to traumatic brain injury (TBI) or concussions. But here's the good news: research has shown that creatine supplementation can help mitigate the damage caused by second-impact syndrome. In fact, studies have found that creatine depletion prior to additional impacts can worsen the damage to your brain. So, what should you do? If you do experience a head injury, it's essential to replenish your creatine stores as quickly as possible. Creatine monohydrate is a good option, as it's the most researched and widely used form in studies, and it's also one of the most affordable and available options. Creating a regular creatine supplementation routine can be beneficial for overall health and wellness, regardless of your risk level for head injuries. You can obtain creatine through both food sources and supplements. While it is possible to get creatine from food, particularly from meat sources (which contain around 400-600mg of creatine per 100g or 3.5oz serving), it can be challenging to achieve the high dosages needed through diet alone. Most studies on creatine monohydrate for brain injuries have used high dosages of around 20g per day, which is significantly higher than the typical dosages used for performance benefits. As a preventative measure, a daily dose of 5-10g may be sufficient for most people. However, if you know you'll be at risk of exposure to head impacts, you may want to increase your dosage to 20-30g per day for a week, split into multiple doses. Remember, the primary goal should always be to minimize the number of head impacts and injuries in the first place.

Use creatine to protect your brain from head injuries: Repeated head injuries can lead to second-impact syndrome, where a subsequent injury before full recovery causes rapid and potentially permanent brain damage. This is a significant risk for athletes, military, or anyone prone to traumatic brain injury (TBI) or concussions. But here's the good news: research has shown that creatine supplementation can help mitigate the damage caused by second-impact syndrome. In fact, studies have found that creatine depletion prior to additional impacts can worsen the damage to your brain. So, what should you do? If you do experience a head injury, it's essential to replenish your creatine stores as quickly as possible. Creatine monohydrate is a good option, as it's the most researched and widely used form in studies, and it's also one of the most affordable and available options. Creating a regular creatine supplementation routine can be beneficial for overall health and wellness, regardless of your risk level for head injuries. You can obtain creatine through both food sources and supplements. While it is possible to get creatine from food, particularly from meat sources (which contain around 400-600mg of creatine per 100g or 3.5oz serving), it can be challenging to achieve the high dosages needed through diet alone. Most studies on creatine monohydrate for brain injuries have used high dosages of around 20g per day, which is significantly higher than the typical dosages used for performance benefits. As a preventative measure, a daily dose of 5-10g may be sufficient for most people. However, if you know you'll be at risk of exposure to head impacts, you may want to increase your dosage to 20-30g per day for a week, split into multiple doses. Remember, the primary goal should always be to minimize the number of head impacts and injuries in the first place.

Andy Galpin, PhD

137,470 görüntüleme • 1 yıl önce

Your baby’s brain isn’t the only one that’s developing. I’ve written a good bit about the brain development of newborns and how to stimulate it. But today I want to talk about the developing brains of parents - which research suggests also change concurrent with pregnancy and childbirth. Changes in adult brains thought to facilitate sensitive caregiving have been measured in both mothers and fathers. In mothers, distinct changes in the cerebral cortex (including regions linked to thinking about others minds) and subcortex (linked with emotion and motivation) have been measured - so much so that in a study conducted by Spanish researchers, an algorithm was able to readily distinguish between the brains of childless women and those of new mothers. Dads’ brains change too, with fathers demonstrating changes in regions of the cortex that contribute to visual processing, attention, and empathy toward the baby. Both are examples of what neuroscientists call experience dependent neuroplasticity (changes in the structure of the brain associated with specific life experiences). Here’s a lovely example of “Dad Brain” on display. If you can watch it to the end without tearing up you’re doing better than me. Dads will know the feeling. This beautiful video was shared to IG by iamtayloso.

Your baby’s brain isn’t the only one that’s developing. I’ve written a good bit about the brain development of newborns and how to stimulate it. But today I want to talk about the developing brains of parents - which research suggests also change concurrent with pregnancy and childbirth. Changes in adult brains thought to facilitate sensitive caregiving have been measured in both mothers and fathers. In mothers, distinct changes in the cerebral cortex (including regions linked to thinking about others minds) and subcortex (linked with emotion and motivation) have been measured - so much so that in a study conducted by Spanish researchers, an algorithm was able to readily distinguish between the brains of childless women and those of new mothers. Dads’ brains change too, with fathers demonstrating changes in regions of the cortex that contribute to visual processing, attention, and empathy toward the baby. Both are examples of what neuroscientists call experience dependent neuroplasticity (changes in the structure of the brain associated with specific life experiences). Here’s a lovely example of “Dad Brain” on display. If you can watch it to the end without tearing up you’re doing better than me. Dads will know the feeling. This beautiful video was shared to IG by iamtayloso.

Dan Wuori

273,859 görüntüleme • 2 yıl önce

Soccer is booming in the United States and World Cup viewership shows there is MASSIVE interest, but it will never be the priority and always play 5th fiddle to the Big 4 sports in America unless Americans fundamentally change their approach to youth sports. American Soccer is behind the rest of the world for 3 reasons: 1. Cultural Sporting DNA In the USA, Soccer competes in a crowded field of Football, Basketball, Baseball and Hockey instead of dominating like abroad. Europe and the rest of the world built soccer through community clubs, local pride and it being their default sport. They are born with a soccer ball on their feet. 2. Pay-to-Play Barrier In the USA most youth are priced out of playing because the cost to be on the team is too expensive. Currently there is a 14% decline in youth soccer participation between ages 6 to 12. Europe and the rest of world’s accessible club model keeps more kids in the game longer. 3. Less participation in the sport An all time high 16.8 million youth played outdoor soccer in the USA in 2025, but per capita the USA is far behind other European countries like Belgium which has a 3x higher rate of participation for its population size. For American soccer to catch up, it has to change its sporting culture focus to development instead of making money and lower the cost barrier for participation through state and government funded clubs over the next 20 years. Development needs to be the priority, not maximizing how much money can be made off the athlete and their parents. Instead of focusing on the old statement of “if our best athletes played”, focus on making the best athletes want to keep playing and the ones who do play the beautiful game better at it. Then and only then can we find our Erling Haaland, Lamine Yamal, Messi, Ronaldo or Jude Bellingham. We have to build the structure for them to develop in. #FIFAWorldCup #FIFAWorldCup2026 #Football #Soccer #RG3 #OuttaPocket #USA

Soccer is booming in the United States and World Cup viewership shows there is MASSIVE interest, but it will never be the priority and always play 5th fiddle to the Big 4 sports in America unless Americans fundamentally change their approach to youth sports. American Soccer is behind the rest of the world for 3 reasons: 1. Cultural Sporting DNA In the USA, Soccer competes in a crowded field of Football, Basketball, Baseball and Hockey instead of dominating like abroad. Europe and the rest of the world built soccer through community clubs, local pride and it being their default sport. They are born with a soccer ball on their feet. 2. Pay-to-Play Barrier In the USA most youth are priced out of playing because the cost to be on the team is too expensive. Currently there is a 14% decline in youth soccer participation between ages 6 to 12. Europe and the rest of world’s accessible club model keeps more kids in the game longer. 3. Less participation in the sport An all time high 16.8 million youth played outdoor soccer in the USA in 2025, but per capita the USA is far behind other European countries like Belgium which has a 3x higher rate of participation for its population size. For American soccer to catch up, it has to change its sporting culture focus to development instead of making money and lower the cost barrier for participation through state and government funded clubs over the next 20 years. Development needs to be the priority, not maximizing how much money can be made off the athlete and their parents. Instead of focusing on the old statement of “if our best athletes played”, focus on making the best athletes want to keep playing and the ones who do play the beautiful game better at it. Then and only then can we find our Erling Haaland, Lamine Yamal, Messi, Ronaldo or Jude Bellingham. We have to build the structure for them to develop in. #FIFAWorldCup #FIFAWorldCup2026 #Football #Soccer #RG3 #OuttaPocket #USA

Robert Griffin III

252,295 görüntüleme • 1 gün önce

60 preschool children had their brains scanned. The results? Screen time in young kids causes a loss of white matter in the brain What does this mean? Professor Mike Nagel refers to this as Brain Damage Less white matter means the brain can't communicate as quickly or effectively. This means that things like reaction time, movements, learning & general thinking are all impaired. The study shows the more screen time a child is exposed to, the greater the loss of white matter. The studies are starting to back up the common sense. Young kids should not have any screen time. Giving children screens means harming kids (permanently?) for parent convenience. Kids deserve better.

60 preschool children had their brains scanned. The results? Screen time in young kids causes a loss of white matter in the brain What does this mean? Professor Mike Nagel refers to this as Brain Damage Less white matter means the brain can't communicate as quickly or effectively. This means that things like reaction time, movements, learning & general thinking are all impaired. The study shows the more screen time a child is exposed to, the greater the loss of white matter. The studies are starting to back up the common sense. Young kids should not have any screen time. Giving children screens means harming kids (permanently?) for parent convenience. Kids deserve better.

Raising Healthy Families

14,138 görüntüleme • 4 ay önce

Scientists discover surprising link between gut-brain interactions and mental health | Eric W. Dolan, PsyPost A new study provides evidence that the connection between the brain and the stomach may be linked to mental health in a measurable way. Researchers from Aarhus University in Denmark, publishing their work in Nature Mental Health, report that a specific pattern of communication between the brain and the stomach reflects how individuals feel emotionally and psychologically. Their findings suggest that these gut-brain interactions can indicate a person’s levels of anxiety, depression, well-being, and overall quality of life. The idea that emotions are linked to physical sensations in the gut is widely reflected in language. People often talk about having “butterflies in the stomach” when nervous, or feeling “sick to the stomach” when distressed. Yet, despite these common expressions, most scientific attention in the field of brain-body interaction has focused on other organs, such as the heart and lungs. These areas have long been studied for their roles in emotion and mood. The researchers were struck by how little was known about how the stomach, in particular, interacts with the brain. While recent studies have explored the influence of gut bacteria and digestion on mental health, very little work had been done on the electrical rhythms of the stomach and how they may directly communicate with the brain’s networks involved in emotion, attention, and cognition. The team behind this new study wanted to explore whether a person’s psychological profile might be reflected in how strongly the stomach and brain are coupled during rest. Their aim was not to link a specific diagnosis like depression to a single brain region, but rather to identify patterns across a broad spectrum of mental health experiences. “Our interest grew from the long-standing discussion about the role of the body in shaping emotion, a question that has fascinated philosophers and scientists for centuries,” said study author Leah Banellis (Leah Banellis), a postdoctoral fellow in Cognitive Neuroscience at Aarhus University. “Yet, while the heart and lungs have received much attention, the stomach has been largely overlooked. This gap struck us as especially surprising, because the link between the stomach and emotional experience feels so intuitive. It is heavily reflected in everyday language, with phrases like ‘butterflies in the stomach,’ ‘sick to our stomach,’ or ‘trust your gut.'” The research was part of the Visceral Mind Project, a large-scale initiative that combines data on brain activity, bodily rhythms, and psychological assessments. The team recorded data from 243 people using a method that captures both electrical signals from the stomach (electrogastrography) and brain activity measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The participants represented a wide range of mental health profiles, from those reporting high well-being to others showing signs of distress, including anxiety, depression, fatigue, and insomnia. To capture this diversity, the researchers didn’t exclude people with psychiatric symptoms or diagnoses. Instead, they aimed for variation, which would allow their models to detect patterns across the mental health spectrum. Each participant underwent a series of recordings while lying still in the MRI scanner. At the same time, sensors on the abdomen captured the stomach’s slow electrical rhythm, which cycles about three times per minute. This rhythm, which originates from specialized cells in the stomach lining, is typically involved in coordinating digestion. But the researchers suspected it might also be linked to mental state. To analyze the relationship between stomach and brain activity, the team used a method that looks at how well the two rhythms align over time. This measure, known as phase-locking value, essentially captures the degree of synchronization between stomach signals and brain signals across different regions. The researchers then combined this data with results from a comprehensive mental health questionnaire. The battery included 37 different scores across a range of domains—such as anxiety, stress, mood, fatigue, attention, sleep quality, and life satisfaction. Using a statistical method known as canonical correlation analysis, they looked for patterns that linked brain-stomach coupling with the participants’ mental health profiles. The analysis revealed a clear and statistically significant pattern. Stronger coupling between the stomach’s rhythm and brain activity was associated with poorer mental health. Individuals who reported more symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and fatigue tended to show increased synchronization between their stomach and brain rhythms. In contrast, those with higher levels of well-being and life satisfaction showed weaker coupling. “For the first time, we’ve found a scientific link between your ‘gut feelings’ and your mental health, showing a surprising connection between your stomach’s natural rhythm and your brain,” Banellis told PsyPost. “Specifically, our study revealed that stronger communication between the stomach and brain is linked to worse mental health, such as higher symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and fatigue, whereas weaker stomach-brain communication aligns with better mental health reflected in higher overall well-being and quality of life.” This stomach-brain signature was not random. It was localized in specific brain networks, particularly those involved in attention, cognitive control, and salience detection. Some of the strongest associations were found in regions like the superior angular gyrus and the posterior frontal and parietal areas—regions often implicated in cognitive tasks and mental health disorders. Importantly, the researchers ran multiple control analyses to ensure the robustness of their findings. They ruled out the possibility that the observed effects were simply due to general brain activity patterns, fluctuations in heart rate or breathing, or basic features of stomach physiology. In other words, the association appeared specific to the coupling between the stomach’s electrical rhythm and particular brain networks—not just a general marker of body or brain state. Their approach was designed to detect broad psychological dimensions rather than focus on one diagnosis. The strongest psychological pattern they found was a spectrum ranging from negative affective states (like anxiety and depression) to positive traits (like well-being and quality of life). This result suggests that the stomach-brain connection is not tied to any one disorder but instead reflects a general mode of psychological functioning. “Anxiety, depression, stress, and fatigue showed the strongest links to stomach-brain communication,” Banellis explained. “While phrases like ‘butterflies in the stomach’ or feeling ‘sick to your stomach’ are common ways we describe emotional distress, it was surprising to find such consistent and clear evidence across these symptoms. Even more unexpected was the direction of the effect: we might have assumed that stronger alignment between the body and brain would be beneficial. Instead, our findings suggest that heightened stomach-brain communication could act more like a warning signal, an internal alarm system reflecting mental strain rather than harmony.” Read more:

Owen Gregorian

92,301 görüntüleme • 9 ay önce

Last night, we witnessed horrific violence on the streets of Amsterdam. Jewish fans who came to watch Israel's soccer team, Maccabi Tel Aviv, were attacked just for being Jewish. These were premeditated and coordinated attacks, and it's time to call it what it is. A pogrom. A pogrom is a targeted attack against a specific group of people, historically, most commonly the Jewish community. It comes from a Russian word, which means to wreak havoc. Think of it as an organized Jew hunt. Now, people online and in some media outlets are saying that Jewish fans deserved it, that the Jews deserved to be beaten up and thrown in the river. They're also saying that the attacks happened because of the war between Israel and Hamas and the other Iranian proxies in the region. But ask yourself this. What other civilians are being hunted down in the streets of a foreign country because of a war their country is fighting? A war they didn't even start. So let's be clear on this. The brutal attacks in Amsterdam were not a sports brawl, payback for offensive chants at a soccer game, or solidarity with Gaza. It was a deliberate, orchestrated assault on defenseless Jewish people, a reminder of the violent pogroms our communities have faced for centuries. This is the result of years of ignored warnings about antisemitism, unchecked and preposterous lies and slander about Israel, and the worldwide spread of radical jihadi ideology. It's time for leaders around the world to take antisemitism in its modern form, anti-Zionism, very seriously. The difference between last night's pogroms in Amsterdam and the ones that the Jewish community have faced for 2,000 years is that now the Jews have a place to go. They have a country that can defend them and come to their rescue. Violence against Jews never brought on peace, and it sure is not going to free Palestine. But here's what we do know, that historically, violence that starts with the Jews doesn't end there. And this is something that should be of grave concern, not just for the Jewish community, but for humanity at large.

Last night, we witnessed horrific violence on the streets of Amsterdam. Jewish fans who came to watch Israel's soccer team, Maccabi Tel Aviv, were attacked just for being Jewish. These were premeditated and coordinated attacks, and it's time to call it what it is. A pogrom. A pogrom is a targeted attack against a specific group of people, historically, most commonly the Jewish community. It comes from a Russian word, which means to wreak havoc. Think of it as an organized Jew hunt. Now, people online and in some media outlets are saying that Jewish fans deserved it, that the Jews deserved to be beaten up and thrown in the river. They're also saying that the attacks happened because of the war between Israel and Hamas and the other Iranian proxies in the region. But ask yourself this. What other civilians are being hunted down in the streets of a foreign country because of a war their country is fighting? A war they didn't even start. So let's be clear on this. The brutal attacks in Amsterdam were not a sports brawl, payback for offensive chants at a soccer game, or solidarity with Gaza. It was a deliberate, orchestrated assault on defenseless Jewish people, a reminder of the violent pogroms our communities have faced for centuries. This is the result of years of ignored warnings about antisemitism, unchecked and preposterous lies and slander about Israel, and the worldwide spread of radical jihadi ideology. It's time for leaders around the world to take antisemitism in its modern form, anti-Zionism, very seriously. The difference between last night's pogroms in Amsterdam and the ones that the Jewish community have faced for 2,000 years is that now the Jews have a place to go. They have a country that can defend them and come to their rescue. Violence against Jews never brought on peace, and it sure is not going to free Palestine. But here's what we do know, that historically, violence that starts with the Jews doesn't end there. And this is something that should be of grave concern, not just for the Jewish community, but for humanity at large.

Noa Tishby

87,523 görüntüleme • 1 yıl önce

“It was like I’d gotten my mind back.” “This lovely calm kind of came into me and it sort of stayed.” These are real quotes from participants in Iain Campbell, Ph.D.'s newly published study in BJPsych Open looking at ketogenic therapy for bipolar disorder that just dropped today! 📃 Read it here: This new study is one of the first to use advanced brain imaging to evaluate the impact ketosis has on bipolar disorder. Combined with blood biomarker data, this study demonstrated that ketosis can lead to favorable brain and metabolite changes which translated to impressive quality of life improvements in the study participants. The participant stories in this video and in the study as a whole are moving and reinforce the urgent need to fight for new treatments for each individual living with bipolar disorder. This new study contributes to the growing body of research supporting the use of ketogenic therapy as a #newbipolartreatment.

“It was like I’d gotten my mind back.” “This lovely calm kind of came into me and it sort of stayed.” These are real quotes from participants in Iain Campbell, Ph.D.'s newly published study in BJPsych Open looking at ketogenic therapy for bipolar disorder that just dropped today! 📃 Read it here: This new study is one of the first to use advanced brain imaging to evaluate the impact ketosis has on bipolar disorder. Combined with blood biomarker data, this study demonstrated that ketosis can lead to favorable brain and metabolite changes which translated to impressive quality of life improvements in the study participants. The participant stories in this video and in the study as a whole are moving and reinforce the urgent need to fight for new treatments for each individual living with bipolar disorder. This new study contributes to the growing body of research supporting the use of ketogenic therapy as a #newbipolartreatment.

Metabolic Mind

21,800 görüntüleme • 1 yıl önce

Your attention please: Is there a mother on the plane? ✈️ 😂 I often write about the brain development of young children. But did you know that babies’ brains aren’t the only ones growing and changing after their arrival? It’s time we talked about “Parent Brain.” A growing body of evidence suggests that the brains of primary caregivers (mothers, fathers and even non-biological parents) undergo change during the transition to parenthood. Just as infancy is a critical developmental window for children, parents’ brains adapt as a result of hormonal activations designed to stimulate caregiving instincts. Did you know, for example, that the sound of a crying baby stimulates activity in the brains of parents in ways that are not experienced by non-parents? Just as babies’ reflexes are designed to optimize their chances at thriving and surviving, so too does biology work to ensure their wellbeing in the brains of their parents. Accompanying these changes is a specialized set of parental knowledge - like how to collapse a double stroller. 😀 Witness as a group of (presumptive) non-parents have a go at folding one up on an airport tarmac. Their lesson of the day: Being a parent is not as easy as it looks. 🎥 lateplaneguy TT

Your attention please: Is there a mother on the plane? ✈️ 😂 I often write about the brain development of young children. But did you know that babies’ brains aren’t the only ones growing and changing after their arrival? It’s time we talked about “Parent Brain.” A growing body of evidence suggests that the brains of primary caregivers (mothers, fathers and even non-biological parents) undergo change during the transition to parenthood. Just as infancy is a critical developmental window for children, parents’ brains adapt as a result of hormonal activations designed to stimulate caregiving instincts. Did you know, for example, that the sound of a crying baby stimulates activity in the brains of parents in ways that are not experienced by non-parents? Just as babies’ reflexes are designed to optimize their chances at thriving and surviving, so too does biology work to ensure their wellbeing in the brains of their parents. Accompanying these changes is a specialized set of parental knowledge - like how to collapse a double stroller. 😀 Witness as a group of (presumptive) non-parents have a go at folding one up on an airport tarmac. Their lesson of the day: Being a parent is not as easy as it looks. 🎥 lateplaneguy TT

Dan Wuori

242,279 görüntüleme • 3 yıl önce

Angry passengers in the Mashad airport who had received their boarding passes and turned in their luggage being told their flight to Bandar Abbas has been cancelled (due to the American attack on the city). Without a doubt the airline did the right thing & their safety was the most important thing. But this shows the reality of war. There are thousands of people who have had their flights cancelled, whether domestically or currently in Istanbul or Muscat (or about to leave Iran). This causes disruptions in their lives. For others like the fishermen who had their boats destroyed, it has ruined their livelihoods. And for some like the Artesh soldiers who were killed, it means their lives are gone. Their kids won't have fathers. Their wives will be widows. Even if they shoot back at Kuwait for the 40th time and later sit down and talk and sign a new piece of paper. That won't bring back the lives that were destroyed. Iran is not a cause. Iran is not a game of Civilization for you to larp on. It is a place, a home of 90 million people. Every time something like this happens it impacts them. Without a doubt if an enemy attacks, they must be resisted. But inviting those attacks out of a gamble for wanting more ... the stakes are very high. This situation of neither war nor peace from the past 12 months cannot last forever. Any "analysis" that says that is made by a moron. Iran needs stability. Iran needs peace. Perhaps it can take one more round of these, but this cannot last indefinitely.

Angry passengers in the Mashad airport who had received their boarding passes and turned in their luggage being told their flight to Bandar Abbas has been cancelled (due to the American attack on the city). Without a doubt the airline did the right thing & their safety was the most important thing. But this shows the reality of war. There are thousands of people who have had their flights cancelled, whether domestically or currently in Istanbul or Muscat (or about to leave Iran). This causes disruptions in their lives. For others like the fishermen who had their boats destroyed, it has ruined their livelihoods. And for some like the Artesh soldiers who were killed, it means their lives are gone. Their kids won't have fathers. Their wives will be widows. Even if they shoot back at Kuwait for the 40th time and later sit down and talk and sign a new piece of paper. That won't bring back the lives that were destroyed. Iran is not a cause. Iran is not a game of Civilization for you to larp on. It is a place, a home of 90 million people. Every time something like this happens it impacts them. Without a doubt if an enemy attacks, they must be resisted. But inviting those attacks out of a gamble for wanting more ... the stakes are very high. This situation of neither war nor peace from the past 12 months cannot last forever. Any "analysis" that says that is made by a moron. Iran needs stability. Iran needs peace. Perhaps it can take one more round of these, but this cannot last indefinitely.

Alireza Talakoubnejad

24,654 görüntüleme • 6 gün önce

In light of the names Anneke Lucas mentioned, like the former Canadian prime minister who is dead now, but is the father of the current one. It is being shared all over the internet now. Canadian accounts are posting this, and it is getting lots of attention. This is also a wake-up call for Canada. A lot of people in Canada are commenting on social media that they are shocked by this guy being named. But actually he was already mentioned by Cathy O'Brien in 1995, as being involved in these networks! See the video below. So there is corroboration between these witnesses. A lot of these former and now deceased prime ministers she mentions were, at that time that she was in it in the 70s, involved in this. Also the Belgian one that Anneke names, and was also named by other witnesses. Which tells us, like these witnesses say, this was a global network. So the truth was already out there a bit, but it is coming out more for a bigger public. We will have more revelations coming out in 2025 about these dark dealing that have been going on at the highest levels, I'm sure. This is going to be a shock for a lot of people that are new to this information, because it is reaching a bigger public. Some will choose not to believe it, do no research, and look no further. But a lot more people will wake up to this, it is unstoppable. Of course, we have to check in with our own vibration. If it gets too heavy, take some time out and go for a walk in nature. Whilst revelations are important for the truth to come out, and confronting hard information is part of that, we have to check with our selves how this information is affecting us, and sometimes we need a time off. It is always most important to maintain a healthy balance between checking in with this information and our own peace of mind. #Epstein #PBDpodcast

In light of the names Anneke Lucas mentioned, like the former Canadian prime minister who is dead now, but is the father of the current one. It is being shared all over the internet now. Canadian accounts are posting this, and it is getting lots of attention. This is also a wake-up call for Canada. A lot of people in Canada are commenting on social media that they are shocked by this guy being named. But actually he was already mentioned by Cathy O'Brien in 1995, as being involved in these networks! See the video below. So there is corroboration between these witnesses. A lot of these former and now deceased prime ministers she mentions were, at that time that she was in it in the 70s, involved in this. Also the Belgian one that Anneke names, and was also named by other witnesses. Which tells us, like these witnesses say, this was a global network. So the truth was already out there a bit, but it is coming out more for a bigger public. We will have more revelations coming out in 2025 about these dark dealing that have been going on at the highest levels, I'm sure. This is going to be a shock for a lot of people that are new to this information, because it is reaching a bigger public. Some will choose not to believe it, do no research, and look no further. But a lot more people will wake up to this, it is unstoppable. Of course, we have to check in with our own vibration. If it gets too heavy, take some time out and go for a walk in nature. Whilst revelations are important for the truth to come out, and confronting hard information is part of that, we have to check with our selves how this information is affecting us, and sometimes we need a time off. It is always most important to maintain a healthy balance between checking in with this information and our own peace of mind. #Epstein #PBDpodcast

Jens Patteeuw

20,426 görüntüleme • 1 yıl önce

Big News ‼️ The Trump administration says it will decrease the levels of micro plastics in medicines and drinking water New research shows microplastics in the brain could be causing dementia A team “looked at brain tissue from cadavers and found that the average brain could contain up to 7 grams of microplastics. That's roughly equal to the weight of a plastic spoon, just in the brain” “Research has shown nanoplastics can cross the blood-brain barrier, and one of the startling discoveries from this study showed that in the brains of those who had dementia, there were significantly higher levels of microplastics” “In those dementia cases, there was 5-8x more plastic in those individuals” “In a separate study, researchers found microplastics in placentas, suggesting pre-birth exposure coming from the mother's bloodstream through the placenta in utero. And they found that babies born preterm who face higher rates of complications had a higher concentration of microplastics in their blood” I found 10 common things you can get microplastics from in America Bottled water Tap water Seafood Table salt Beer Tea bags Synthetic clothing Cosmetics Air dust Food packaging Microplastics pollute water, fish eat the feeders who eat the microplastics and that’s why seafood is a source of microplastics We have to stop the plastic pollution

Big News ‼️ The Trump administration says it will decrease the levels of micro plastics in medicines and drinking water New research shows microplastics in the brain could be causing dementia A team “looked at brain tissue from cadavers and found that the average brain could contain up to 7 grams of microplastics. That's roughly equal to the weight of a plastic spoon, just in the brain” “Research has shown nanoplastics can cross the blood-brain barrier, and one of the startling discoveries from this study showed that in the brains of those who had dementia, there were significantly higher levels of microplastics” “In those dementia cases, there was 5-8x more plastic in those individuals” “In a separate study, researchers found microplastics in placentas, suggesting pre-birth exposure coming from the mother's bloodstream through the placenta in utero. And they found that babies born preterm who face higher rates of complications had a higher concentration of microplastics in their blood” I found 10 common things you can get microplastics from in America Bottled water Tap water Seafood Table salt Beer Tea bags Synthetic clothing Cosmetics Air dust Food packaging Microplastics pollute water, fish eat the feeders who eat the microplastics and that’s why seafood is a source of microplastics We have to stop the plastic pollution

Wall Street Apes

37,273 görüntüleme • 1 ay önce

People with lower cognitive ability more likely to fall for pseudo-profound bullshit | Eric W. Dolan, PsyPost A new meta-analysis published in Applied Cognitive Psychology offers insight into why some people are more likely than others to be taken in by pseudo-profound statements—sentences that sound deep and meaningful but are essentially meaningless. The study found that receptivity to this type of language is more common among individuals with lower cognitive abilities and greater faith in intuition, and is also linked to stronger belief in the paranormal, conspiracy theories, and religion. Pseudo-profound bullshit refers to statements that appear meaningful but don’t actually convey any real substance. These phrases are often grammatically correct and filled with abstract, inspirational words, but upon closer examination, they lack any concrete or verifiable content. For example, the sentence “Hidden meaning transforms unparalleled abstract beauty” might sound insightful, but it doesn’t actually say anything meaningful. The term gained attention after a 2015 study by Gordon Pennycook and colleagues, which found that some people consistently rate such statements as profound—even though they were generated using random buzzwords. Since then, researchers have become increasingly interested in what makes someone more susceptible to these kinds of statements. In an age of information overload, distinguishing truth from nonsense is more important than ever. Pseudo-profound bullshit may seem harmless on the surface, but it can shape people’s beliefs in ways that promote misinformation, influence political attitudes, and even affect health behaviors. To better understand who is most likely to fall for pseudo-profound bullshit, the researchers conducted a meta-analysis—a statistical technique that combines the results of multiple studies to identify patterns across a larger body of evidence. They analyzed 46 separate experiments drawn from 26 articles published between 2015 and 2023. The studies included more than 13,600 participants in total, with most of the data coming from Canada and the United States. All of the included studies used variations of the Bullshit Receptivity Scale, which presents people with meaningless but syntactically correct statements and asks them to rate how profound they find each one. The researchers then looked at how responses on this scale were related to other variables, such as cognitive reflection, verbal intelligence, belief systems, and thinking styles. The analysis revealed a consistent pattern: people who scored higher in receptivity to pseudo-profound bullshit were more likely to believe in conspiracy theories, religious and paranormal claims, and had greater faith in intuition. These individuals also tended to score lower on measures of cognitive reflection, verbal intelligence, and mathematical ability. Cognitive reflection, which refers to the ability to override intuitive but incorrect answers in favor of more deliberate reasoning, showed the strongest negative correlation with bullshit receptivity. In other words, people who are more reflective and analytical are less likely to fall for nonsense that sounds deep. Verbal intelligence and arithmetic skills also showed negative correlations, although these effects were somewhat smaller. On the other hand, individuals who expressed stronger intuitive thinking tendencies—such as relying on gut feelings—were more likely to find pseudo-profound statements meaningful. They also tended to find mundane or motivational quotes more profound. These findings support the idea that some people have a general tendency to see depth and wisdom in all kinds of statements, regardless of their actual content. Interestingly, people who were more prone to ontological confusions—such as believing that thoughts can influence physical objects—also rated pseudo-profound statements as more meaningful. This suggests that a blurry distinction between abstract and concrete concepts might play a role in how people assess meaning. The researchers found that these relationships were generally consistent across the studies, though the strength of the effects varied. One of the most robust findings was the link between bullshit receptivity and motivational quotes. People who were more receptive to pseudo-profound bullshit were also more likely to find depth in simple, inspirational phrases, even if those phrases lacked substance. Although the findings paint a fairly consistent picture, the authors caution that the data come with some limitations. Most of the studies were conducted in Western countries, primarily the United States and Canada, which means the results might not generalize to other cultural contexts. Additionally, the studies used slightly different versions of the bullshit receptivity measure, which could introduce inconsistencies. Another limitation involves the measurement tools themselves. While widely used, the Bullshit Receptivity Scale and the Cognitive Reflection Test have been criticized for their reliability and for overlapping with other cognitive traits, such as numeracy. These concerns suggest that future research should aim to refine these tools and develop more precise ways to assess how people process ambiguous or misleading information. Despite these limitations, the meta-analysis offers a comprehensive overview of what is currently known about bullshit receptivity and provides a foundation for future work. It shows that bullshit receptivity is not random but is meaningfully connected to individual cognitive differences and belief systems. Read more:

People with lower cognitive ability more likely to fall for pseudo-profound bullshit | Eric W. Dolan, PsyPost A new meta-analysis published in Applied Cognitive Psychology offers insight into why some people are more likely than others to be taken in by pseudo-profound statements—sentences that sound deep and meaningful but are essentially meaningless. The study found that receptivity to this type of language is more common among individuals with lower cognitive abilities and greater faith in intuition, and is also linked to stronger belief in the paranormal, conspiracy theories, and religion. Pseudo-profound bullshit refers to statements that appear meaningful but don’t actually convey any real substance. These phrases are often grammatically correct and filled with abstract, inspirational words, but upon closer examination, they lack any concrete or verifiable content. For example, the sentence “Hidden meaning transforms unparalleled abstract beauty” might sound insightful, but it doesn’t actually say anything meaningful. The term gained attention after a 2015 study by Gordon Pennycook and colleagues, which found that some people consistently rate such statements as profound—even though they were generated using random buzzwords. Since then, researchers have become increasingly interested in what makes someone more susceptible to these kinds of statements. In an age of information overload, distinguishing truth from nonsense is more important than ever. Pseudo-profound bullshit may seem harmless on the surface, but it can shape people’s beliefs in ways that promote misinformation, influence political attitudes, and even affect health behaviors. To better understand who is most likely to fall for pseudo-profound bullshit, the researchers conducted a meta-analysis—a statistical technique that combines the results of multiple studies to identify patterns across a larger body of evidence. They analyzed 46 separate experiments drawn from 26 articles published between 2015 and 2023. The studies included more than 13,600 participants in total, with most of the data coming from Canada and the United States. All of the included studies used variations of the Bullshit Receptivity Scale, which presents people with meaningless but syntactically correct statements and asks them to rate how profound they find each one. The researchers then looked at how responses on this scale were related to other variables, such as cognitive reflection, verbal intelligence, belief systems, and thinking styles. The analysis revealed a consistent pattern: people who scored higher in receptivity to pseudo-profound bullshit were more likely to believe in conspiracy theories, religious and paranormal claims, and had greater faith in intuition. These individuals also tended to score lower on measures of cognitive reflection, verbal intelligence, and mathematical ability. Cognitive reflection, which refers to the ability to override intuitive but incorrect answers in favor of more deliberate reasoning, showed the strongest negative correlation with bullshit receptivity. In other words, people who are more reflective and analytical are less likely to fall for nonsense that sounds deep. Verbal intelligence and arithmetic skills also showed negative correlations, although these effects were somewhat smaller. On the other hand, individuals who expressed stronger intuitive thinking tendencies—such as relying on gut feelings—were more likely to find pseudo-profound statements meaningful. They also tended to find mundane or motivational quotes more profound. These findings support the idea that some people have a general tendency to see depth and wisdom in all kinds of statements, regardless of their actual content. Interestingly, people who were more prone to ontological confusions—such as believing that thoughts can influence physical objects—also rated pseudo-profound statements as more meaningful. This suggests that a blurry distinction between abstract and concrete concepts might play a role in how people assess meaning. The researchers found that these relationships were generally consistent across the studies, though the strength of the effects varied. One of the most robust findings was the link between bullshit receptivity and motivational quotes. People who were more receptive to pseudo-profound bullshit were also more likely to find depth in simple, inspirational phrases, even if those phrases lacked substance. Although the findings paint a fairly consistent picture, the authors caution that the data come with some limitations. Most of the studies were conducted in Western countries, primarily the United States and Canada, which means the results might not generalize to other cultural contexts. Additionally, the studies used slightly different versions of the bullshit receptivity measure, which could introduce inconsistencies. Another limitation involves the measurement tools themselves. While widely used, the Bullshit Receptivity Scale and the Cognitive Reflection Test have been criticized for their reliability and for overlapping with other cognitive traits, such as numeracy. These concerns suggest that future research should aim to refine these tools and develop more precise ways to assess how people process ambiguous or misleading information. Despite these limitations, the meta-analysis offers a comprehensive overview of what is currently known about bullshit receptivity and provides a foundation for future work. It shows that bullshit receptivity is not random but is meaningfully connected to individual cognitive differences and belief systems. Read more:

Owen Gregorian

79,530 görüntüleme • 1 yıl önce