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The Five Mass Extinctions That Shaped Life on Earth Earth’s history is marked by periods of extraordinary biological flourishing interrupted by catastrophic die-offs. Paleontologists recognize five major mass extinctions—events in which a large percentage of the planet’s species vanished in a geologically short time. These “Big Five” reshaped ecosystems,... opened ecological niches, and ultimately paved the way for the rise of new dominant groups, including the mammals that would one day include us. 1. Ordovician–Silurian Extinction (≈443 million years ago) The first of the great extinctions struck near the end of the Ordovician period. Roughly 85% of marine species disappeared. The primary drivers appear to have been rapid global cooling and the growth of extensive ice sheets over the supercontinent Gondwana. Falling sea levels drained shallow continental shelves—the richest habitats of the time—while changes in ocean chemistry further stressed marine life. Soft-bodied organisms and early reef-builders were especially hard-hit. 2. Late Devonian Extinction (≈375–360 million years ago) This drawn-out crisis unfolded in several pulses over millions of years and eliminated about 75% of species. Marine communities, particularly reef ecosystems built by corals and stromatoporoids, suffered heavily. Proposed causes include widespread oceanic anoxia (oxygen-poor waters), climate fluctuations, and possibly the evolution of land plants, which may have altered nutrient cycles and increased runoff into the oceans. The event cleared the way for the later diversification of early tetrapods and ammonoids. 3. Permian–Triassic Extinction (≈252 million years ago) Often called “The Great Dying,” this was the most severe extinction in Earth’s history. Up to 96% of marine species and roughly 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species vanished. The leading culprit is massive volcanism associated with the Siberian Traps, which released enormous volumes of greenhouse gases, triggered global warming, ocean acidification, and anoxia. Life on land and in the seas was pushed to the brink; recovery took millions of years, and the survivors set the stage for the age of dinosaurs and the first true mammals. 4. Triassic–Jurassic Extinction (≈201 million years ago) Approximately 80% of species disappeared at the end of the Triassic. Large amphibians and many early archosaurs were among the casualties, while the survivors—especially dinosaurs—rapidly diversified afterward. The main trigger is thought to have been intense volcanic activity linked to the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province as the supercontinent Pangaea began to break apart. Climate upheaval, rising CO₂ levels, and possible ocean acidification followed. 5. Cretaceous–Paleogene Extinction (≈66 million years ago) The most famous of the mass extinctions ended the reign of the non-avian dinosaurs and wiped out about 75% of all species. An asteroid roughly 10–15 km in diameter struck what is now the Yucatán Peninsula, creating the Chicxulub crater. The impact, combined with subsequent volcanism from the Deccan Traps, caused global darkness, wildfires, acid rain, and a prolonged “impact winter.” Marine reptiles, flying pterosaurs, and many other groups also vanished, while mammals, birds, and flowering plants inherited a transformed world. These five events underscore both the fragility and the resilience of life. Each extinction pruned the tree of life dramatically, yet the survivors rebounded, innovated, and eventually produced the astonishing biodiversity we see today—including our own species. Studying them remains essential not only for understanding Earth’s deep past but also for recognizing the scale of human-driven changes currently underway.show more

Black Hole

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The Hodge Podgecast The dinosaur extinction wasn't the worst mass extinction, it was the middle one. The Permian-Triassic event 244 million years ago wiped out 90 to 95 percent of all life on Earth, terrestrial and marine. Nearly everything died, and we're still arguing about what caused it. The leading possibility is a combination of extraterrestrial impact and extreme volcanism, but there's no definitive answer for the most catastrophic event in the history of life on this planet.

The Hodge Podgecast The dinosaur extinction wasn't the worst mass extinction, it was the middle one. The Permian-Triassic event 244 million years ago wiped out 90 to 95 percent of all life on Earth, terrestrial and marine. Nearly everything died, and we're still arguing about what caused it. The leading possibility is a combination of extraterrestrial impact and extreme volcanism, but there's no definitive answer for the most catastrophic event in the history of life on this planet.

Randall Carlson

24,009 views • 6 months ago

Of course, Elon Musk knows about the pole shift and the 12,000-year cyclical event. In this video, he says 10,000 years, but that number is something only the two most powerful billionaires mention (Jeff Bezos with his 10,000-year clock). 'Coincidentally' both are interested in space rockets, digging underground, doomsday bunkers and survival. The last one was the 'Gothenburg Magnetic Flip,' 11 000 - 12 000 years ago which perfectly aligns with the end of the Younger Dryas period and the mass extinction of many species. The one 42,000 years ago nearly killed all humans and caused the extinction of the Neanderthals. Climate change is related to the pole shifts.

Of course, Elon Musk knows about the pole shift and the 12,000-year cyclical event. In this video, he says 10,000 years, but that number is something only the two most powerful billionaires mention (Jeff Bezos with his 10,000-year clock). 'Coincidentally' both are interested in space rockets, digging underground, doomsday bunkers and survival. The last one was the 'Gothenburg Magnetic Flip,' 11 000 - 12 000 years ago which perfectly aligns with the end of the Younger Dryas period and the mass extinction of many species. The one 42,000 years ago nearly killed all humans and caused the extinction of the Neanderthals. Climate change is related to the pole shifts.

Open Minded Approach

1,779,260 views • 2 years ago

Happy #WorldOceansDay, everyone! Today is the day for us to celebrate and honor our oceans. 🌊🐋 Did you know that the ocean covers 71% of the Earth’s surface? It also holds about 96.5% of all Earth's water — that's a volume of 320 million cubic miles! Living in all of this ocean is an unknown number of eukaryotic species, but some studies estimate that a quarter of all eukaryotic life on Earth lives in the ocean. That would imply that there are ∼2.2 million eukaryotic marine species! (All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms are eukaryotes) Information provided by Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program / USGS research

Happy #WorldOceansDay, everyone! Today is the day for us to celebrate and honor our oceans. 🌊🐋 Did you know that the ocean covers 71% of the Earth’s surface? It also holds about 96.5% of all Earth's water — that's a volume of 320 million cubic miles! Living in all of this ocean is an unknown number of eukaryotic species, but some studies estimate that a quarter of all eukaryotic life on Earth lives in the ocean. That would imply that there are ∼2.2 million eukaryotic marine species! (All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms are eukaryotes) Information provided by Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program / USGS research

Discovery

57,492 views • 3 years ago

🇭🇹 This is what coastal villages look like in Haiti, where the average IQ is 67 No waste management or sanitation, so every year, tons of plastic waste wash into the Caribbean during storm season. The Caribbean is actually among the most polluted places in the world -- it is home to 9% of the world’s coral reefs, but over 80% have been wiped out since the 1950s by human pollution and overfishing. Haiti's reefs are the most overfished in the world. It is also the most deforested country in the world -- the Haitians have destroyed over 99% of their forestry, and 42/50 Haiti's largest mountains have been stripped of all their forestry. This has had the knock-on effect of causing huge species extinctions in Haiti. Species extinction is estimated to be happening at up to a thousand times the global rate in Haiti, and more than half the species in Haiti are expected to be wiped out in the next ten years.

🇭🇹 This is what coastal villages look like in Haiti, where the average IQ is 67 No waste management or sanitation, so every year, tons of plastic waste wash into the Caribbean during storm season. The Caribbean is actually among the most polluted places in the world -- it is home to 9% of the world’s coral reefs, but over 80% have been wiped out since the 1950s by human pollution and overfishing. Haiti's reefs are the most overfished in the world. It is also the most deforested country in the world -- the Haitians have destroyed over 99% of their forestry, and 42/50 Haiti's largest mountains have been stripped of all their forestry. This has had the knock-on effect of causing huge species extinctions in Haiti. Species extinction is estimated to be happening at up to a thousand times the global rate in Haiti, and more than half the species in Haiti are expected to be wiped out in the next ten years.

Keith Woods

384,590 views • 1 year ago

Trump's Mandate: An Extinction-Level Event for Federal Bureaucracy david friedberg breaks it down: "There's this thing that happens in biology called evolution. And a lot of people think evolution is this continuous process, but it's not." "Evolution is this process by which there is some significant growth for a period of time, and then there is an extinction event or an external force that causes what ultimately becomes what's called punctuated equilibrium." "So the whole system resets, and then the healthier, stronger species survive and they grow and they persist." "If you look at federal spending over the last couple of decades, I would argue that many of the agencies, much of the bureaucracy, many of the jobs created, many of the spending programs can kind of be viewed as species within this ecosystem that have grown a lot over the last few decades." "And I think what Trump's mandate was by the people was to be kind of the extinction event." "This is going to bring in the most disruptive force that federal agencies have ever seen." "We cannot continue the way we have been with respect to federal spending, bureaucracy, and inefficiency in the federal government, and so something has to happen." "And if this is the path by which this gets resolved, in the limited window that's in front of this particular administration, which is probably two years, maybe four, maybe this is what has to happen." cc: Elon Musk Vivek Ramaswamy Department of Government Efficiency

Trump's Mandate: An Extinction-Level Event for Federal Bureaucracy david friedberg breaks it down: "There's this thing that happens in biology called evolution. And a lot of people think evolution is this continuous process, but it's not." "Evolution is this process by which there is some significant growth for a period of time, and then there is an extinction event or an external force that causes what ultimately becomes what's called punctuated equilibrium." "So the whole system resets, and then the healthier, stronger species survive and they grow and they persist." "If you look at federal spending over the last couple of decades, I would argue that many of the agencies, much of the bureaucracy, many of the jobs created, many of the spending programs can kind of be viewed as species within this ecosystem that have grown a lot over the last few decades." "And I think what Trump's mandate was by the people was to be kind of the extinction event." "This is going to bring in the most disruptive force that federal agencies have ever seen." "We cannot continue the way we have been with respect to federal spending, bureaucracy, and inefficiency in the federal government, and so something has to happen." "And if this is the path by which this gets resolved, in the limited window that's in front of this particular administration, which is probably two years, maybe four, maybe this is what has to happen." cc: Elon Musk Vivek Ramaswamy Department of Government Efficiency

The All-In Podcast

117,014 views • 1 year ago

“I am a citizen of the most beautiful nation on Earth, a nation whose laws are harsh yet simple, a nation which is immense and without borders, where life is lived in the present. In this limitless nation, this nation of wind, and light, and peace, there is no ruler besides the sea.” Said Bernard Moitessieur. More than half the oxygen we breathe comes from the ocean. It gives us life—yet we repay it by choking it with plastic. Between my two circumnavigations—first in 2012–13, then a decade later in 2022–23—I witnessed unsettling changes. The weather grew more unpredictable. Entire species of marine life had vanished from familiar waters. The ocean felt quieter, emptier. By some estimates, over 90% of large fish populations have already been wiped out. Climate change is altering the very rhythm of the sea. A warmer ocean might seem calm on the surface, but it’s a dangerous stillness. When the layers of the ocean stop mixing, oxygen levels drop, and life begins to die out silently, far below. We still don’t fully understand the ocean—and that’s exactly why its changes should alarm us. Life on Earth began in these waters. The salt in our sweat and tears mirrors the salinity of the sea. In a very real sense, we carry the ocean within us. It’s time to protect what once gave us life—and still does. Before the silence spreads any further. #WorldOceansDay #ProtectOurOceans #FromSeaToSoul #ClimateCrisis

“I am a citizen of the most beautiful nation on Earth, a nation whose laws are harsh yet simple, a nation which is immense and without borders, where life is lived in the present. In this limitless nation, this nation of wind, and light, and peace, there is no ruler besides the sea.” Said Bernard Moitessieur. More than half the oxygen we breathe comes from the ocean. It gives us life—yet we repay it by choking it with plastic. Between my two circumnavigations—first in 2012–13, then a decade later in 2022–23—I witnessed unsettling changes. The weather grew more unpredictable. Entire species of marine life had vanished from familiar waters. The ocean felt quieter, emptier. By some estimates, over 90% of large fish populations have already been wiped out. Climate change is altering the very rhythm of the sea. A warmer ocean might seem calm on the surface, but it’s a dangerous stillness. When the layers of the ocean stop mixing, oxygen levels drop, and life begins to die out silently, far below. We still don’t fully understand the ocean—and that’s exactly why its changes should alarm us. Life on Earth began in these waters. The salt in our sweat and tears mirrors the salinity of the sea. In a very real sense, we carry the ocean within us. It’s time to protect what once gave us life—and still does. Before the silence spreads any further. #WorldOceansDay #ProtectOurOceans #FromSeaToSoul #ClimateCrisis

Cdr Abhilash Tomy KC, NM

16,982 views • 1 year ago

#WATCH | Alwar, Rajasthan | Union Minister for Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Bhupender Yadav says, "India has emerged as a global leader in this field. Tiger conservation across the country is not merely about saving a single species. The objective is to restore forest ecology, as the extinction of any species represents the loss of thousands of years of evolution. We are working towards this, and under the Prime Minister's leadership, the International Big Cat Alliance has been established. The primary objective of this Alliance is to foster cooperation among nations, through preservation, conservation, knowledge sharing, and capacity building, to protect the five major big cat species, and we are actively working on this... Discussions have been initiated with Cambodia. While some countries have expressed interest, we will proceed with this initiative only after carefully considering all aspects of scientific management."

#WATCH | Alwar, Rajasthan | Union Minister for Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Bhupender Yadav says, "India has emerged as a global leader in this field. Tiger conservation across the country is not merely about saving a single species. The objective is to restore forest ecology, as the extinction of any species represents the loss of thousands of years of evolution. We are working towards this, and under the Prime Minister's leadership, the International Big Cat Alliance has been established. The primary objective of this Alliance is to foster cooperation among nations, through preservation, conservation, knowledge sharing, and capacity building, to protect the five major big cat species, and we are actively working on this... Discussions have been initiated with Cambodia. While some countries have expressed interest, we will proceed with this initiative only after carefully considering all aspects of scientific management."

ANI

38,199 views • 2 months ago

What if I told you that forests hidden in our oceans may be more valuable than many forests on land ? Coral reefs, seagrass meadows and seaweed forests are among Earth’s most important ecosystems. Coral reefs cover just 0.1% of the ocean floor yet support nearly 25% of all marine species and the livelihoods of 500 million people. Seagrass meadows support about 20% of global fisheries and can store up to 140 tonnes of carbon per hectare. Seaweed forests generate billions in economic value. However there is deep crisis unfolding underwater. UN Environment Programme and the IPCC warn that up to 90% of the world’s coral reefs could disappear by 2050, while seagrass meadows and other blue carbon ecosystems continue to decline. Tamil Nadu is at the forefront of marine conservation. With more than 77% of India’s seagrass meadows in the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar, the State is restoring seagrass, coral reefs, mangroves and islands with World Bank Group such as Kariyachalli to secure the future of dugongs, sea turtles, seahorses and countless marine species. On #WorldOceansDay, we must do our bit to conserve these marine forests. #OceansDay #WorldOceanDay

What if I told you that forests hidden in our oceans may be more valuable than many forests on land ? Coral reefs, seagrass meadows and seaweed forests are among Earth’s most important ecosystems. Coral reefs cover just 0.1% of the ocean floor yet support nearly 25% of all marine species and the livelihoods of 500 million people. Seagrass meadows support about 20% of global fisheries and can store up to 140 tonnes of carbon per hectare. Seaweed forests generate billions in economic value. However there is deep crisis unfolding underwater. UN Environment Programme and the IPCC warn that up to 90% of the world’s coral reefs could disappear by 2050, while seagrass meadows and other blue carbon ecosystems continue to decline. Tamil Nadu is at the forefront of marine conservation. With more than 77% of India’s seagrass meadows in the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar, the State is restoring seagrass, coral reefs, mangroves and islands with World Bank Group such as Kariyachalli to secure the future of dugongs, sea turtles, seahorses and countless marine species. On #WorldOceansDay, we must do our bit to conserve these marine forests. #OceansDay #WorldOceanDay

Supriya Sahu IAS

17,825 views • 2 months ago

$Exactly 250 million years ago, the Sun began its current lap around the Milky Way. This Galactic Year is a massive cosmic clock that puts our entire history into perspective. As we traveled at 230 kilometers per second, Earth underwent radical changes. The journey started with the Great Dying, a cataclysmic extinction that cleared the slate for life. Dinosaurs rose, dominated the land, and vanished all within just two thirds of this single orbit. Modern humans only appeared in the final 300,000 years, a mere fraction of the Sun's trip. We are truly just a brief and beautiful moment in a grand celestial cycle. Credit: nasacosmicworld$

Exactly 250 million years ago, the Sun began its current lap around the Milky Way. This Galactic Year is a massive cosmic clock that puts our entire history into perspective. As we traveled at 230 kilometers per second, Earth underwent radical changes. The journey started with the Great Dying, a cataclysmic extinction that cleared the slate for life. Dinosaurs rose, dominated the land, and vanished all within just two thirds of this single orbit. Modern humans only appeared in the final 300,000 years, a mere fraction of the Sun's trip. We are truly just a brief and beautiful moment in a grand celestial cycle. Credit: nasacosmicworld

Cosmos Archive

24,143 views • 4 months ago

The Laws of Ecology and the Survival of the Human Species: The law of diversity: The strength of any ecosystem is based on biodiversity. The decreased level of biodiversity on the planet today is our most serious problem, even more serious than global warming. The law of interdependence: all species are interdependent; they need each other. The law of finite resources: growth has a limit and there is a limit to the earth's carrying capacity. In nature, everything is connected. Every being, no matter how small, contributes to the intricate dance of life. Our actions echo through this interconnected web, shaping the destiny of our planet. From the air we breathe to the waste we create, each element has a place in the broader canvas of nature. Captain Paul Watson’s tireless efforts to defend marine life embody this truth, as he fights to protect the ecosystems that sustain us all. An ocean guardian should not be behind bars! Contact the Danish Ministry of Justice and demand that they #freepaulwatson now! 📷 Dior Sheen/CPWF

The Laws of Ecology and the Survival of the Human Species: The law of diversity: The strength of any ecosystem is based on biodiversity. The decreased level of biodiversity on the planet today is our most serious problem, even more serious than global warming. The law of interdependence: all species are interdependent; they need each other. The law of finite resources: growth has a limit and there is a limit to the earth's carrying capacity. In nature, everything is connected. Every being, no matter how small, contributes to the intricate dance of life. Our actions echo through this interconnected web, shaping the destiny of our planet. From the air we breathe to the waste we create, each element has a place in the broader canvas of nature. Captain Paul Watson’s tireless efforts to defend marine life embody this truth, as he fights to protect the ecosystems that sustain us all. An ocean guardian should not be behind bars! Contact the Danish Ministry of Justice and demand that they #freepaulwatson now! 📷 Dior Sheen/CPWF

Captain Paul Watson Foundation 🐋🏴‍☠️

24,819 views • 2 years ago

You have heard of Atlantis, the island civilization that vanished beneath the sea. What you may not know is that Plato gave a precise date for when it sank, and that modern science has found a real event that happened at almost exactly that moment. First, it is worth remembering what Plato actually wrote. We tend to treat Atlantis as a myth he invented. But in his dialogues Timaeus and Critias, written around 360 BC, Plato does not present it as a fable or an allegory at all... The story, he says, had been carried to Athens by the great lawgiver Solon, who had traveled to Egypt and heard it from the priests of the city of Sais, keepers of records far older than Greece. One old priest tells Solon: "O Solon, Solon, you Hellenes are never anything but children, and there is not an old man among you." The Greeks, he says, have forgotten their own past, while the Egyptians had written it down. And the priest gives a specific timeframe. The war between the Proto-Athenians and Atlantis, he says, took place 9,000 years before Solon's visit. Then, in Plato's words: "there occurred violent earthquakes and floods; and in a single day and night of misfortune... the island of Atlantis disappeared in the depths of the sea." Nine thousand years before Solon places the event at roughly 11,600 years ago. And here is where it becomes strange... That date, 11,600 years ago, is almost exactly when one of the most dramatic climate transitions in the recent history of the planet came to an end. Geologists call it the Younger Dryas: a period when the Earth, already warming out of the last Ice Age, suddenly plunged back into near-glacial cold for more than a thousand years. According to modern science, that cold period ended around 11,600 years ago, and it ended abruptly. The warming returned with great speed, and the great ice sheets resumed melting. That melting is the part that matters here. Some scientists have identified a phase of rapid sea-level rise at the close of the Younger Dryas, beginning around 11,500 years ago, known as Meltwater Pulse 1B. The studies that support it describe sea levels surging upward as the ice sheets collapsed, drowning coastlines that had stood for thousands of years. Plato's date for the sinking of Atlantis, in other words, falls almost exactly on the moment when modern science says the oceans may have risen suddenly and swallowed land at the end of the Ice Age. I want to be careful and honest here: none of this proves that Atlantis was real. Most scholars believe Plato invented the story to illustrate his ideas about pride and the fall of great civilizations, and they may well be right. But the coincidence is hard to shake. A philosopher in the fourth century BC, insisting he was recording true history passed down from a people who kept ancient records, said that a great land was destroyed by floods roughly 11,600 years ago. And thousands of years later, with ice cores and radiocarbon dating, we discovered that the last Ice Age really did end at almost exactly that moment, in melting ice and rising seas. Plato could not have known any of this. He had no way to date the end of the Ice Age, no way to know that the oceans had once risen and erased the old coastlines of the world. And yet the moment he chose, for the drowning of his lost civilization, is the same moment the seas truly rose. Perhaps it's just a coincidence. Or perhaps the Egyptians, as the priest told Solon, simply remembered something the rest of us forgot. Maybe we really are a species with amnesia... I started this newsletter because our past is extraordinary, and fewer and fewer people are showing us how to truly see it. Every week I try to. If that is something you would like to be part of, you can join at the link below, and if you'd like to support my work, a paid subscription is what makes it possible: Thanks for reading.

You have heard of Atlantis, the island civilization that vanished beneath the sea. What you may not know is that Plato gave a precise date for when it sank, and that modern science has found a real event that happened at almost exactly that moment. First, it is worth remembering what Plato actually wrote. We tend to treat Atlantis as a myth he invented. But in his dialogues Timaeus and Critias, written around 360 BC, Plato does not present it as a fable or an allegory at all... The story, he says, had been carried to Athens by the great lawgiver Solon, who had traveled to Egypt and heard it from the priests of the city of Sais, keepers of records far older than Greece. One old priest tells Solon: "O Solon, Solon, you Hellenes are never anything but children, and there is not an old man among you." The Greeks, he says, have forgotten their own past, while the Egyptians had written it down. And the priest gives a specific timeframe. The war between the Proto-Athenians and Atlantis, he says, took place 9,000 years before Solon's visit. Then, in Plato's words: "there occurred violent earthquakes and floods; and in a single day and night of misfortune... the island of Atlantis disappeared in the depths of the sea." Nine thousand years before Solon places the event at roughly 11,600 years ago. And here is where it becomes strange... That date, 11,600 years ago, is almost exactly when one of the most dramatic climate transitions in the recent history of the planet came to an end. Geologists call it the Younger Dryas: a period when the Earth, already warming out of the last Ice Age, suddenly plunged back into near-glacial cold for more than a thousand years. According to modern science, that cold period ended around 11,600 years ago, and it ended abruptly. The warming returned with great speed, and the great ice sheets resumed melting. That melting is the part that matters here. Some scientists have identified a phase of rapid sea-level rise at the close of the Younger Dryas, beginning around 11,500 years ago, known as Meltwater Pulse 1B. The studies that support it describe sea levels surging upward as the ice sheets collapsed, drowning coastlines that had stood for thousands of years. Plato's date for the sinking of Atlantis, in other words, falls almost exactly on the moment when modern science says the oceans may have risen suddenly and swallowed land at the end of the Ice Age. I want to be careful and honest here: none of this proves that Atlantis was real. Most scholars believe Plato invented the story to illustrate his ideas about pride and the fall of great civilizations, and they may well be right. But the coincidence is hard to shake. A philosopher in the fourth century BC, insisting he was recording true history passed down from a people who kept ancient records, said that a great land was destroyed by floods roughly 11,600 years ago. And thousands of years later, with ice cores and radiocarbon dating, we discovered that the last Ice Age really did end at almost exactly that moment, in melting ice and rising seas. Plato could not have known any of this. He had no way to date the end of the Ice Age, no way to know that the oceans had once risen and erased the old coastlines of the world. And yet the moment he chose, for the drowning of his lost civilization, is the same moment the seas truly rose. Perhaps it's just a coincidence. Or perhaps the Egyptians, as the priest told Solon, simply remembered something the rest of us forgot. Maybe we really are a species with amnesia... I started this newsletter because our past is extraordinary, and fewer and fewer people are showing us how to truly see it. Every week I try to. If that is something you would like to be part of, you can join at the link below, and if you'd like to support my work, a paid subscription is what makes it possible: Thanks for reading.

James Lucas

39,911 views • 2 months ago

PHILIPPINE COAST GUARD CONFIRMS EXTENSIVE MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE IN AREAS FREQUENTED BY CHINESE MARITIME MILITIA The Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) fully supports and confirms the report released by the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) Western Command (WESCOM), exposing the severe damage inflicted upon the marine environment and coral reef in the seabed of Rozul Reef and Escoda Shoal. From 09 August 2023 to 11 September 2023, PCG monitored an average presence of approximately Thirty-three (33) CMM vessels at vicinity Rozul Reef and Fifteen (15) CMM vessels in Escoda Shoal. Maritime patrols carried out during the same period by BRP SINDANGAN (MRRV 4407) and BRP CABRA (MRRV 4409) further validated the presence of these CMMs in these West Philippine Sea features. During the same period the PCG launched missions to conduct extensive underwater surveys of the seabed in both Rozul Reef and Escoda Shoal. The results of these surveys showed that the marine ecosystem in the subject WPS features appeared lifeless, with minimal to no signs of life. Moreover, the surveys conducted in Escoda Shoal revealed visible discoloration of its seabed, strongly indicating that deliberate activities may have been undertaken to modify the natural topography of its underwater terrain. The presence of crushed corals strongly suggests a potential act of dumping, possibly involving the same dead corals that were previously processed and cleaned before being returned to the seabed. The continued swarming for an indiscriminate illegal and destructive fishing activities of the Chinese Maritime Militia in Rozul Reef and Escoda Shoal may have directly caused the degradation and destruction of the marine environment in the WPS features. The PCG emphasizes the importance of protecting and preserving our marine environment, which plays a crucial role in sustaining marine life and supporting local communities.

PHILIPPINE COAST GUARD CONFIRMS EXTENSIVE MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE IN AREAS FREQUENTED BY CHINESE MARITIME MILITIA The Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) fully supports and confirms the report released by the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) Western Command (WESCOM), exposing the severe damage inflicted upon the marine environment and coral reef in the seabed of Rozul Reef and Escoda Shoal. From 09 August 2023 to 11 September 2023, PCG monitored an average presence of approximately Thirty-three (33) CMM vessels at vicinity Rozul Reef and Fifteen (15) CMM vessels in Escoda Shoal. Maritime patrols carried out during the same period by BRP SINDANGAN (MRRV 4407) and BRP CABRA (MRRV 4409) further validated the presence of these CMMs in these West Philippine Sea features. During the same period the PCG launched missions to conduct extensive underwater surveys of the seabed in both Rozul Reef and Escoda Shoal. The results of these surveys showed that the marine ecosystem in the subject WPS features appeared lifeless, with minimal to no signs of life. Moreover, the surveys conducted in Escoda Shoal revealed visible discoloration of its seabed, strongly indicating that deliberate activities may have been undertaken to modify the natural topography of its underwater terrain. The presence of crushed corals strongly suggests a potential act of dumping, possibly involving the same dead corals that were previously processed and cleaned before being returned to the seabed. The continued swarming for an indiscriminate illegal and destructive fishing activities of the Chinese Maritime Militia in Rozul Reef and Escoda Shoal may have directly caused the degradation and destruction of the marine environment in the WPS features. The PCG emphasizes the importance of protecting and preserving our marine environment, which plays a crucial role in sustaining marine life and supporting local communities.

Jay Tarriela

248,046 views • 3 years ago

35 years ago today, the world witnessed the cataclysmic eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. After lying dormant for around five centuries, the volcano roared back to life, unleashing towering ash columns, powerful pyroclastic flows and one of the largest explosive eruptions of the 20th century. A series of smaller eruptions led to a massive blast on 15 June 1991, sending huge amounts of ash and sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. The eruption disrupted air travel, darkened skies across the region and caused a temporary drop in global temperatures. It also triggered devastating lahars, as rain mixed with volcanic debris and swept through surrounding communities for years afterwards. Mount Pinatubo remains one of the most significant volcanic events in modern history.

35 years ago today, the world witnessed the cataclysmic eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. After lying dormant for around five centuries, the volcano roared back to life, unleashing towering ash columns, powerful pyroclastic flows and one of the largest explosive eruptions of the 20th century. A series of smaller eruptions led to a massive blast on 15 June 1991, sending huge amounts of ash and sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. The eruption disrupted air travel, darkened skies across the region and caused a temporary drop in global temperatures. It also triggered devastating lahars, as rain mixed with volcanic debris and swept through surrounding communities for years afterwards. Mount Pinatubo remains one of the most significant volcanic events in modern history.

Volcaholic 🌋

35,111 views • 2 months ago

Randall lays out a sequence that connects two of the most significant impact events in Earth history. His position on Atlantis is direct - it was a real Mid-Atlantic island, destroyed when a fragmenting comet struck the Atlantic Ocean. The atmospheric entry of that object produced the spallation byproducts that created the Carolina Bays across the eastern seaboard of North America, and the oceanic impact obliterated the island civilisation Plato described. The broader significance of that claim becomes clear when set against what happened in geology almost simultaneously. Three independent scientific teams reached the same conclusion about the K-T boundary - the extinction of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago was caused by an extraterrestrial impact. That finding shattered the strict gradualism that had dominated geological thinking for over a century. For the first time, mainstream science had to accept that catastrophic cosmic events could reshape the planet in an instant. Randall's argument is that the same framework, now uncontroversial when applied to the dinosaurs, needs to be applied with equal seriousness to the much more recent and much more consequential event at the Younger Dryas boundary - the one that ended Atlantis and reset the trajectory of human civilisation. JOIN RANDALL THIS WEEKEND IN SEDONA Last few tickets remaining for Randall’s exclusive seating area at Quest for Ancient Civilizations, Sedona, May 1-3, 2026:

Randall lays out a sequence that connects two of the most significant impact events in Earth history. His position on Atlantis is direct - it was a real Mid-Atlantic island, destroyed when a fragmenting comet struck the Atlantic Ocean. The atmospheric entry of that object produced the spallation byproducts that created the Carolina Bays across the eastern seaboard of North America, and the oceanic impact obliterated the island civilisation Plato described. The broader significance of that claim becomes clear when set against what happened in geology almost simultaneously. Three independent scientific teams reached the same conclusion about the K-T boundary - the extinction of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago was caused by an extraterrestrial impact. That finding shattered the strict gradualism that had dominated geological thinking for over a century. For the first time, mainstream science had to accept that catastrophic cosmic events could reshape the planet in an instant. Randall's argument is that the same framework, now uncontroversial when applied to the dinosaurs, needs to be applied with equal seriousness to the much more recent and much more consequential event at the Younger Dryas boundary - the one that ended Atlantis and reset the trajectory of human civilisation. JOIN RANDALL THIS WEEKEND IN SEDONA Last few tickets remaining for Randall’s exclusive seating area at Quest for Ancient Civilizations, Sedona, May 1-3, 2026:

Randall Carlson

13,127 views • 4 months ago

THE ASTEROID THAT ENDED THE WORLD AND MADE OURS POSSIBLE 66 million years ago, a rock the size of a city erased nearly everything. And made everything we know possible. The Chicxulub impact was not just a bad day for the dinosaurs. It was the bad day - an extinction-level event that triggered tsunamis tall as skyscrapers, global wildfires, and an atmosphere so clogged with ash that sunlight disappeared for months. Photosynthesis collapsed. Food chains imploded. Three out of every four species on Earth died. But here’s the twist: that apocalypse is the reason we’re here. No asteroid, no mammals taking over. No mammals, no humans. No humans, no climate summits, TikTok dances, or existential crises about Mondays. The ultimate “what if” isn’t whether the asteroid could’ve missed. It’s what Earth might’ve looked like if it had. Imagine a planet still run by dinosaurs - intelligent raptors, perhaps, evolving language, society, even technology. Would they have built cities? Or left the planet untouched, smarter than us in restraint? We’ll never know. The rock chose us. Which makes our existence not inevitable, but wildly lucky. The kind of luck measured in milliseconds and impact angles. The asteroid could’ve hit the ocean. It could’ve come 30 seconds earlier or later and struck harmless tundra. Instead, it found a patch of Earth rich in sulfur and carbonates - perfect for a global shutdown. And that moment of perfect destruction is the hinge on which human history swings. So what do we do with a gift like that? Right now, we spend a lot of time daring fate to do it again. NASA tracks thousands of near-Earth objects, but budgets remain paltry compared to the stakes. We protect ourselves from terrorism, cyberattacks, and pandemics. But a 7-mile-wide rock? Mostly just good vibes and telescopes. The next Chicxulub might not come for a million years. Or it might be out there now, playing cosmic billiards. But here’s the other lesson: not every extinction requires an asteroid. We are perfectly capable of engineering our own, one collapsed ecosystem and overheated ocean at a time. We should remember that Earth is not guaranteed. Life is not inevitable. And the space between oblivion and opportunity is thinner than we’d like to believe. The question is, what are we doing to ensure humanity survives the next cataclysmic event? As Elon says, "Become multiplanetary or die. That is the choice we face." Source: Brian Roemmele, Elon Musk

THE ASTEROID THAT ENDED THE WORLD AND MADE OURS POSSIBLE 66 million years ago, a rock the size of a city erased nearly everything. And made everything we know possible. The Chicxulub impact was not just a bad day for the dinosaurs. It was the bad day - an extinction-level event that triggered tsunamis tall as skyscrapers, global wildfires, and an atmosphere so clogged with ash that sunlight disappeared for months. Photosynthesis collapsed. Food chains imploded. Three out of every four species on Earth died. But here’s the twist: that apocalypse is the reason we’re here. No asteroid, no mammals taking over. No mammals, no humans. No humans, no climate summits, TikTok dances, or existential crises about Mondays. The ultimate “what if” isn’t whether the asteroid could’ve missed. It’s what Earth might’ve looked like if it had. Imagine a planet still run by dinosaurs - intelligent raptors, perhaps, evolving language, society, even technology. Would they have built cities? Or left the planet untouched, smarter than us in restraint? We’ll never know. The rock chose us. Which makes our existence not inevitable, but wildly lucky. The kind of luck measured in milliseconds and impact angles. The asteroid could’ve hit the ocean. It could’ve come 30 seconds earlier or later and struck harmless tundra. Instead, it found a patch of Earth rich in sulfur and carbonates - perfect for a global shutdown. And that moment of perfect destruction is the hinge on which human history swings. So what do we do with a gift like that? Right now, we spend a lot of time daring fate to do it again. NASA tracks thousands of near-Earth objects, but budgets remain paltry compared to the stakes. We protect ourselves from terrorism, cyberattacks, and pandemics. But a 7-mile-wide rock? Mostly just good vibes and telescopes. The next Chicxulub might not come for a million years. Or it might be out there now, playing cosmic billiards. But here’s the other lesson: not every extinction requires an asteroid. We are perfectly capable of engineering our own, one collapsed ecosystem and overheated ocean at a time. We should remember that Earth is not guaranteed. Life is not inevitable. And the space between oblivion and opportunity is thinner than we’d like to believe. The question is, what are we doing to ensure humanity survives the next cataclysmic event? As Elon says, "Become multiplanetary or die. That is the choice we face." Source: Brian Roemmele, Elon Musk

Mario Nawfal

479,857 views • 9 months ago

🇵🇸 🇨🇴 President Gustavo Petro: “Today we have 20,000 boys and girls murdered under bombs and the presidents of the countries of human destruction laugh in these corridors... The democratic project of humanity is dying with life, while the racists, the supremacists, those who stupidly believe that the Aryans are the superior race, prepare to dominate the world by writing the terror of bombs on the people. The control of humanity on the basis of barbarism is under construction and its demonstration is Gaza, Lebanon. When Gaza dies, all of humanity will die…It is in this achieved inequality, the greatest in our history as a species, where we find the logic of the massive destruction unleashed in the climate crisis and the logic of the bombs dropped by a criminal like Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Netanyahu is a hero for the richest 1% of humanity, because he is able to show that people are destroyed under bombs.”

🇵🇸 🇨🇴 President Gustavo Petro: “Today we have 20,000 boys and girls murdered under bombs and the presidents of the countries of human destruction laugh in these corridors... The democratic project of humanity is dying with life, while the racists, the supremacists, those who stupidly believe that the Aryans are the superior race, prepare to dominate the world by writing the terror of bombs on the people. The control of humanity on the basis of barbarism is under construction and its demonstration is Gaza, Lebanon. When Gaza dies, all of humanity will die…It is in this achieved inequality, the greatest in our history as a species, where we find the logic of the massive destruction unleashed in the climate crisis and the logic of the bombs dropped by a criminal like Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Netanyahu is a hero for the richest 1% of humanity, because he is able to show that people are destroyed under bombs.”

State of Palestine

130,853 views • 1 year ago

🧵1/ The children of Gaza & WB - revealing the Islamist palestinism death cult and UNTWA’s role in their use and abuse: 👉🏻To understand Israel in this war- you have to truly understand what we’re fighting. It took us 75 years, repeated monstrous terrorist attacks, that manipulated every ounce of our morality, countless monstrous statements by its leaders and one #October7th genocide attempt- for the majority of Israelis to understand that the group that defines itself as "Palestinian" is led by a palestinism death cult (with many leaders that were born in other Arab countries- like Egypt, Syria, Jordan etc. and with IRGC agenda and support) that sanctifies death for the sake of Allah - suicide and murder by and of children and all others are holy and for the sake of God (as opposed to death is a necessary evil for the protection of life and the values of freedom) It took us 75 years to realize that this death cult is maintained by international organizations that call themselves "guardians of human rights and international law" and have many polite and whitewashed expressions in the language of the West (colonialism, oppression, occupation, apartheid, river and sea) with the purpose of justifying, advocating for and covering up of an extremist religious sectarian ideology - a criminal and corrupt palestinism-Islamist ideology - which sanctifies the blood of children for the purposes of the sect and in the name of "God (Allah)", that glorifies the murder of innocents because they are "Jews" or “the west” whom it defines in serial brainwashing as subhumans, pigs and monkeys - that must be destroyed in order to please Allah "from the river to the sea" and then also - to destroy the control of "the West" heretics. In this cruel and unimaginably tragic picture of reality - the children are both messengers of murder, victims who grew up to sanctify their deaths and also a product of propaganda to continue the blindness of the West and its use against itself and to continue this unbearable control and exploitation of children, in the name of the death of said children. Placing the children at the heart of the violence of this death cult and this cruel cynical use of them - poses new and impossible moral dilemmas that obviously serve the death cult that has never had zero care or interest in morality. It took us 75 years to wake up from the "two state solution" propaganda fraud and that awakening was painful. It took us 75 years to realize- that while we in Israel were singing and educating for peace, working for peace and trying to reach out for humanity in every way - the death cult loyalists across the border on the other side were dreaming, singing and teaching about the blood of Jews and the war of exterminating the Jews, they were training militarily from birth to die for Allah in the holy war in which they will kill as many Jews as possible and die for “Palestine”. Even since we left Gaza in 2005 and long before that from the PA territories in the West Bank - there were (are) groups in Israel and in the world that still talk about Israeli "occupation" as if it were Gaza and the West Bank - but there (in Gaza and WB) they talk about “the occupation of Palestine from water to water" "from the river to the sea" - Including Acre, Haifa, Tel Aviv. Meaning, “liberation from occupation" means the complete destruction of Israel, a complete genocide and ethnic cleansing of its people. For them it was for 75 years: Arab Palestine (although it never existed). This thread will show the methods of this death cult that is now pushing for more power and support through “self determination” - of a criminal cruel organization that is hijacking a people with UN help and support. The first clip is from the movie: “UNRWA AT WAR” - full movie is here:

🧵1/ The children of Gaza & WB - revealing the Islamist palestinism death cult and UNTWA’s role in their use and abuse: 👉🏻To understand Israel in this war- you have to truly understand what we’re fighting. It took us 75 years, repeated monstrous terrorist attacks, that manipulated every ounce of our morality, countless monstrous statements by its leaders and one #October7th genocide attempt- for the majority of Israelis to understand that the group that defines itself as "Palestinian" is led by a palestinism death cult (with many leaders that were born in other Arab countries- like Egypt, Syria, Jordan etc. and with IRGC agenda and support) that sanctifies death for the sake of Allah - suicide and murder by and of children and all others are holy and for the sake of God (as opposed to death is a necessary evil for the protection of life and the values of freedom) It took us 75 years to realize that this death cult is maintained by international organizations that call themselves "guardians of human rights and international law" and have many polite and whitewashed expressions in the language of the West (colonialism, oppression, occupation, apartheid, river and sea) with the purpose of justifying, advocating for and covering up of an extremist religious sectarian ideology - a criminal and corrupt palestinism-Islamist ideology - which sanctifies the blood of children for the purposes of the sect and in the name of "God (Allah)", that glorifies the murder of innocents because they are "Jews" or “the west” whom it defines in serial brainwashing as subhumans, pigs and monkeys - that must be destroyed in order to please Allah "from the river to the sea" and then also - to destroy the control of "the West" heretics. In this cruel and unimaginably tragic picture of reality - the children are both messengers of murder, victims who grew up to sanctify their deaths and also a product of propaganda to continue the blindness of the West and its use against itself and to continue this unbearable control and exploitation of children, in the name of the death of said children. Placing the children at the heart of the violence of this death cult and this cruel cynical use of them - poses new and impossible moral dilemmas that obviously serve the death cult that has never had zero care or interest in morality. It took us 75 years to wake up from the "two state solution" propaganda fraud and that awakening was painful. It took us 75 years to realize- that while we in Israel were singing and educating for peace, working for peace and trying to reach out for humanity in every way - the death cult loyalists across the border on the other side were dreaming, singing and teaching about the blood of Jews and the war of exterminating the Jews, they were training militarily from birth to die for Allah in the holy war in which they will kill as many Jews as possible and die for “Palestine”. Even since we left Gaza in 2005 and long before that from the PA territories in the West Bank - there were (are) groups in Israel and in the world that still talk about Israeli "occupation" as if it were Gaza and the West Bank - but there (in Gaza and WB) they talk about “the occupation of Palestine from water to water" "from the river to the sea" - Including Acre, Haifa, Tel Aviv. Meaning, “liberation from occupation" means the complete destruction of Israel, a complete genocide and ethnic cleansing of its people. For them it was for 75 years: Arab Palestine (although it never existed). This thread will show the methods of this death cult that is now pushing for more power and support through “self determination” - of a criminal cruel organization that is hijacking a people with UN help and support. The first clip is from the movie: “UNRWA AT WAR” - full movie is here:

Gal G., Adv 🇮🇱

146,905 views • 1 year ago

I found the discussion about Darwin especially fascinating. Why did it take till 1859 to lay out an idea whose essence every farmer and herder since antiquity must have observed? The Origin of Species was published in 1859. Principia Mathematica was published in 1687, two centuries earlier. Conceptually, natural selection is much simpler than the theory of gravity. Thomas Huxley read The Origin of Species and said, "How extremely stupid not to have thought of that!" Nobody ever said the same about not beating Newton to the Principia. One reason it took so long: Darwin's theory cannot be decisively tested. The evidence is circumstantial, retrospective, and cumulative. There's no equivalent of Newton running the numbers on the Moon's orbital period and confirming they correspond to his equations. In a previous interview with Terence Tao, I brought up Lucretius as an ancient precursor to Darwin. I didn’t actually realize how different Lucretius is from Darwin. Lucretius thought that there was some generative period in the past where a bunch of different species emerged somewhat spontaneously. And then there was a one time filter where the unfit ones got culled out. What he was missing was the idea that there’s common descent between all the species, that there’s a tree of life, that natural selection is a cumulative process. In fact we don’t talk about how wild it is that all life on Earth has a common ancestor! It’s wild! So what actually had to be in place? Charles Lyell doing the foundational work in geology in the 1830s gave Darwin the concept of deep time. Without at least tens of millions of years, evolution is a non-starter, because you'd need to see species transforming within human lifetimes. You also needed paleontology showing intermediate species (including between humans and other apes), biogeography from the age of colonization, and more sophisticated artificial selection like pigeon breeding. The proof that these preconditions mattered: Darwin and Wallace arrived at the same idea almost simultaneously, and both credited Lyell. Their work was presented jointly at the Linnean Society in 1858. Something that went undiscovered for all of human history and then was independently discovered twice within a few years. The building blocks had just fallen into place.

I found the discussion about Darwin especially fascinating. Why did it take till 1859 to lay out an idea whose essence every farmer and herder since antiquity must have observed? The Origin of Species was published in 1859. Principia Mathematica was published in 1687, two centuries earlier. Conceptually, natural selection is much simpler than the theory of gravity. Thomas Huxley read The Origin of Species and said, "How extremely stupid not to have thought of that!" Nobody ever said the same about not beating Newton to the Principia. One reason it took so long: Darwin's theory cannot be decisively tested. The evidence is circumstantial, retrospective, and cumulative. There's no equivalent of Newton running the numbers on the Moon's orbital period and confirming they correspond to his equations. In a previous interview with Terence Tao, I brought up Lucretius as an ancient precursor to Darwin. I didn’t actually realize how different Lucretius is from Darwin. Lucretius thought that there was some generative period in the past where a bunch of different species emerged somewhat spontaneously. And then there was a one time filter where the unfit ones got culled out. What he was missing was the idea that there’s common descent between all the species, that there’s a tree of life, that natural selection is a cumulative process. In fact we don’t talk about how wild it is that all life on Earth has a common ancestor! It’s wild! So what actually had to be in place? Charles Lyell doing the foundational work in geology in the 1830s gave Darwin the concept of deep time. Without at least tens of millions of years, evolution is a non-starter, because you'd need to see species transforming within human lifetimes. You also needed paleontology showing intermediate species (including between humans and other apes), biogeography from the age of colonization, and more sophisticated artificial selection like pigeon breeding. The proof that these preconditions mattered: Darwin and Wallace arrived at the same idea almost simultaneously, and both credited Lyell. Their work was presented jointly at the Linnean Society in 1858. Something that went undiscovered for all of human history and then was independently discovered twice within a few years. The building blocks had just fallen into place.

Dwarkesh Patel

38,291 views • 4 months ago

42 Years Ago CBS Told The World Earth’s Temperature Was Rising Out Of Control Due To Burning Coal & Oil 25% of Florida is about to be flooded and a “widespread disruption of agriculture” is coming It’s been 42 years and literally nothing has changed. “Concerned about rising temperatures on planet Earth heated up a hearing here in Washington today. For years, scientists have theorized about the dangers of the so called greenhouse effect, the warming of the Earth's atmosphere due to the burning of coal and oil. And in recent months, as David Culhane reports, research has uncovered facts to support that theory. Many scientists claim that the temperature of the atmosphere has been rising over the past 100 years, that the great sheets of pack ice in Antarctica are melting at a much more rapid rate than previously. Finally, that the sea level has been rising with increasing swiftness over the past 40 years. If these scientists are correct, about 25% of Florida would be flooded along with low lying areas all over the world. Climate changes could produce widespread disruption of agriculture. The American farm belt might be too dry and the wheat and corn crops would have to move to Canada. Scientists blame the odorless, colorless carbon dioxide gas for these potentially dangerous changes around the planet. It is the greenhouse effect. The gas allows sunlight to filter down and warm the Earth, but like the glass of a greenhouse, the carbon dioxide tends to trap heat so that it cannot rise into space. The scientists maintain that the coal, oil, and gas we've been burning for a 100 years have produced more and more carbon dioxide and helped overheat the Earth. Now some political leaders endorse the demands for more C02 monitoring stations like this one in Hawaii, and they share the anger of the scientists at Reagan administration budget cuts at a time when they feel closer to getting definitive answers. We are not doing the kind of research that we should be doing to determine whether or not these scientists who are so alarmed are correct in their assessment. And what they find out will affect the lives and fortunes of millions of people, the very survival of cities like this one (See video), David Culhane, CBS News, New York.

42 Years Ago CBS Told The World Earth’s Temperature Was Rising Out Of Control Due To Burning Coal & Oil 25% of Florida is about to be flooded and a “widespread disruption of agriculture” is coming It’s been 42 years and literally nothing has changed. “Concerned about rising temperatures on planet Earth heated up a hearing here in Washington today. For years, scientists have theorized about the dangers of the so called greenhouse effect, the warming of the Earth's atmosphere due to the burning of coal and oil. And in recent months, as David Culhane reports, research has uncovered facts to support that theory. Many scientists claim that the temperature of the atmosphere has been rising over the past 100 years, that the great sheets of pack ice in Antarctica are melting at a much more rapid rate than previously. Finally, that the sea level has been rising with increasing swiftness over the past 40 years. If these scientists are correct, about 25% of Florida would be flooded along with low lying areas all over the world. Climate changes could produce widespread disruption of agriculture. The American farm belt might be too dry and the wheat and corn crops would have to move to Canada. Scientists blame the odorless, colorless carbon dioxide gas for these potentially dangerous changes around the planet. It is the greenhouse effect. The gas allows sunlight to filter down and warm the Earth, but like the glass of a greenhouse, the carbon dioxide tends to trap heat so that it cannot rise into space. The scientists maintain that the coal, oil, and gas we've been burning for a 100 years have produced more and more carbon dioxide and helped overheat the Earth. Now some political leaders endorse the demands for more C02 monitoring stations like this one in Hawaii, and they share the anger of the scientists at Reagan administration budget cuts at a time when they feel closer to getting definitive answers. We are not doing the kind of research that we should be doing to determine whether or not these scientists who are so alarmed are correct in their assessment. And what they find out will affect the lives and fortunes of millions of people, the very survival of cities like this one (See video), David Culhane, CBS News, New York.

Wall Street Apes

2,192,371 views • 2 years ago