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🇺🇸🇮🇷 The last time this escalation spiral started, economic catastrophe forced a deal in weeks. Joshua Landis explains why Iran is betting history repeats itself. "If the Iran didn't open the Straits of Hormuz and oil reserves would have run out in four weeks, we had to make a...

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🇺🇲🇮🇷 Is Trump staying in this war because he thinks he can win it, or because he can't stand to lose it? That's the split Prof. Joshua Landis lays out, and he's not sure which one is actually driving the decision. Landis argues the U.S.-Iran standoff has taken on the shape of a forever war. Not because either side wants that, but because neither can find an exit that doesn't look like defeat. Trump is betting Iran cracks first under economic pressure. Iran is betting Washington blinks first as gas prices and inflation climb into the midterms. Both sides are convinced time is on their side. But Landis sees the asymmetry Trump isn't accounting for. Every time Washington escalates, Iran comes back to the table with harder demands, not softer ones, because that's what winners do. Hit Iran, and instead of folding, they raise the price. It's a pattern Landis says has repeated itself for months, and one Trump's own advisors reportedly can't fully explain to him. Then there's the coalition problem. The new Pakistan-Turkey-Saudi defense pact gets called symbolic, but Landis reads it as something sharper: regional powers hedging against an American ally that keeps making moves nobody asked for. Turkey doesn't want to be dragged into hitting Iran. Saudi Arabia doesn't want to eat Iranian strikes on its refineries for a war it didn't choose. Everyone's watching Washington burn trust they spent decades building. And the part that should worry Gulf capitals most: Landis argues China and Russia are quietly rooting for exactly this outcome; a drawn-out American quagmire that drains carriers, munitions, and political capital, at zero cost to Beijing or Moscow. Landis says this stopped being strategy and is now a country that dug itself a hole and can't find the shovel that got it there. Does Trump actually walk away before November, or does the hole get deeper first? Joshua Landis

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🇺🇸🇮🇷 Trump may have reached the point where every option makes America's position worse. Middle East expert Joshua Landis says Iran isn't just retaliating to U.S. pressure anymore. It's deliberately expanding the battlefield to convince Washington that escalation carries a higher cost than compromise. Start with the recent strikes. An American response inside Iran is followed by Iranian attacks on U.S. assets in Jordan and on ships in Egypt. If Washington turns to economic warfare or tries to blockade Iran, Tehran will simply drag the conflict back into military escalation. Landis agrees. He argues the White House still believes it can force Iran to back down by gradually degrading its economy, missile capabilities and military infrastructure. But every new round of pressure pushes Iran to widen the conflict instead, creating economic pain for America's regional partners and demonstrating that no country is insulated from the consequences. Egypt is the perfect example. Even if American ships are the intended target, attacks near Egypt threaten tourism, Suez Canal traffic and one of the region's most fragile economies. The point isn't necessarily Egypt itself. It's proving that pressure on Iran can quickly become pressure on everyone else. That brings Landis to the real issue: the Strait of Hormuz. He argues this war is ultimately about who controls one of the world's most important energy chokepoints. For decades, American dominance in the Gulf has underpinned its global influence. But Landis says preserving that dominance through military force is becoming increasingly difficult. His argument is that even if Washington steps back, Iran cannot simply shut off global oil forever. Tehran also depends on exporting its own energy, meaning every Gulf state ultimately has an incentive to reach some form of accommodation. The real question isn't whether oil will keep flowing, but whether the United States remains the power that guarantees it. Landis warns that continuing to escalate may actually accelerate the decline Washington is trying to prevent. Joshua Landis

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