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When should you start post-training your own models? Fireworks CEO Lin Qiao’s answer: after product-market fit. Not because it's hard... but because only after PMF is the data coming off your product surface worth training on. Lin joined us for our Sequoia Capital "Own Your Intelligence" event to host...

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Sonya Huang 🐥

29,614 subscribers

28,212 次观看 • 1 个月前 •via X (Twitter)

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Hubert Thieblot 的头像
Hubert Thieblot1 个月前

@FireworksAI_HQ @lqiao @sequoia def watching this

Sonya Huang 🐥 的头像
Sonya Huang 🐥1 个月前

@FireworksAI_HQ @lqiao @sequoia 💚

Sonya Huang 🐥 的头像
Sonya Huang 🐥1 个月前

YouTube playlist here:

Mark Attar 的头像
Mark Attar1 个月前

@FireworksAI_HQ @lqiao @sequoia I feel like this was the classic case with ML features/pieces of the product in the past too, you have to have traction and users to have data

Arvind 的头像
Arvind1 个月前

@FireworksAI_HQ @lqiao @sequoia No. Continual Learning is coming. Post training on domain specific data will be utterly useless.

𝗦𝗔𝗚𝗢𝗥 𝗖𝗔𝗣𝗜𝗧𝗔𝗟 的头像
𝗦𝗔𝗚𝗢𝗥 𝗖𝗔𝗣𝗜𝗧𝗔𝗟1 个月前

@FireworksAI_HQ @lqiao @sequoia when pmf is locked in already

泰多宝 的头像
泰多宝1 个月前

There's a second reason the ordering matters, beyond data quality. Post-training bakes behaviour into weights, and pre-PMF the behaviour is exactly what you're still revising. Train early and you've committed a hypothesis you're about to overturn, so every pivot afterwards carries a retraining bill nobody budgeted for. Training runs are cheap now. Unfreezing a decision you already shipped is where the money goes.

Saad Gul 的头像
Saad Gul1 个月前

@gradypb @FireworksAI_HQ @lqiao @sequoia Interesting

random 的头像
random1 个月前

@FireworksAI_HQ @lqiao @sequoia "Not because it's hard... but because only after PMF is the data coming off your product surface worth training on." - claudism.

安叫兽|Bird🕊️ 🔶 BNB 的头像
安叫兽|Bird🕊️ 🔶 BNB1 个月前

@FireworksAI_HQ @lqiao @sequoia 没到 PMF，连该优化什么都还在变。

Grace Livingston 的头像
Grace Livingston1 个月前

Sonya, founders and Sequoia, you’ll have to watch this speech. Sequoia and Steve Hilton @SteveHiltonx should have a talk about the future of California. He’s got all the right ideas and he’s calling for a decade of building for California in this great speech.

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A model is only as good as its data, and we’ve long since exhausted the internet. From here on out, model progress is gated by data production. ’s Brendan (can/do) joined us at our Sovereign AI event to talk about how RL environments get built, and why your data might be your real moat: 00:00 Introduction 00:47 A short history of the data market: crowdsourcing to agentic data 02:29 What an RL environment is: worlds, apps, tasks 03:57 Why only humans can measure the frontier 05:35 Building verifiers is the hard part 06:44 Walkthrough: a real legal RL environment 08:18 Leaderboards — and what open weights change 09:45 Post-training results on Apex Agents 11:17 Three ways companies buy data 12:49 Q&A: How do you price data? 14:17 Q&A: What "data quality" actually means 16:42 Q&A: The misunderstanding about synthetic data 18:17 Q&A: Why RL environments now — and what comes after 21:20 Q&A: Can you scale rubric generation with models? 23:00 Q&A: RL environments for cyber defense 25:33 Q&A: Build data in-house or partner?
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A model is only as good as its data, and we’ve long since exhausted the internet. From here on out, model progress is gated by data production. ’s Brendan (can/do) joined us at our Sovereign AI event to talk about how RL environments get built, and why your data might be your real moat: 00:00 Introduction 00:47 A short history of the data market: crowdsourcing to agentic data 02:29 What an RL environment is: worlds, apps, tasks 03:57 Why only humans can measure the frontier 05:35 Building verifiers is the hard part 06:44 Walkthrough: a real legal RL environment 08:18 Leaderboards — and what open weights change 09:45 Post-training results on Apex Agents 11:17 Three ways companies buy data 12:49 Q&A: How do you price data? 14:17 Q&A: What "data quality" actually means 16:42 Q&A: The misunderstanding about synthetic data 18:17 Q&A: Why RL environments now — and what comes after 21:20 Q&A: Can you scale rubric generation with models? 23:00 Q&A: RL environments for cyber defense 25:33 Q&A: Build data in-house or partner?

Pat Grady

66,691 次观看 • 1 个月前

An agent is three things: a harness, a model, and context. If you're serious about owning your intelligence, you probably want to own all three. LangChain founder Harrison Chase joined us at our Sequoia Capital Own Your Intelligence to talk about the piece that often gets the least attention: the harness. He offers a clear heuristic for when to build your own. The more out of distribution you are from what the models were trained on, the more you'll want to customize. And good technical content on how to actually measure performance with evals and langsmith. 00:00 Introduction 00:58 The three parts of an agent: harness, model, context 02:12 What a harness actually does 03:25 Customizing the core loop with middleware 04:41 Sandboxes, file systems, sub-agents, summarization 05:47 Cognitive architectures — and when you still need them 07:03 Build your own harness or use off the shelf? 08:24 In-distribution vs. out-of-distribution: the file-editing example 09:39 Why evals define what "good" means in an organization 11:04 Harbor: what an eval task actually looks like 12:11 Comparing harnesses and models on accuracy, latency, and cost 13:20 Why observability is underrated — it's usually the context 14:34 The data flywheel: traces → curation → experiments 15:42 Getting feedback through UX design and online evaluators 16:51 Demo: LangSmith Engine 19:23 Q&A: Running Engine on Engine, and "codex-ification" 20:44 Q&A: Will harnesses converge or diverge?
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An agent is three things: a harness, a model, and context. If you're serious about owning your intelligence, you probably want to own all three. LangChain founder Harrison Chase joined us at our Sequoia Capital Own Your Intelligence to talk about the piece that often gets the least attention: the harness. He offers a clear heuristic for when to build your own. The more out of distribution you are from what the models were trained on, the more you'll want to customize. And good technical content on how to actually measure performance with evals and langsmith. 00:00 Introduction 00:58 The three parts of an agent: harness, model, context 02:12 What a harness actually does 03:25 Customizing the core loop with middleware 04:41 Sandboxes, file systems, sub-agents, summarization 05:47 Cognitive architectures — and when you still need them 07:03 Build your own harness or use off the shelf? 08:24 In-distribution vs. out-of-distribution: the file-editing example 09:39 Why evals define what "good" means in an organization 11:04 Harbor: what an eval task actually looks like 12:11 Comparing harnesses and models on accuracy, latency, and cost 13:20 Why observability is underrated — it's usually the context 14:34 The data flywheel: traces → curation → experiments 15:42 Getting feedback through UX design and online evaluators 16:51 Demo: LangSmith Engine 19:23 Q&A: Running Engine on Engine, and "codex-ification" 20:44 Q&A: Will harnesses converge or diverge?

Sonya Huang 🐥

77,519 次观看 • 1 个月前

Today's AI models train once. We don't work that way. We learn continuously, forget what doesn't matter, and retain what does. That gap is what Dan Biderman and Jessy Lin are closing at Engram. AI that never stops learning, with memory that lives inside the model instead of bolted on as an afterthought. In our latest Training Data episode we get into why memory is the next frontier: why the brain forgets on purpose, why RAG is a band-aid, and what becomes possible when a model is always training. 00:00 Introduction 00:59 Always Training Explained 01:51 Beyond Context Windows 03:29 Ngram Product Overview 04:34 Adapters And Training Signals 05:32 Internalize Vs Externalize 06:49 Compute And Token Savings 08:19 Teams First Then Individuals 08:51 Memorization Vs Understanding 12:47 Dreams And Offline Digestion 14:08 Training Beats Curation 15:19 Why Everyone Needs A Model 21:44 Bitter Lesson And Architecture 24:44 RAG Killer And KV Cache 31:38 Future Of Memory And Models
44:51

Today's AI models train once. We don't work that way. We learn continuously, forget what doesn't matter, and retain what does. That gap is what Dan Biderman and Jessy Lin are closing at Engram. AI that never stops learning, with memory that lives inside the model instead of bolted on as an afterthought. In our latest Training Data episode we get into why memory is the next frontier: why the brain forgets on purpose, why RAG is a band-aid, and what becomes possible when a model is always training. 00:00 Introduction 00:59 Always Training Explained 01:51 Beyond Context Windows 03:29 Ngram Product Overview 04:34 Adapters And Training Signals 05:32 Internalize Vs Externalize 06:49 Compute And Token Savings 08:19 Teams First Then Individuals 08:51 Memorization Vs Understanding 12:47 Dreams And Offline Digestion 14:08 Training Beats Curation 15:19 Why Everyone Needs A Model 21:44 Bitter Lesson And Architecture 24:44 RAG Killer And KV Cache 31:38 Future Of Memory And Models

Sequoia Capital

84,809 次观看 • 3 个月前

OWN YOUR INTELLIGENCE Last year, building on open-weight models was primarily a cost rationalization exercise. Slightly worse performance for a much cheaper price. Now, it is increasingly an existential and strategic topic for our portfolio. Intelligence is the product. Companies want to shape it and own it and let it compound within their own walls. Not your weights, not your product. Now, with frontier open-weight models and fantastic tooling/infrastructure, owning your intelligence at the frontier is finally becoming possible. The result: every application company we work with is embarking on the journey of doing their own research on post-training, evals, harnesses, etc. The hottest neolabs may just be Harvey, Factory, RamPrasad "RamP!" Moudgalya, etc. The list goes on. We held a summit Sequoia Capital to convene our portfolio on this topic, together with Gabe Pereyra (Harvey) on building Harvey Labs, Lin Qiao (Fireworks) on post-training, Harrison Chase (LangChain) on harnesses + evals, Brendan (can/do) () on RL environments and synthetic data, Arjun Karanam (Trajectory) on online continual learning. Opening talk below; rest to come this week! 00:00 What is sovereign AI (and what it isn't) 01:24 Centralized vs. decentralized intelligence 02:54 Four reasons companies own their models: cost, speed, performance, destiny 04:22 "Not your weights, not your product" 05:32 The application companies are the newest neo labs 07:05 Step 1: Deciding what to own vs. rent 09:51 Step 2: Build the team (and don't shoehorn your platform team) 11:17 Step 3: Legibility – why your research has to be visible 12:33 Step 4: The technical roadmap 13:56 The stack: production vs. development 15:16 Opening Pandora's box – base models, harnesses, context
17:28

OWN YOUR INTELLIGENCE Last year, building on open-weight models was primarily a cost rationalization exercise. Slightly worse performance for a much cheaper price. Now, it is increasingly an existential and strategic topic for our portfolio. Intelligence is the product. Companies want to shape it and own it and let it compound within their own walls. Not your weights, not your product. Now, with frontier open-weight models and fantastic tooling/infrastructure, owning your intelligence at the frontier is finally becoming possible. The result: every application company we work with is embarking on the journey of doing their own research on post-training, evals, harnesses, etc. The hottest neolabs may just be Harvey, Factory, RamPrasad "RamP!" Moudgalya, etc. The list goes on. We held a summit Sequoia Capital to convene our portfolio on this topic, together with Gabe Pereyra (Harvey) on building Harvey Labs, Lin Qiao (Fireworks) on post-training, Harrison Chase (LangChain) on harnesses + evals, Brendan (can/do) () on RL environments and synthetic data, Arjun Karanam (Trajectory) on online continual learning. Opening talk below; rest to come this week! 00:00 What is sovereign AI (and what it isn't) 01:24 Centralized vs. decentralized intelligence 02:54 Four reasons companies own their models: cost, speed, performance, destiny 04:22 "Not your weights, not your product" 05:32 The application companies are the newest neo labs 07:05 Step 1: Deciding what to own vs. rent 09:51 Step 2: Build the team (and don't shoehorn your platform team) 11:17 Step 3: Legibility – why your research has to be visible 12:33 Step 4: The technical roadmap 13:56 The stack: production vs. development 15:16 Opening Pandora's box – base models, harnesses, context

Sonya Huang 🐥

128,779 次观看 • 1 个月前

Gemini 3, scaling laws and the 'finite data' era: my conversation with Sebastian Borgeaud, research engineer at Google DeepMind and a pre-training lead for Gemini 3 00:00 – Cold intro: “We’re ahead of schedule” + AI is now a system 00:58 – Oriol Vinyals's “secret recipe”: better pre- + post-training 02:09 – Why AI progress still isn’t slowing down 03:04 – Are models actually getting smarter? 04:36 – Two–three years out: what changes first? 06:34 – AI doing AI research: faster, not automated 07:45 – Frontier labs: same playbook or different bets? 10:19 – Post-transformers: will a disruption happen? 10:51 – DeepMind’s advantage: research × engineering × infra 12:26 – What a Gemini 3 pre-training lead actually does 13:59 – From Europe to Cambridge to DeepMind 18:06 – Why he left RL for real-world data 20:05 – From Gopher to Chinchilla to RETRO (and why it matters) 20:28 – “Research taste”: integrate or slow everyone down 23:00 – Fixes vs moonshots: how they balance the pipeline 24:37 – Research vs product pressure (and org structure) 26:24 – Gemini 3 under the hood: MoE in plain English 28:30 – Native multimodality: the hidden costs 30:03 – Scaling laws aren’t dead (but scale isn’t everything) 33:07 – Synthetic data: powerful, dangerous? 35:00 – Reasoning traces: what he can’t say (and why) 37:18 – Long context + attention: what’s next 38:40 – Retrieval vs RAG vs long context 41:49 – The real boss fight: evals (and contamination) 42:28 – Alignment: pre-training vs post-training 43:32 – Deep Think + agents + “vibe coding” 46:34 – Continual learning: updating models over time 49:35 – Advice for researchers + founders 53:35 – “No end in sight” for progress + closing
54:56

Gemini 3, scaling laws and the 'finite data' era: my conversation with Sebastian Borgeaud, research engineer at Google DeepMind and a pre-training lead for Gemini 3 00:00 – Cold intro: “We’re ahead of schedule” + AI is now a system 00:58 – Oriol Vinyals's “secret recipe”: better pre- + post-training 02:09 – Why AI progress still isn’t slowing down 03:04 – Are models actually getting smarter? 04:36 – Two–three years out: what changes first? 06:34 – AI doing AI research: faster, not automated 07:45 – Frontier labs: same playbook or different bets? 10:19 – Post-transformers: will a disruption happen? 10:51 – DeepMind’s advantage: research × engineering × infra 12:26 – What a Gemini 3 pre-training lead actually does 13:59 – From Europe to Cambridge to DeepMind 18:06 – Why he left RL for real-world data 20:05 – From Gopher to Chinchilla to RETRO (and why it matters) 20:28 – “Research taste”: integrate or slow everyone down 23:00 – Fixes vs moonshots: how they balance the pipeline 24:37 – Research vs product pressure (and org structure) 26:24 – Gemini 3 under the hood: MoE in plain English 28:30 – Native multimodality: the hidden costs 30:03 – Scaling laws aren’t dead (but scale isn’t everything) 33:07 – Synthetic data: powerful, dangerous? 35:00 – Reasoning traces: what he can’t say (and why) 37:18 – Long context + attention: what’s next 38:40 – Retrieval vs RAG vs long context 41:49 – The real boss fight: evals (and contamination) 42:28 – Alignment: pre-training vs post-training 43:32 – Deep Think + agents + “vibe coding” 46:34 – Continual learning: updating models over time 49:35 – Advice for researchers + founders 53:35 – “No end in sight” for progress + closing

Matt Turck

51,484 次观看 • 9 个月前

Why AI Progress Suddenly Feels Real - my conversation with Yann Dubois, who co-leads the Post-Training Frontiers team at OpenAI 00:00 - Intro 01:30 - Why recent AI progress feels like a step function 04:13 - Model reliability & the emotional rollercoaster of shipping GPT-5.5 07:33 - How OpenAI structures vertical and horizontal teams 09:49 - Improving model efficiency and test-time compute 12:32 - Yann's journey from Switzerland to OpenAI 15:37 - Reasoning in 2026: Real-world utility vs verifiable rewards 18:34 - GPT-5.5 Thinking vs Pro: Scaling test-time compute 20:09 - How reasoning models become more efficient 23:23 - Pre-training scaling and overcoming the data wall 27:03 - Multimodal data, synthetic data, and embodied AI 31:05 - Demystifying mid-training and post-training 37:21 - Does RL create new capabilities in AI? 38:53 - The challenges and frontier of scaling RL 43:09 - Is building AI models a craft or a strict science 48:21 - How AI models generalize across different domains 54:18 - How reinforcement learning cures AI hallucinations 56:04 - Negative generalization and conflicting instructions 58:05 - Can RL scale to law, medicine, and the broader economy? 1:00:19 - The evaluation bottleneck and Model as a Judge 1:04:21 - Continuous AI progress & continual learning 1:08:49 - Will foundation models eat the agent harness 1:11:23 - Why startups should focus on the last mile of AI
1:13:56

Why AI Progress Suddenly Feels Real - my conversation with Yann Dubois, who co-leads the Post-Training Frontiers team at OpenAI 00:00 - Intro 01:30 - Why recent AI progress feels like a step function 04:13 - Model reliability & the emotional rollercoaster of shipping GPT-5.5 07:33 - How OpenAI structures vertical and horizontal teams 09:49 - Improving model efficiency and test-time compute 12:32 - Yann's journey from Switzerland to OpenAI 15:37 - Reasoning in 2026: Real-world utility vs verifiable rewards 18:34 - GPT-5.5 Thinking vs Pro: Scaling test-time compute 20:09 - How reasoning models become more efficient 23:23 - Pre-training scaling and overcoming the data wall 27:03 - Multimodal data, synthetic data, and embodied AI 31:05 - Demystifying mid-training and post-training 37:21 - Does RL create new capabilities in AI? 38:53 - The challenges and frontier of scaling RL 43:09 - Is building AI models a craft or a strict science 48:21 - How AI models generalize across different domains 54:18 - How reinforcement learning cures AI hallucinations 56:04 - Negative generalization and conflicting instructions 58:05 - Can RL scale to law, medicine, and the broader economy? 1:00:19 - The evaluation bottleneck and Model as a Judge 1:04:21 - Continuous AI progress & continual learning 1:08:49 - Will foundation models eat the agent harness 1:11:23 - Why startups should focus on the last mile of AI

Matt Turck

101,314 次观看 • 4 个月前

"One of the very confusing things about the models right now: how to reconcile the fact that they are doing so well on evals. And you look at the evals and you go, 'Those are pretty hard evals.' But the economic impact seems to be dramatically behind. There is [a possible] explanation. Back when people were doing pre-training, the question of what data to train on was answered, because that answer was everything. So you don't have to think if it's going to be this data or that data. When people do RL training, they say, 'Okay, we want to have this kind of RL training for this thing and that kind of RL training for that thing.' You say, 'Hey, I would love our model to do really well when we release it. I want the evals to look great. What would be RL training that could help on this task?' If you combine this with generalization of the models actually being inadequate, that has the potential to explain a lot of what we are seeing, this disconnect between eval performance and actual real-world performance"
2:21

"One of the very confusing things about the models right now: how to reconcile the fact that they are doing so well on evals. And you look at the evals and you go, 'Those are pretty hard evals.' But the economic impact seems to be dramatically behind. There is [a possible] explanation. Back when people were doing pre-training, the question of what data to train on was answered, because that answer was everything. So you don't have to think if it's going to be this data or that data. When people do RL training, they say, 'Okay, we want to have this kind of RL training for this thing and that kind of RL training for that thing.' You say, 'Hey, I would love our model to do really well when we release it. I want the evals to look great. What would be RL training that could help on this task?' If you combine this with generalization of the models actually being inadequate, that has the potential to explain a lot of what we are seeing, this disconnect between eval performance and actual real-world performance"

Dwarkesh Patel

502,696 次观看 • 10 个月前

Want world class research capabilities, but don’t have the resources of a big lab? At our recent Sovereign AI event, Gabe Pereyra shared Harvey ’s “moneyball” approach. Here’s the playbook: 00:00 Introduction 00:37 Building a research lab on a budget 02:28 Legal Agent Bench, contracting, and the diligence dataset 03:57 Domain experts guiding synthetic data generation 05:23 Why Harvey open sourced its datasets 06:55 Working with the neo labs – and why more than one 08:20 Post-training in-house: building "Associate 1" 09:44 The model serving matrix: 60 countries, fallbacks, SLAs 11:05 Deciding what stays in production 12:29 Simple open source switches and model routing 13:55 Moneyball: "If we win on this budget, we change the game" 14:53 Q&A: Training with sensitive data 17:16 Q&A: Competing for research talent 18:46 Q&A: Designing rubrics that actually challenge frontier models 20:19 Q&A: Where the pipeline breaks — data, research, or infra 22:59 Q&A: The tension in open sourcing a benchmark 25:02 Q&A: Biggest remaining open problems 27:10 Q&A: Competing with horizontal products
29:20

Want world class research capabilities, but don’t have the resources of a big lab? At our recent Sovereign AI event, Gabe Pereyra shared Harvey ’s “moneyball” approach. Here’s the playbook: 00:00 Introduction 00:37 Building a research lab on a budget 02:28 Legal Agent Bench, contracting, and the diligence dataset 03:57 Domain experts guiding synthetic data generation 05:23 Why Harvey open sourced its datasets 06:55 Working with the neo labs – and why more than one 08:20 Post-training in-house: building "Associate 1" 09:44 The model serving matrix: 60 countries, fallbacks, SLAs 11:05 Deciding what stays in production 12:29 Simple open source switches and model routing 13:55 Moneyball: "If we win on this budget, we change the game" 14:53 Q&A: Training with sensitive data 17:16 Q&A: Competing for research talent 18:46 Q&A: Designing rubrics that actually challenge frontier models 20:19 Q&A: Where the pipeline breaks — data, research, or infra 22:59 Q&A: The tension in open sourcing a benchmark 25:02 Q&A: Biggest remaining open problems 27:10 Q&A: Competing with horizontal products

Pat Grady

179,308 次观看 • 1 个月前

New Course: Post-training of LLMs Learn to post-train and customize an LLM in this short course, taught by Banghua Zhu, Assistant Professor at the University of Washington University of Washington, and co-founder of @NexusflowX. Training an LLM to follow instructions or answer questions has two key stages: pre-training and post-training. In pre-training, it learns to predict the next word or token from large amounts of unlabeled text. In post-training, it learns useful behaviors such as following instructions, tool use, and reasoning. Post-training transforms a general-purpose token predictor—trained on trillions of unlabeled text tokens—into an assistant that follows instructions and performs specific tasks. Because it is much cheaper than pre-training, it is practical for many more teams to incorporate post-training methods into their workflows than pre-training. In this course, you’ll learn three common post-training methods—Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT), Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), and Online Reinforcement Learning (RL)—and how to use each one effectively. With SFT, you train the model on pairs of input and ideal output responses. With DPO, you provide both a preferred (chosen) and a less preferred (rejected) response and train the model to favor the preferred output. With RL, the model generates an output, receives a reward score based on human or automated feedback, and updates the model to improve performance. You’ll learn the basic concepts, common use cases, and principles for curating high-quality data for effective training. Through hands-on labs, you’ll download a pre-trained model from Hugging Face and post-train it using SFT, DPO, and RL to see how each technique shapes model behavior. In detail, you’ll: - Understand what post-training is, when to use it, and how it differs from pre-training. - Build an SFT pipeline to turn a base model into an instruct model. - Explore how DPO reshapes behavior by minimizing contrastive loss—penalizing poor responses and reinforcing preferred ones. - Implement a DPO pipeline to change the identity of a chat assistant. - Learn online RL methods such as Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) and Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), and how to design reward functions. - Train a model with GRPO to improve its math capabilities using a verifiable reward. Post-training is one of the most rapidly developing areas of LLM training. Whether you’re building a high-accuracy context-specific assistant, fine-tuning a model's tone, or improving task-specific accuracy, this course will give you experience with the most important techniques shaping how LLMs are post-trained today. Please sign up here:
2:52

New Course: Post-training of LLMs Learn to post-train and customize an LLM in this short course, taught by Banghua Zhu, Assistant Professor at the University of Washington University of Washington, and co-founder of @NexusflowX. Training an LLM to follow instructions or answer questions has two key stages: pre-training and post-training. In pre-training, it learns to predict the next word or token from large amounts of unlabeled text. In post-training, it learns useful behaviors such as following instructions, tool use, and reasoning. Post-training transforms a general-purpose token predictor—trained on trillions of unlabeled text tokens—into an assistant that follows instructions and performs specific tasks. Because it is much cheaper than pre-training, it is practical for many more teams to incorporate post-training methods into their workflows than pre-training. In this course, you’ll learn three common post-training methods—Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT), Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), and Online Reinforcement Learning (RL)—and how to use each one effectively. With SFT, you train the model on pairs of input and ideal output responses. With DPO, you provide both a preferred (chosen) and a less preferred (rejected) response and train the model to favor the preferred output. With RL, the model generates an output, receives a reward score based on human or automated feedback, and updates the model to improve performance. You’ll learn the basic concepts, common use cases, and principles for curating high-quality data for effective training. Through hands-on labs, you’ll download a pre-trained model from Hugging Face and post-train it using SFT, DPO, and RL to see how each technique shapes model behavior. In detail, you’ll: - Understand what post-training is, when to use it, and how it differs from pre-training. - Build an SFT pipeline to turn a base model into an instruct model. - Explore how DPO reshapes behavior by minimizing contrastive loss—penalizing poor responses and reinforcing preferred ones. - Implement a DPO pipeline to change the identity of a chat assistant. - Learn online RL methods such as Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) and Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), and how to design reward functions. - Train a model with GRPO to improve its math capabilities using a verifiable reward. Post-training is one of the most rapidly developing areas of LLM training. Whether you’re building a high-accuracy context-specific assistant, fine-tuning a model's tone, or improving task-specific accuracy, this course will give you experience with the most important techniques shaping how LLMs are post-trained today. Please sign up here:

Andrew Ng

125,146 次观看 • 1 年前

A lot of people are calling Hermes Agent the end of OpenClaw. BRUH! It's not... Nous Research trains actual models and they built an agent around that expertise. The local model routing is solid, but the part that matters for your business is that your conversations become fine-tuning data. You can train a model on how you actually work. 00:00 The Problem with Local AI Models 00:25 Introduction to Nous Research 01:04 Cross-Platform Agent Capabilities 01:44 Deep Local Model Integration 02:30 Routing Tasks to Different Models 03:06 Conversations as Training Data 03:50 Hermes Agent vs. OpenClaw 04:15 Future Plans and Series Overview
4:45

A lot of people are calling Hermes Agent the end of OpenClaw. BRUH! It's not... Nous Research trains actual models and they built an agent around that expertise. The local model routing is solid, but the part that matters for your business is that your conversations become fine-tuning data. You can train a model on how you actually work. 00:00 The Problem with Local AI Models 00:25 Introduction to Nous Research 01:04 Cross-Platform Agent Capabilities 01:44 Deep Local Model Integration 02:30 Routing Tasks to Different Models 03:06 Conversations as Training Data 03:50 Hermes Agent vs. OpenClaw 04:15 Future Plans and Series Overview

Ray Fernando

42,398 次观看 • 6 个月前

Here's my conversation with Lucas Atkins and the team at Arcee.ai on their path to training and releasing Trinity Large today. From going all in on open models built end to end in the US 6 months ago to having the model in hand is no easy feet. I loved this conversation on how to design a startup around open models and take a bold step to scale it up. I'm openly an Arcee fan, watching them take risk and pull it off. We discuss: - The state (and future) of open vs. closed models, - The business of selling open models for on-prem deployments, - The story of Arcee AI & going “all-in” on this training run, - The ATOM project, - Building frontier model training teams in 6 months, - and other great topics. I really loved this one, and think you well too. Chapters: 00:00:00 Intro: Arcee AI, Trinity Models & Trinity Large 00:08:26 Transitioning a Company to Pre-training 00:13:00 Technical Decisions: Muon and MoE 00:18:41 Scaling and MoE Training Pain 00:23:14 Post-training and RL Strategies 00:28:09 Team Structure and Data Scaling 00:31:31 The Trinity Manifesto: US Open Weights 00:42:31 Specialized Models and Distillation 00:47:12 Infrastructure and Hosting 400B 00:50:53 Open Source as a Business Moat 00:56:31 Predictions: Best Model in 2026 01:02:29 Lightning Round & Conclusions More great open model builder podcasts coming soon!
1:12:15

Here's my conversation with Lucas Atkins and the team at Arcee.ai on their path to training and releasing Trinity Large today. From going all in on open models built end to end in the US 6 months ago to having the model in hand is no easy feet. I loved this conversation on how to design a startup around open models and take a bold step to scale it up. I'm openly an Arcee fan, watching them take risk and pull it off. We discuss: - The state (and future) of open vs. closed models, - The business of selling open models for on-prem deployments, - The story of Arcee AI & going “all-in” on this training run, - The ATOM project, - Building frontier model training teams in 6 months, - and other great topics. I really loved this one, and think you well too. Chapters: 00:00:00 Intro: Arcee AI, Trinity Models & Trinity Large 00:08:26 Transitioning a Company to Pre-training 00:13:00 Technical Decisions: Muon and MoE 00:18:41 Scaling and MoE Training Pain 00:23:14 Post-training and RL Strategies 00:28:09 Team Structure and Data Scaling 00:31:31 The Trinity Manifesto: US Open Weights 00:42:31 Specialized Models and Distillation 00:47:12 Infrastructure and Hosting 400B 00:50:53 Open Source as a Business Moat 00:56:31 Predictions: Best Model in 2026 01:02:29 Lightning Round & Conclusions More great open model builder podcasts coming soon!

Nathan Lambert

26,872 次观看 • 8 个月前

When Mudith Jayasekara and I met Gabe Pereyra, we were expecting just another vanilla intro call and instead had the best yarn about research, the state of LLMs, and where intelligence is actually heading. It's rare to meet a founder this deep in the weeds who's also building for one of the most important verticals in this new age of intelligence So it was awesome to sit down with Gabe for an extended discussion on what it take to build agents that can reliably complete work over hours, days, or even longer? We talked about why agents today struggle with search and long context windows and how techniques like KV-cache compaction, synthetic data, and continual learning could help. 0:00 Introduction 0:36 Getting legal agents to review the whole data room 2:08 Data rooms larger than any context window 5:28 How far open-source models can go 7:58 Where specialist models fit in legal AI 10:59 Training legal models when client data is off-limits 13:06 Teaching a model how a law firm works 13:59 What belongs in context vs. model weights 15:36 From firm-wide AI to a model for every lawyer 18:37 What training adds beyond retrieving the right cases 20:26 Why context windows have plateaued 24:01 How models could learn continuously on the job 26:12 Can AI recursively improve AI research? 27:07 Research agents can run experiments but not choose them 30:00 Why open-ended research is hard to train 33:47 Why deployment, not intelligence, is the bottleneck 35:08 The cost of frontier intelligence 36:59 Different neolabs, different paths to intelligence 39:26 Using open datasets to compare research methods 41:13 Conclusion
41:50

When Mudith Jayasekara and I met Gabe Pereyra, we were expecting just another vanilla intro call and instead had the best yarn about research, the state of LLMs, and where intelligence is actually heading. It's rare to meet a founder this deep in the weeds who's also building for one of the most important verticals in this new age of intelligence So it was awesome to sit down with Gabe for an extended discussion on what it take to build agents that can reliably complete work over hours, days, or even longer? We talked about why agents today struggle with search and long context windows and how techniques like KV-cache compaction, synthetic data, and continual learning could help. 0:00 Introduction 0:36 Getting legal agents to review the whole data room 2:08 Data rooms larger than any context window 5:28 How far open-source models can go 7:58 Where specialist models fit in legal AI 10:59 Training legal models when client data is off-limits 13:06 Teaching a model how a law firm works 13:59 What belongs in context vs. model weights 15:36 From firm-wide AI to a model for every lawyer 18:37 What training adds beyond retrieving the right cases 20:26 Why context windows have plateaued 24:01 How models could learn continuously on the job 26:12 Can AI recursively improve AI research? 27:07 Research agents can run experiments but not choose them 30:00 Why open-ended research is hard to train 33:47 Why deployment, not intelligence, is the bottleneck 35:08 The cost of frontier intelligence 36:59 Different neolabs, different paths to intelligence 39:26 Using open datasets to compare research methods 41:13 Conclusion

Charlie O'Neill

93,422 次观看 • 2 个月前

How GPT-5 thinks, with OpenAI VP of Research Jerry Tworek 00:00 - Intro 01:01 - What Reasoning Actually Means in AI 02:32 - Chain of Thought: Models Thinking in Words 05:25 - How Models Decide How Long to Think 07:24 - Evolution from o1 to o3 to GPT-5 11:00 - The Road to OpenAI: Growing up in Poland, Dropping out of School, Trading 20:32 - Working on Robotics and Rubik's Cube Solving 23:02 - A Day in the Life: Talking to Researchers 24:06 - How Research Priorities Are Determined 26:53 - OpenAI's Culture of Transparency 29:32 - Balancing Research with Shipping Fast 31:52 - Using OpenAI's Own Tools Daily 32:43 - Pre-Training Plus RL: The Modern AI Stack 35:10 - Reinforcement Learning 101: Training Dogs 40:17 - The Evolution of Deep Reinforcement Learning 42:09 - When GPT-4 Seemed Underwhelming at First 45:39 - How RLHF Made GPT-4 Actually Useful 48:02 - Unsupervised vs Supervised Learning 49:59 - GRPO and How DeepSeek Accelerated US Research 53:05 - What It Takes to Scale Reinforcement Learning 55:36 - Agentic AI and Long-Horizon Thinking 59:19 - Alignment as an RL Problem 1:01:11 - Winning ICPC World Finals Without Specific Training 1:05:53 - Applying RL Beyond Math and Coding 1:09:15 - The Path from Here to AGI 1:12:23 - Pure RL vs Language Models
1:16:04

How GPT-5 thinks, with OpenAI VP of Research Jerry Tworek 00:00 - Intro 01:01 - What Reasoning Actually Means in AI 02:32 - Chain of Thought: Models Thinking in Words 05:25 - How Models Decide How Long to Think 07:24 - Evolution from o1 to o3 to GPT-5 11:00 - The Road to OpenAI: Growing up in Poland, Dropping out of School, Trading 20:32 - Working on Robotics and Rubik's Cube Solving 23:02 - A Day in the Life: Talking to Researchers 24:06 - How Research Priorities Are Determined 26:53 - OpenAI's Culture of Transparency 29:32 - Balancing Research with Shipping Fast 31:52 - Using OpenAI's Own Tools Daily 32:43 - Pre-Training Plus RL: The Modern AI Stack 35:10 - Reinforcement Learning 101: Training Dogs 40:17 - The Evolution of Deep Reinforcement Learning 42:09 - When GPT-4 Seemed Underwhelming at First 45:39 - How RLHF Made GPT-4 Actually Useful 48:02 - Unsupervised vs Supervised Learning 49:59 - GRPO and How DeepSeek Accelerated US Research 53:05 - What It Takes to Scale Reinforcement Learning 55:36 - Agentic AI and Long-Horizon Thinking 59:19 - Alignment as an RL Problem 1:01:11 - Winning ICPC World Finals Without Specific Training 1:05:53 - Applying RL Beyond Math and Coding 1:09:15 - The Path from Here to AGI 1:12:23 - Pure RL vs Language Models

Matt Turck

451,229 次观看 • 11 个月前

Perplexity CEO Aravind Srinivas on the biggest threat to the data center industry: It's not competition. It's not regulation. It's decentralisation. "The biggest threat to a data center is if the intelligence can be packed locally on a chip that's running on the device and then there's no need to inference all of it on like one centralized data center." He outlines how this could work in practice. Personalisation doesn't necessarily require on-device model training. Retrieval augmented generation, tool calls, and local data can already tailor AI to individual users. But the real unlock? Test time training. Aravind Srinivas describes a future where AI lives on your device, watches how you work and gradually automates your repetitive tasks. "Imagine we crack test time training where the AI watches tasks you repeatedly do on your local system, adapts to you over time and starts automating a lot of the things you do." The key insight: in this model, the intelligence belongs to you. It's your data, your device, your personalised AI brain. And if that future arrives, the economics of centralised infrastructure start to collapse. "That really disrupts the whole data center industry. It doesn't make sense to spend all this money, 500 billion, 5 trillion, whatever on building all the centralized data centers across the world that do a lot of the intelligence workloads for people." The companies spending trillions on centralised infrastructure may want to rethink where intelligence actually needs to live.
1:15

Perplexity CEO Aravind Srinivas on the biggest threat to the data center industry: It's not competition. It's not regulation. It's decentralisation. "The biggest threat to a data center is if the intelligence can be packed locally on a chip that's running on the device and then there's no need to inference all of it on like one centralized data center." He outlines how this could work in practice. Personalisation doesn't necessarily require on-device model training. Retrieval augmented generation, tool calls, and local data can already tailor AI to individual users. But the real unlock? Test time training. Aravind Srinivas describes a future where AI lives on your device, watches how you work and gradually automates your repetitive tasks. "Imagine we crack test time training where the AI watches tasks you repeatedly do on your local system, adapts to you over time and starts automating a lot of the things you do." The key insight: in this model, the intelligence belongs to you. It's your data, your device, your personalised AI brain. And if that future arrives, the economics of centralised infrastructure start to collapse. "That really disrupts the whole data center industry. It doesn't make sense to spend all this money, 500 billion, 5 trillion, whatever on building all the centralized data centers across the world that do a lot of the intelligence workloads for people." The companies spending trillions on centralised infrastructure may want to rethink where intelligence actually needs to live.

Big Brain AI

90,338 次观看 • 7 个月前

BREAKING: AI has eaten the Internet. Data labeling is so over. & $30 trillion of human work is on the verge of automation. Inside The $2.2B AI Research Accelerator, Turing Founder & CEO, Jonathan Siddharth (), joins Sourcery to break down the severe power shift in AI training: from commodity data labeling → expert research Positioning Turing apart from AI data providers like Scale AI, Mercor, & Surge. (00:00) AI Ate The Internet (00:49) Training Superintelligence: the race to AGI (02:31) Viral tweet (03:24) What Turing actually does (04:43) The internet data is “used up” — where will new data come from? (05:34) Four pillars of superintelligence: multimodality, reasoning, tool use, coding (06:07) Automating $30T of global knowledge work (09:18) The $1B revenue opportunity (10:59) Why Turing is a research-first accelerator, not a data labeler (13:45) Jonathan’s Stanford AI Lab roots & founding DNA (17:57) How models are built: pre-training vs. post-training (20:14) RLHF, reinforcement learning, & “breaking the models” (25:19) GPT-5 and the myth of rapid takeoff (30:46) Safety debates and human-in-the-loop systems (34:53) Closing Enterprise Gap: finance, insurance, & pharma (39:23) Why proprietary enterprise data is the next moat in AI
49:29

BREAKING: AI has eaten the Internet. Data labeling is so over. & $30 trillion of human work is on the verge of automation. Inside The $2.2B AI Research Accelerator, Turing Founder & CEO, Jonathan Siddharth (), joins Sourcery to break down the severe power shift in AI training: from commodity data labeling → expert research Positioning Turing apart from AI data providers like Scale AI, Mercor, & Surge. (00:00) AI Ate The Internet (00:49) Training Superintelligence: the race to AGI (02:31) Viral tweet (03:24) What Turing actually does (04:43) The internet data is “used up” — where will new data come from? (05:34) Four pillars of superintelligence: multimodality, reasoning, tool use, coding (06:07) Automating $30T of global knowledge work (09:18) The $1B revenue opportunity (10:59) Why Turing is a research-first accelerator, not a data labeler (13:45) Jonathan’s Stanford AI Lab roots & founding DNA (17:57) How models are built: pre-training vs. post-training (20:14) RLHF, reinforcement learning, & “breaking the models” (25:19) GPT-5 and the myth of rapid takeoff (30:46) Safety debates and human-in-the-loop systems (34:53) Closing Enterprise Gap: finance, insurance, & pharma (39:23) Why proprietary enterprise data is the next moat in AI

Molly O’Shea

70,094 次观看 • 11 个月前

Today, we're joined by Aakanksha Chowdhery, member of technical staff at Reflection, to explore the fundamental shifts required to build true agentic AI. While the industry has largely focused on post-training techniques to improve reasoning, Aakanksha draws on her experience leading pre-training efforts for Google’s PaLM and early Gemini models to argue that pre-training itself must be rethought to move beyond static benchmarks. We explore the limitations of next-token prediction for multi-step workflows and examine how attention mechanisms, loss objectives, and training data must evolve to support long-form reasoning and planning. Aakanksha shares insights on the difference between context retrieval and actual reasoning, the importance of "trajectory" training data, and why scaling remains essential for discovering emergent agentic capabilities like error recovery and dynamic tool learning. 🗒️ For the full list of resources for this episode, visit the show notes page: 📖 CHAPTERS =============================== 00:00 - Introduction 02:26 - Reflection 04:54 - Limitations of post-training for building agents 07:31 - Rethinking pre-training in agents 10:51 - Scaling 11:27 - Evolving attention mechanisms for agentic capabilities 12:39 - Memory as a tool 14:13 - Loss objectives and training data 15:50 - Fine-tuning loss in agent performance 19:37 - Training data 21:29 - Augmenting dominant training data source 24:11 - Overcoming challenges in training on synthetic data 25:47 - Benchmarks 30:44 - Scaling laws in large models versus small models 33:20 - Long-form versus short-form reasoning 37:57 - Agent’s ability to recover from failure 40:15 - Hallucinations and failure recovery 43:53 - Tool use in agents 46:38 - Coding agents 48:37 - How researchers can contribute to agentic AI
51:54

Today, we're joined by Aakanksha Chowdhery, member of technical staff at Reflection, to explore the fundamental shifts required to build true agentic AI. While the industry has largely focused on post-training techniques to improve reasoning, Aakanksha draws on her experience leading pre-training efforts for Google’s PaLM and early Gemini models to argue that pre-training itself must be rethought to move beyond static benchmarks. We explore the limitations of next-token prediction for multi-step workflows and examine how attention mechanisms, loss objectives, and training data must evolve to support long-form reasoning and planning. Aakanksha shares insights on the difference between context retrieval and actual reasoning, the importance of "trajectory" training data, and why scaling remains essential for discovering emergent agentic capabilities like error recovery and dynamic tool learning. 🗒️ For the full list of resources for this episode, visit the show notes page: 📖 CHAPTERS =============================== 00:00 - Introduction 02:26 - Reflection 04:54 - Limitations of post-training for building agents 07:31 - Rethinking pre-training in agents 10:51 - Scaling 11:27 - Evolving attention mechanisms for agentic capabilities 12:39 - Memory as a tool 14:13 - Loss objectives and training data 15:50 - Fine-tuning loss in agent performance 19:37 - Training data 21:29 - Augmenting dominant training data source 24:11 - Overcoming challenges in training on synthetic data 25:47 - Benchmarks 30:44 - Scaling laws in large models versus small models 33:20 - Long-form versus short-form reasoning 37:57 - Agent’s ability to recover from failure 40:15 - Hallucinations and failure recovery 43:53 - Tool use in agents 46:38 - Coding agents 48:37 - How researchers can contribute to agentic AI

The TWIML AI Podcast

45,470 次观看 • 9 个月前

It is very easy to make mistakes when creating evals for your AI product. Shreya Shankar and I run through the most common mistakes in this talk (with memes 🌶️!) . Chapter summaries below: 00:51 Foundation model benchmarks are not the same as your application evals 03:00 Generic Evals Are Useless 04:00 Do not outsource labeling & prompting to non domain experts 09:28 You should make your own data annotation app 12:40 Your LLM prompts should be specific and grounded in error analysis 15:25 Use binary labels 18:57 Look at your data 23:41 Be careful of overfitting to test data 25:40 Do online tests Links more resources in the reply
28:15

It is very easy to make mistakes when creating evals for your AI product. Shreya Shankar and I run through the most common mistakes in this talk (with memes 🌶️!) . Chapter summaries below: 00:51 Foundation model benchmarks are not the same as your application evals 03:00 Generic Evals Are Useless 04:00 Do not outsource labeling & prompting to non domain experts 09:28 You should make your own data annotation app 12:40 Your LLM prompts should be specific and grounded in error analysis 15:25 Use binary labels 18:57 Look at your data 23:41 Be careful of overfitting to test data 25:40 Do online tests Links more resources in the reply

Hamel Husain

46,171 次观看 • 1 年前

An exciting new course: Fine-tuning and Reinforcement Learning for LLMs: Intro to Post-training, taught by Sharon Zhou, VP of AI at AMD. Available now at Post-training is the key technique used by frontier labs to turn a base LLM--a model trained on massive unlabeled text to predict the next word/token--into a helpful, reliable assistant that can follow instructions. I've also seen many applications where post-training is what turns a demo application that works only 80% of the time into a reliable system that consistently performs. This course will teach you the most important post-training techniques! In this 5 module course, Sharon walks you through the complete post-training pipeline: supervised fine-tuning, reward modeling, RLHF, and techniques like PPO and GRPO. You'll also learn to use LoRA for efficient training, and to design evals that catch problems before and after deployment. Skills you'll gain: - Apply supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning (RLHF, PPO, GRPO) to align models to desired behaviors - Use LoRA for efficient fine-tuning without retraining entire models - Prepare datasets and generate synthetic data for post-training - Understand how to operate LLM production pipelines, with go/no-go decision points and feedback loops These advanced methods aren’t limited to frontier AI labs anymore, and you can now use them in your own applications. Learn here:
2:27

An exciting new course: Fine-tuning and Reinforcement Learning for LLMs: Intro to Post-training, taught by Sharon Zhou, VP of AI at AMD. Available now at Post-training is the key technique used by frontier labs to turn a base LLM--a model trained on massive unlabeled text to predict the next word/token--into a helpful, reliable assistant that can follow instructions. I've also seen many applications where post-training is what turns a demo application that works only 80% of the time into a reliable system that consistently performs. This course will teach you the most important post-training techniques! In this 5 module course, Sharon walks you through the complete post-training pipeline: supervised fine-tuning, reward modeling, RLHF, and techniques like PPO and GRPO. You'll also learn to use LoRA for efficient training, and to design evals that catch problems before and after deployment. Skills you'll gain: - Apply supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning (RLHF, PPO, GRPO) to align models to desired behaviors - Use LoRA for efficient fine-tuning without retraining entire models - Prepare datasets and generate synthetic data for post-training - Understand how to operate LLM production pipelines, with go/no-go decision points and feedback loops These advanced methods aren’t limited to frontier AI labs anymore, and you can now use them in your own applications. Learn here:

Andrew Ng

133,386 次观看 • 11 个月前

OpenAI recently released its first open-weights model since GPT-2, entering a field led by DeepSeek and Alibaba's Qwen. Ankit () breaks down these top OSS models, including what sets them apart under the hood: mixture-of-experts, long-context training, and post-training techniques that shape reasoning and alignment—and how different design choices lead to surprisingly similar performance. 00:00 – OpenAI OSS Launch 01:00 – Comparing Open Source LLM Architectures 01:46 – GPT OSS Overview 02:37 – Under The Hood of GPT OSS 03:25 – Qwen-3 Architecture 04:17 – Qwen-3 Training 05:12 – Qwen-3 Post-Training 06:08 – Qwen-3 Reasoning & RL Innovations 06:52 – DeepSeek V3 Overview 07:40 – DeepSeek V3.1 Updates 08:39 – Attention Mechanism (MLA) 09:39 – Comparing Model Sizes 10:35 – Long Context Strategies 11:25 – Reflections on Methods 12:00 – Takeaways
12:31

OpenAI recently released its first open-weights model since GPT-2, entering a field led by DeepSeek and Alibaba's Qwen. Ankit () breaks down these top OSS models, including what sets them apart under the hood: mixture-of-experts, long-context training, and post-training techniques that shape reasoning and alignment—and how different design choices lead to surprisingly similar performance. 00:00 – OpenAI OSS Launch 01:00 – Comparing Open Source LLM Architectures 01:46 – GPT OSS Overview 02:37 – Under The Hood of GPT OSS 03:25 – Qwen-3 Architecture 04:17 – Qwen-3 Training 05:12 – Qwen-3 Post-Training 06:08 – Qwen-3 Reasoning & RL Innovations 06:52 – DeepSeek V3 Overview 07:40 – DeepSeek V3.1 Updates 08:39 – Attention Mechanism (MLA) 09:39 – Comparing Model Sizes 10:35 – Long Context Strategies 11:25 – Reflections on Methods 12:00 – Takeaways

Y Combinator

208,828 次观看 • 1 年前

Another quick lecture -- I've been asked many times for prereq's to my book and what you should know, so built a little lecture (with GLM 5.2) to cover some more basics. Topics include: 00:00 Introduction & Course Prerequisites 01:37 Language Models Overview 02:47 The LM Head 04:29 Softmax & Log-Probabilities 06:13 Anatomy of an LM Training Example 06:37 Computing LLM Probabilities (+Phoebe the Dog) 09:52 Three Common Masks in Post-Training 11:03 A Small Decoding Review 12:14 Training an LM: Cross-Entropy 13:23 Optimization & Fine-Tuning 13:55 Pretraining to Midtraining to SFT Pipeline 15:25 Probability Essentials: KL Divergence & Entropy 19:36 Sigmoid & Pairwise Likelihood 20:29 Reinforcement Learning Framing (MDP) 22:28 Transitioning Tools into Post-Training 23:12 Recommended Resources & Wrap-Up  Happy learning and I'm still taking questions from during the course for Q&A videos.
23:52

Another quick lecture -- I've been asked many times for prereq's to my book and what you should know, so built a little lecture (with GLM 5.2) to cover some more basics. Topics include: 00:00 Introduction & Course Prerequisites 01:37 Language Models Overview 02:47 The LM Head 04:29 Softmax & Log-Probabilities 06:13 Anatomy of an LM Training Example 06:37 Computing LLM Probabilities (+Phoebe the Dog) 09:52 Three Common Masks in Post-Training 11:03 A Small Decoding Review 12:14 Training an LM: Cross-Entropy 13:23 Optimization & Fine-Tuning 13:55 Pretraining to Midtraining to SFT Pipeline 15:25 Probability Essentials: KL Divergence & Entropy 19:36 Sigmoid & Pairwise Likelihood 20:29 Reinforcement Learning Framing (MDP) 22:28 Transitioning Tools into Post-Training 23:12 Recommended Resources & Wrap-Up  Happy learning and I'm still taking questions from during the course for Q&A videos.

Nathan Lambert

52,668 次观看 • 3 个月前