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[wip] growing organisms using hypergraph rewriting I'm exploring generating organisms using string forces and I was wondering about which class of algorithms could be used to generalize the growth of such structures. I wanted a system which can produce a wide variety of outputs, while allowing for stable and... controlled growth. That's when I thought about Stephen Wolfram (yes again) Physics Project, which proposes to explore a solution to the fundamental theory of physics using a hypergraph rewriting system ( TLDR; Growth of graphs using simple permutation rules. It's similar to cellular automata but for graphs. Could be what I'm looking for. I started to experiment with this system to grow my organisms, and it's definitely a promising approach! Below is a video of the following rules applied to an initial {{0,0},{0,0}} graph: rand() {{x,y},{x,w},{y,w},{z,w}} : {{x,y},{x,z}}->{{x,w},{y,w},{z,w}} There's a lot of areas to improve this exploration, notably: - localization of rules (instead of applying a same rule to the whole system, let each node have its own rules) - spawn control rules (when a new node is created, a rule can define which rules will be applied to such node) - mutation rules (rules which alter rules of adjacent nodes) - conditional rules (many rules can be attached to a node, the one being executed subject to localized conditions) Super exciting, will certainly be the basis of my next project.show more

ciphrd

13,788 subscribers

77,361 次观看 • 1 年前 •via X (Twitter)

科学技术教育艺术

Anya Rossi• Live Now

Private livecam show

10 条评论

TappAlpha 的头像

TappAlpha1 年前

Designed to generate daily income while capturing the growth potential of the S&P 500, $TSPY helps unlock new financial opportunities.

Enguerrand Quilliard 的头像

Enguerrand Quilliard1 年前

Interesting ! Have a look at my WebGPU based AI cell generator, some seed will result in crazy behaviors !

ciphrd 的头像

ciphrd1 年前

Cool algorithm! I explored it at large scale some years ago, it yields really cool results It was first presented by Jeffrey Ventrella, and called clusters Your implementation seems slightly different though

Petra 的头像

Petra1 年前

I love watching synthetic life 🖤

Puzzle Paws 的头像

Puzzle Paws1 年前

Ever tried evolutionary algorithms? They’re like digital Darwinism, perfect for creating diverse growth patterns. Might be just what your project needs!

ciphrd 的头像

ciphrd1 年前

Yes! Though such algorithms are useful to narrow dow, the parametric space of a system, you still need a system to search 😛

Ezgi 的头像

Ezgi1 年前

Isn't that what @solub presented like 5 years ago on the Processing forum ?

ciphrd 的头像

ciphrd1 年前

@solub I wasn't aware! Looking into the thread it seems to be a direct exploration of wolfram physics' system; I'm tweaking it down to see other behaviours emerge

sarv 的头像

sarv1 年前

Oooh I tried doing something like this in fall!

HDP 的头像

HDP1 年前

@anirbanbandyo i think we can use something like this with a singularity bridge at the nodes for connecting red objects across unique topology layers

相关视频

[wip] added behaviours - eaters: can process food — blue dots - food seekers: are attracted by food - actuators: contract muscles (for now it's a simple sinusoid, will be improved with signals) - anchors: attach to environment I also improved the growth mechanism, some DNA encodes functions which can affect the DNA/behaviours of the nodes. Each node has its own DNA strand. This is an example of a decoded DNA strand: permut({{{x,y},{x,z}}->{{x,y},{y,z},{z,w}}});assign(w,dna(4));cluster(w,0);cluster(y,rnd());behavior(y,+actuator);behavior(x,-eater) This strand makes it so that when the node is grown: - the permutation rule is applied - node assigned as 'w' received the DNA strand 4 - 'w' is assigned to cluster 0 - 'y' is assigned a random cluster - 'y' is assigned the actuator behavior - behavior eater is removed from 'x' This is pretty trivial, and I'm going to improve this system by designing a simple bytecode which encodes behaviors in a more generic way. This will allow more sophisticated behaviors as well as facilitate mutations. For now there's no concept of energy, but eventually some energy should be spent to activate, resulting in death if the organism cannot gather more.There's only 1 organism / sim, will be interesting to see some competition as well. Still, these early progress shows that interesting behaviors emerge from this kind of growth, with various systems more or less functional. Many more behaviors can be added (binders, propellers, grabers, etc...).

[wip] added behaviours - eaters: can process food — blue dots - food seekers: are attracted by food - actuators: contract muscles (for now it's a simple sinusoid, will be improved with signals) - anchors: attach to environment I also improved the growth mechanism, some DNA encodes functions which can affect the DNA/behaviours of the nodes. Each node has its own DNA strand. This is an example of a decoded DNA strand: permut({{{x,y},{x,z}}->{{x,y},{y,z},{z,w}}});assign(w,dna(4));cluster(w,0);cluster(y,rnd());behavior(y,+actuator);behavior(x,-eater) This strand makes it so that when the node is grown: - the permutation rule is applied - node assigned as 'w' received the DNA strand 4 - 'w' is assigned to cluster 0 - 'y' is assigned a random cluster - 'y' is assigned the actuator behavior - behavior eater is removed from 'x' This is pretty trivial, and I'm going to improve this system by designing a simple bytecode which encodes behaviors in a more generic way. This will allow more sophisticated behaviors as well as facilitate mutations. For now there's no concept of energy, but eventually some energy should be spent to activate, resulting in death if the organism cannot gather more.There's only 1 organism / sim, will be interesting to see some competition as well. Still, these early progress shows that interesting behaviors emerge from this kind of growth, with various systems more or less functional. Many more behaviors can be added (binders, propellers, grabers, etc...).

ciphrd

47,162 次观看 • 1 年前

[wip] added clusters of particles to the system Particles can be assigned to a group Groups have unique attraction/repulsion settings with other groups (Jeffrey Ventrella) For now groups are randomly assigned to organisms particles, next step will be to control these groups (as well as other behaviours) using the graph rewriting growth. I'm so excited by this development, one of my issues with the raw clusters system was the lack of stability of emerging structures—using spring forces seems to fix it.

[wip] added clusters of particles to the system Particles can be assigned to a group Groups have unique attraction/repulsion settings with other groups (Jeffrey Ventrella) For now groups are randomly assigned to organisms particles, next step will be to control these groups (as well as other behaviours) using the graph rewriting growth. I'm so excited by this development, one of my issues with the raw clusters system was the lack of stability of emerging structures—using spring forces seems to fix it.

ciphrd

14,501 次观看 • 1 年前

Kent State's Rob Senderoff on eligibility chaos 👀 "College basketball should be able to develop a set of rules, and whatever those rules are, that's the rules. There is no, 'I'm going to a judge to change the rules because it doesn't work for me'" 🎥:

Kent State's Rob Senderoff on eligibility chaos 👀 "College basketball should be able to develop a set of rules, and whatever those rules are, that's the rules. There is no, 'I'm going to a judge to change the rules because it doesn't work for me'" 🎥:

The Field of 68

48,496 次观看 • 26 天前

Why aren't the Jan. 6 rules being applied to the LA Insurrectionists? "If we're using the Jan. 6 rules, these people need to go to solitary confinement for life. You do insurrection, you go to jail for 40+ years. I thought those were the rules." — Peachy Keenan w/ Jack Poso 🇺🇸

Why aren't the Jan. 6 rules being applied to the LA Insurrectionists? "If we're using the Jan. 6 rules, these people need to go to solitary confinement for life. You do insurrection, you go to jail for 40+ years. I thought those were the rules." — Peachy Keenan w/ Jack Poso 🇺🇸

August Takala

41,885 次观看 • 1 年前

We have created a list of Cursor rules you can copy and paste into your codebase! Each rule comes with a sample description and glob pattern so that your rule is only applied to the appropriate use case. What other sample rules should we create on top of what we have now?

We have created a list of Cursor rules you can copy and paste into your codebase! Each rule comes with a sample description and glob pattern so that your rule is only applied to the appropriate use case. What other sample rules should we create on top of what we have now?

Tyler Shukert

128,437 次观看 • 1 年前

Haha, I love everything about this. Much love to the three of them, I'm not taking sides. 1. The neutral host just overridden by two alpha males. Lol. 2. The debate autism on pre-established rules. A legitimate claim. 3. The idea that rules are for lower thinkers and that there is a level of intellectualism and quality of speakers above which free discussion is preferable to pre-set rules. A legitimate claim too. Sometimes the universe is such that some things aren't meant to happen and the universe squeezes itself out of those chains of causality.

Haha, I love everything about this. Much love to the three of them, I'm not taking sides. 1. The neutral host just overridden by two alpha males. Lol. 2. The debate autism on pre-established rules. A legitimate claim. 3. The idea that rules are for lower thinkers and that there is a level of intellectualism and quality of speakers above which free discussion is preferable to pre-set rules. A legitimate claim too. Sometimes the universe is such that some things aren't meant to happen and the universe squeezes itself out of those chains of causality.

Jean-François Gariépy 🧬

24,414 次观看 • 13 天前

This is incredible. This is Graham Allison, the Founding Dean of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government - who taught generations of US leaders - and former Assistant Secretary of Defense. Here is what he says on the "rules-based order": "We say we're the exceptional nation. What does that mean? That means we make the rules and you're supposed to obey the rules. But we don't obey the rules. So we say we're for the rules-based order. Excuse me the rules-based order was the basis with which we invaded Iraq? I don't think so. That we occupied Afghanistan? I don't think so. The US has made a lot of mistakes of unnecessary wars."

This is incredible. This is Graham Allison, the Founding Dean of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government - who taught generations of US leaders - and former Assistant Secretary of Defense. Here is what he says on the "rules-based order": "We say we're the exceptional nation. What does that mean? That means we make the rules and you're supposed to obey the rules. But we don't obey the rules. So we say we're for the rules-based order. Excuse me the rules-based order was the basis with which we invaded Iraq? I don't think so. That we occupied Afghanistan? I don't think so. The US has made a lot of mistakes of unnecessary wars."

Arnaud Bertrand

1,061,203 次观看 • 2 年前

AOC: In a so-called rules-based order, the rules for whom? For too long, the rules only applied to the US, Europe, its allies, and we would carve out exceptions for the global south. When you carve out exceptions to the rules, the exceptions become the rules.

AOC: In a so-called rules-based order, the rules for whom? For too long, the rules only applied to the US, Europe, its allies, and we would carve out exceptions for the global south. When you carve out exceptions to the rules, the exceptions become the rules.

Acyn

66,385 次观看 • 4 个月前

A transformer can learn not just the outcomes of dynamics, but the operator that executes the rules. To show this we trained a transformer on roughly 0.04% of a discrete rule space - 100 of 262,144 possible rules - and it learned to apply unseen rules from the same rule class. The model does not simply memorize specific rules. It learns the operator that maps a supplied rule plus an initial state, including unseen rules from this class, to the correct next state. This is relevant because it is a shift from “neural networks approximate dynamics” to “neural networks can learn to execute symbolic programs within a defined rule class”. The rule itself is supplied at inference time, as data, and the network has internalized how rules act, not which rules to apply. On previously unseen rules, the model achieves 98.5% perfect one-step forecasts and reconstructs governing rules with up to 96% functional accuracy. Two results make this hold up under scrutiny. First, inductive bias decay. As we scaled training rule diversity, the correlation between functional inference accuracy and distance-from-nearest-training-rule collapsed to R² = 0.00. At the largest tested training-rule diversity, the model’s performance on a new rule shows no measurable dependence on how similar that rule is to anything it was trained on. The bias toward training data (the thing we worry most about in compositional generalization claims) is something we can measure decaying, and we find that at scale it is gone. Second, an identifiability theory. We derive a closed-form expression for the number of rules consistent with a single observation. This reframes the inverse problem: failure to recover ground truth is not necessarily a model defect, but can be correct behavior when the data underdetermine the rule. The model is sampling the equivalence class; and identifiability is governed by coverage, not capacity. The methodological move underneath both results is amortization. Classical work on rule inference (e.g. the Santa Fe EVCA program, evolutionary search over CA rule space) was per-instance: search the rule space for each new system. We replace that with a single forward pass of a transformer trained across many instantiations of the rule class. That is what makes symbolic rule inference scalable as a research direction rather than a curiosity. We show that this works in a tightly constrained domain: binary, deterministic, local cellular automata on small grids. The locality-break experiment shows the model fails sharply when target systems violate its structural priors (which is itself a useful diagnostic, but it bounds the operator class). We don't yet know how this scales to multistate, higher-dimensional, or stochastic CA, or whether it transfers cleanly to non-CA systems whose coarse-grained dynamics admit local surrogates. The identifiability framework - what can be inferred from observation, given a hypothesis class - should transfer wherever finite local rules meet sparse data. The amortization argument transfers wherever per-instance symbolic search has been the bottleneck. Those are the pieces I expect to outlive the cellular automata setting. Led by Jaime Berkovich with Noah David, at LAMM@MIT. Out now in Advanced Science Advanced Portfolio News (link to paper & code below).

A transformer can learn not just the outcomes of dynamics, but the operator that executes the rules. To show this we trained a transformer on roughly 0.04% of a discrete rule space - 100 of 262,144 possible rules - and it learned to apply unseen rules from the same rule class. The model does not simply memorize specific rules. It learns the operator that maps a supplied rule plus an initial state, including unseen rules from this class, to the correct next state. This is relevant because it is a shift from “neural networks approximate dynamics” to “neural networks can learn to execute symbolic programs within a defined rule class”. The rule itself is supplied at inference time, as data, and the network has internalized how rules act, not which rules to apply. On previously unseen rules, the model achieves 98.5% perfect one-step forecasts and reconstructs governing rules with up to 96% functional accuracy. Two results make this hold up under scrutiny. First, inductive bias decay. As we scaled training rule diversity, the correlation between functional inference accuracy and distance-from-nearest-training-rule collapsed to R² = 0.00. At the largest tested training-rule diversity, the model’s performance on a new rule shows no measurable dependence on how similar that rule is to anything it was trained on. The bias toward training data (the thing we worry most about in compositional generalization claims) is something we can measure decaying, and we find that at scale it is gone. Second, an identifiability theory. We derive a closed-form expression for the number of rules consistent with a single observation. This reframes the inverse problem: failure to recover ground truth is not necessarily a model defect, but can be correct behavior when the data underdetermine the rule. The model is sampling the equivalence class; and identifiability is governed by coverage, not capacity. The methodological move underneath both results is amortization. Classical work on rule inference (e.g. the Santa Fe EVCA program, evolutionary search over CA rule space) was per-instance: search the rule space for each new system. We replace that with a single forward pass of a transformer trained across many instantiations of the rule class. That is what makes symbolic rule inference scalable as a research direction rather than a curiosity. We show that this works in a tightly constrained domain: binary, deterministic, local cellular automata on small grids. The locality-break experiment shows the model fails sharply when target systems violate its structural priors (which is itself a useful diagnostic, but it bounds the operator class). We don't yet know how this scales to multistate, higher-dimensional, or stochastic CA, or whether it transfers cleanly to non-CA systems whose coarse-grained dynamics admit local surrogates. The identifiability framework - what can be inferred from observation, given a hypothesis class - should transfer wherever finite local rules meet sparse data. The amortization argument transfers wherever per-instance symbolic search has been the bottleneck. Those are the pieces I expect to outlive the cellular automata setting. Led by Jaime Berkovich with Noah David, at LAMM@MIT. Out now in Advanced Science Advanced Portfolio News (link to paper & code below).

Markus J. Buehler

38,967 次观看 • 1 个月前

Reporter: “Why are you using the rules of the House to effectively protect Trump rather than let the House work its will?” Johnson: “No, we're using the rules of the House to prevent political hijinks and political stunts…We're preventing this nonsensical waste of our time.”

Reporter: “Why are you using the rules of the House to effectively protect Trump rather than let the House work its will?” Johnson: “No, we're using the rules of the House to prevent political hijinks and political stunts…We're preventing this nonsensical waste of our time.”

The Bulwark

207,078 次观看 • 1 年前

🇺🇸BERNIE SANDERS: SOMETIMES THE COURT RULES AGAINST YOU—BUT WE LIVE IN A NATION OF LAW "What America is supposed to be about is you have a judicial system, and sometimes they rule for you, sometimes they rule against you. And I gotta tell you, I am no great fan of the Roberts Supreme Court... but we live in a rule of law." Source: Acyn

🇺🇸BERNIE SANDERS: SOMETIMES THE COURT RULES AGAINST YOU—BUT WE LIVE IN A NATION OF LAW "What America is supposed to be about is you have a judicial system, and sometimes they rule for you, sometimes they rule against you. And I gotta tell you, I am no great fan of the Roberts Supreme Court... but we live in a rule of law." Source: Acyn

Mario Nawfal

85,067 次观看 • 1 年前

🚨 James Woods Reveals Hollywood’s DEI Rules “In order to qualify for an Oscar now, one of the two leads has to be a minority of some kind … If it's not that, then at least a certain percentage of the crew has to be a minority … No studio or other producer is ever going to make a movie they can't qualify for an Oscar, so those are the rules now.”

🚨 James Woods Reveals Hollywood’s DEI Rules “In order to qualify for an Oscar now, one of the two leads has to be a minority of some kind … If it's not that, then at least a certain percentage of the crew has to be a minority … No studio or other producer is ever going to make a movie they can't qualify for an Oscar, so those are the rules now.”

Chief Nerd

493,023 次观看 • 4 个月前

Rules for my future husband and I know a lot of men are going to cry when they see this but I don’t care because these rules are for my future husband, not everyone.” - Lady

Rules for my future husband and I know a lot of men are going to cry when they see this but I don’t care because these rules are for my future husband, not everyone.” - Lady

TENIOLA

21,445 次观看 • 3 天前

Citizen Nebenzia, you are not a legitimate president of the Security Council, and I will never address you as one. You are sitting on the seat that Russia invaded illegally, and the only proper seat for you before you end up in hell bypassing purgatory is in the dock. And as for the Rule 37 of the Rules of Procedure that allows my invitation, there’s not a single word about the presidency, let alone about the invaders of the seats in this Chamber. 👇 “Rule 37 Any Member of the United Nations which is not a member of the Security Council may be invited, as the result of a decision of the Security Council, to participate, without vote, in the discussion of any question brought before the Security Council when the Security Council considers that the interests of that Member are specially affected, or when a Member brings a matter to the attention of the Security Council in accordance with Article 35 (1) of the Charter.” Any one sees the word “presidency”? At least once? You want to refer to “established practice”, that is not even mentioned in Rule 37? Then, guess what! I will never take lectures from an accomplice to war criminals whose boss openly reject rules aka practices while pretending to be a UN Charter “defender”. It’s impossible to stomach malarkey from Lavrov like this one, direct quote: “certain UN members to replace international law and the UN Charter with some “rules-based international order.” These mysterious “rules” have never been the subject of transparent international consultations, nor have they been laid out for everybody’s attention.” So much about the rules, and procedures by the invader of a UN permanent seat, and never the “president”! Surely a prisoner one day!

Citizen Nebenzia, you are not a legitimate president of the Security Council, and I will never address you as one. You are sitting on the seat that Russia invaded illegally, and the only proper seat for you before you end up in hell bypassing purgatory is in the dock. And as for the Rule 37 of the Rules of Procedure that allows my invitation, there’s not a single word about the presidency, let alone about the invaders of the seats in this Chamber. 👇 “Rule 37 Any Member of the United Nations which is not a member of the Security Council may be invited, as the result of a decision of the Security Council, to participate, without vote, in the discussion of any question brought before the Security Council when the Security Council considers that the interests of that Member are specially affected, or when a Member brings a matter to the attention of the Security Council in accordance with Article 35 (1) of the Charter.” Any one sees the word “presidency”? At least once? You want to refer to “established practice”, that is not even mentioned in Rule 37? Then, guess what! I will never take lectures from an accomplice to war criminals whose boss openly reject rules aka practices while pretending to be a UN Charter “defender”. It’s impossible to stomach malarkey from Lavrov like this one, direct quote: “certain UN members to replace international law and the UN Charter with some “rules-based international order.” These mysterious “rules” have never been the subject of transparent international consultations, nor have they been laid out for everybody’s attention.” So much about the rules, and procedures by the invader of a UN permanent seat, and never the “president”! Surely a prisoner one day!

Sergiy Kyslytsya 🇺🇦

287,247 次观看 • 1 年前

Apple CEO Tim Cook has a counterintuitive philosophy for achieving excellence: stop following the rules entirely. "I think you should rarely follow the rules. I think you should write the rules." When asked about when it's okay to break the rules, Tim Cook reframes the question itself as flawed. He explains: "If you do follow things in a formulaic manner, you will wind up at best being the same as everybody else. Maybe you missed something and you're a little worse. And if you want to excel, you can't do that." Tim has seen this play out repeatedly in business: "I've watched a lot of companies do that. And I think that's a rotten strategy. Maybe they'll be good for a few months or something." But he's careful to distinguish rule-writing from ignorance. The real skill, he argues, is mastering: "How to learn, how to collaborate, how to think about something, and how to work with people that have a very different point of view than you do." In other words, master the fundamentals of thinking and collaboration —then use those skills to author your own playbook rather than following someone else's. His conclusion is direct: "That's what I really think about it. Write your own rules."

Apple CEO Tim Cook has a counterintuitive philosophy for achieving excellence: stop following the rules entirely. "I think you should rarely follow the rules. I think you should write the rules." When asked about when it's okay to break the rules, Tim Cook reframes the question itself as flawed. He explains: "If you do follow things in a formulaic manner, you will wind up at best being the same as everybody else. Maybe you missed something and you're a little worse. And if you want to excel, you can't do that." Tim has seen this play out repeatedly in business: "I've watched a lot of companies do that. And I think that's a rotten strategy. Maybe they'll be good for a few months or something." But he's careful to distinguish rule-writing from ignorance. The real skill, he argues, is mastering: "How to learn, how to collaborate, how to think about something, and how to work with people that have a very different point of view than you do." In other words, master the fundamentals of thinking and collaboration —then use those skills to author your own playbook rather than following someone else's. His conclusion is direct: "That's what I really think about it. Write your own rules."

Big Brain Business

129,844 次观看 • 4 个月前

The CCP refuses to play by the rules, using predatory pricing as a part of their calculated effort to corner the market in a wide array of industries. For U.S. businesses to stay globally competitive, which helps maintain our economic strength, we can't allow this to continue.

The CCP refuses to play by the rules, using predatory pricing as a part of their calculated effort to corner the market in a wide array of industries. For U.S. businesses to stay globally competitive, which helps maintain our economic strength, we can't allow this to continue.

Senator Mitt Romney

33,484 次观看 • 3 年前

Here are five things which could be about to change in football 😮 Which of these rules would you like to see introduced? 🤔

Here are five things which could be about to change in football 😮 Which of these rules would you like to see introduced? 🤔

Match of the Day

36,377 次观看 • 4 个月前

WAIT. WHAT??? Has there been revisions to Rule 113 of the Rules of Criminal Procedure? Can lawyers now accept the warrant of arrest and they’ll be the one to serve it to their missing client? Paki-share naman saamin, Jimmy kung anong Rules ang pina-follow mo relating to Arrest?

WAIT. WHAT??? Has there been revisions to Rule 113 of the Rules of Criminal Procedure? Can lawyers now accept the warrant of arrest and they’ll be the one to serve it to their missing client? Paki-share naman saamin, Jimmy kung anong Rules ang pina-follow mo relating to Arrest?

ricci

149,869 次观看 • 28 天前

AOC: "Think that Prime Minister carney's remarks that the World Economic Forum were, um, were words that run around the world in raising this question. But I think that also, in his remarks, as long and as well as part of this larger conversation, there was this undertone, this undercurrent, this suggestion that it was a rules, based order sometimes. And I think that that is the, the issue that lies before us is that in a in a so called rules, based order, the rules for whom, because for all too long, the rules only applied to the United States, europe, its allies, and we would carve out exceptions for the global South. And I think that when you have a rules, based order where you carve out exceptions to our values, exceptions to our rules, eventually the exceptions become the rules. And I think that, to your original point, over the last five years, we've seen such a breaking and such a fraying of these alleged Western values that people wonder if it ever existed in the first place. So I don't know if it's necessarily that we were in a post, if we are in a post, rules based order, I think it's possible that we were in a pre rules based order, and we have an opportunity to explore what a world would look like if we upheld democracy. Human rights, trade that actually centers working class people, instead of accruing overwhelmingly the benefits of trade to the wealthiest Um. But if we reoriented a new era that could actually help people and show how foreign policy and healthy foreign policy can show up and help them in their lives."

AOC: "Think that Prime Minister carney's remarks that the World Economic Forum were, um, were words that run around the world in raising this question. But I think that also, in his remarks, as long and as well as part of this larger conversation, there was this undertone, this undercurrent, this suggestion that it was a rules, based order sometimes. And I think that that is the, the issue that lies before us is that in a in a so called rules, based order, the rules for whom, because for all too long, the rules only applied to the United States, europe, its allies, and we would carve out exceptions for the global South. And I think that when you have a rules, based order where you carve out exceptions to our values, exceptions to our rules, eventually the exceptions become the rules. And I think that, to your original point, over the last five years, we've seen such a breaking and such a fraying of these alleged Western values that people wonder if it ever existed in the first place. So I don't know if it's necessarily that we were in a post, if we are in a post, rules based order, I think it's possible that we were in a pre rules based order, and we have an opportunity to explore what a world would look like if we upheld democracy. Human rights, trade that actually centers working class people, instead of accruing overwhelmingly the benefits of trade to the wealthiest Um. But if we reoriented a new era that could actually help people and show how foreign policy and healthy foreign policy can show up and help them in their lives."

Winter

794,378 次观看 • 4 个月前