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Danny Roddy

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"What could be more important to understand than biological energy?"

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[Sugar vs. Fat: Which is the Superior Fuel?] "When fats are oxidized instead of glucose, more oxygen is needed to produce the same amount of energy, and less carbon dioxide is produced." — Ray Peat (2017) Let's use basic stoichiometry to compare the oxidation of palmitic acid to fructose: Palmitic Acid: C₁₆ H₃₂ O₂ To oxidize 16 carbon to CO₂, we need 16 O₂: 16 C + 16 O₂ → 16 CO₂ And to oxidize the 32 hydrogen to H₂O, we need 8 O₂: 32 H + 8 O₂ → 16 H₂O Since palmitic acid already contains one O₂, we need a total of 23 O₂ to produce 16 CO₂, resulting in a respiratory exchange ratio of 0.7. In other words, the oxidation of palmitic acid requires more oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide. Now let's look at fructose: Fructose: C₆ H₁₂ O₆ To oxidize 6 carbon to CO₂, we'll need 6 O₂: 6 C + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ And to oxidize 12 hydrogens to H₂O, we'll need 3 O₂: 12 H + 3 O₂ → 6 H₂O Since fructose already contains 3 O₂, we can subtract 3 O₂ from 9 O₂, resulting in 6 O₂ required in total. Dividing 6 O₂ consumed by 6 CO₂ produced gives us a respiratory exchange ratio of 1.0. This very basic stoichiometry shows that, compared to oxidizing sugars, oxidizing too much fat shifts a person towards a state of pseudohypoxia (using more oxygen and producing less CO₂), which is synonymous with metabolic stress: "The physiological response to stress includes increased metabolic demand which, if sustained, can outstrip the body's ability to supply adequate oxygen, leading to hypoxic conditions in tissues." — The Stress of Life by Hans Selye (1956) Remember that CO₂ is critical for metabolism and is not a waste product: • CO₂ is needed to use oxygen efficiently (Bohr effect). • CO₂ protects from free radical damage. • CO₂ protects against an excess of intracellular calcium. • CO₂ protects against glycation by forming carbamino groups on proteins. • CO₂ is the "prize" of cellular respiration, not a useless byproduct. *Some people suggest that since fatty acids are more energy-dense and contain more potential ATP, they are a superior fuel. However, the density of a fuel doesn't matter — the metabolism using those fuels dictates how rapidly energy can be produced. And per molecule of O₂, which the metabolic rates determine the use of, glucose still produces more ATP (~6.3 ATP) than fat (~5.6 ATP).

Danny Roddy

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