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A preview of some of the data emerging from the simulation development. Maximum sea level anomaly shown with both symlog scale (to extract early signal and definition) and linear scale (for depth analysis). ECDO S1>S2 rotation over 24 hours. Total sim time is 168 hours (1 week). After the... show more

Craig Stone

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Version 4.0. I have extended the duration in each state to two rotations. Improved lighting and higher resolution textures for better detail analysis. The ECDO euler is more accurately reflected, with the pivots at 5.1° north and south of the equator. A six hour lag and approximately 50% of the ECDO moment of inertia is imparted to the markers during the rotations, better illustrating how the water would be influenced during and after the anomalous rotations. ECDO rotation periods remain as 12 hours (one half revolution). 1080p downloadable. [1]

Version 4.0. I have extended the duration in each state to two rotations. Improved lighting and higher resolution textures for better detail analysis. The ECDO euler is more accurately reflected, with the pivots at 5.1° north and south of the equator. A six hour lag and approximately 50% of the ECDO moment of inertia is imparted to the markers during the rotations, better illustrating how the water would be influenced during and after the anomalous rotations. ECDO rotation periods remain as 12 hours (one half revolution). 1080p downloadable. [1]

Craig Stone

38,980 Aufrufe • vor 2 Jahren

Here’s the time-lapse I promised you from yesterday’s solar activity. Complete with Earth to scale and a bonus of the sun’s rotation. This is easily one of my cleanest time-lapses I’ve managed over such a long period. Enjoy!

Here’s the time-lapse I promised you from yesterday’s solar activity. Complete with Earth to scale and a bonus of the sun’s rotation. This is easily one of my cleanest time-lapses I’ve managed over such a long period. Enjoy!

Andrew McCarthy

12,738,902 Aufrufe • vor 1 Jahr

The Black Sea & Eastern Mediterranean CFD-V1. State 1 to State 2 [1] over a nine-hour period (plus one hour of settling time). During the initial acceleration northwards, the water retreats to the south. Shortly after we move over the geographic north pole, the deceleration sets in, and centrifugal forcing is reversed by ±180° - the departed water returns, inundating much of Ukraine - home to considerable coal, gas, and marine sedimentary deposits. Orange markers are marine fossils. Blue/Pink markers are salt deposits. The water levels during the second phase of this simulation are lower than would be expected in reality. More than 50% of the fluid volume is lost over the Sahara to the south and leaves the simulation domain. Some of this volume would have returned during the deceleration, but is not accounted for here (this is therefore likely a conservative outcome for this scenario). A further >45% is lost to the north, leaving <5% of the original simulation domain volume. Depth, velocity, precursor- and primary-flows are visualised as follows: Depth: greyscale shading of the fluid volume. Whiter is deeper. Velocity: blue-white-red graded shading of the particle system. Precursor (thin) Flows: leading the main volume may be seen as little 'sparkles' at the head of the inundation. These provide clues as to incursion potential. Primary (heavy) Flows: white particle flows which provide a sense of volume distribution in the simulation. Pooling: Dark grey areas on land indicate pooled water. Please note that this is a physically informed visualisation of the primary (acceleration) and secondary (centrifugal) forcings only. Lunar tidal forcing is not accounted for, as it is temporally unpredictable, and of negligible effect by comparison to those under consideration. Possible overflows from the Arctic and North Sea are not modelled. Presented in 4K resolution with DEM (GEBCO bathymetry) and Google Satellite imagery. This is not a predictive safety indicator. It is a passable, evidence-supported approximation of flow direction and extent for the theorised rotation. I may iterate this solution one more time (each taking approximately a week) to improve the detail, but the agreement with existing geological, archaeological, and cultural accounts seems good at this point. [1]

The Black Sea & Eastern Mediterranean CFD-V1. State 1 to State 2 [1] over a nine-hour period (plus one hour of settling time). During the initial acceleration northwards, the water retreats to the south. Shortly after we move over the geographic north pole, the deceleration sets in, and centrifugal forcing is reversed by ±180° - the departed water returns, inundating much of Ukraine - home to considerable coal, gas, and marine sedimentary deposits. Orange markers are marine fossils. Blue/Pink markers are salt deposits. The water levels during the second phase of this simulation are lower than would be expected in reality. More than 50% of the fluid volume is lost over the Sahara to the south and leaves the simulation domain. Some of this volume would have returned during the deceleration, but is not accounted for here (this is therefore likely a conservative outcome for this scenario). A further >45% is lost to the north, leaving <5% of the original simulation domain volume. Depth, velocity, precursor- and primary-flows are visualised as follows: Depth: greyscale shading of the fluid volume. Whiter is deeper. Velocity: blue-white-red graded shading of the particle system. Precursor (thin) Flows: leading the main volume may be seen as little 'sparkles' at the head of the inundation. These provide clues as to incursion potential. Primary (heavy) Flows: white particle flows which provide a sense of volume distribution in the simulation. Pooling: Dark grey areas on land indicate pooled water. Please note that this is a physically informed visualisation of the primary (acceleration) and secondary (centrifugal) forcings only. Lunar tidal forcing is not accounted for, as it is temporally unpredictable, and of negligible effect by comparison to those under consideration. Possible overflows from the Arctic and North Sea are not modelled. Presented in 4K resolution with DEM (GEBCO bathymetry) and Google Satellite imagery. This is not a predictive safety indicator. It is a passable, evidence-supported approximation of flow direction and extent for the theorised rotation. I may iterate this solution one more time (each taking approximately a week) to improve the detail, but the agreement with existing geological, archaeological, and cultural accounts seems good at this point. [1]

Craig Stone

69,416 Aufrufe • vor 9 Monaten

The Guardian says a study shows Greenland is losing 30 million tons of ice per hour. Sounds terrifying until you add scale. If, for argument's sake, we accept the questionable headline rate, that works out to roughly 263 gigatons lost per year. But Greenland holds 2.8 million gigatons, meaning total loss would take over 10,000 years. And the study itself adds important context. Much of its newly counted loss comes from glacier retreat in fjords where ice was already below the sea, so it does not raise sea levels in the way the headline implies. This is how climate fear works: Huge number. No denominator. No time scale. Just blind panic.

The Guardian says a study shows Greenland is losing 30 million tons of ice per hour. Sounds terrifying until you add scale. If, for argument's sake, we accept the questionable headline rate, that works out to roughly 263 gigatons lost per year. But Greenland holds 2.8 million gigatons, meaning total loss would take over 10,000 years. And the study itself adds important context. Much of its newly counted loss comes from glacier retreat in fjords where ice was already below the sea, so it does not raise sea levels in the way the headline implies. This is how climate fear works: Huge number. No denominator. No time scale. Just blind panic.

Electroverse

136,255 Aufrufe • vor 1 Monat

France, Contrast enhanced elevation data [1,2]. Period is ±500m. Amplitude is 5-7m. Total area ±2,500 square kilometers. Red marker is Versailleaux for reference. The intervening land between the morphology location and the ocean to both the north and the south rises little more than 450m elevation above sea level [3]. How could a sheet flow from a glacial lake bursting have produced morphology on this scale in this terrain? The water would have had to have been >1km deep, and not pooled, but moving. For reference, lake Missoula is estimated to have been 600m deep, and its catastrophic outflows are presumed to have created the Channeled Scablands' 60m-period giant current ripples under a 50m deep water flow. ECDO Europe detail for reference [4] [1] [4]

France, Contrast enhanced elevation data [1,2]. Period is ±500m. Amplitude is 5-7m. Total area ±2,500 square kilometers. Red marker is Versailleaux for reference. The intervening land between the morphology location and the ocean to both the north and the south rises little more than 450m elevation above sea level [3]. How could a sheet flow from a glacial lake bursting have produced morphology on this scale in this terrain? The water would have had to have been >1km deep, and not pooled, but moving. For reference, lake Missoula is estimated to have been 600m deep, and its catastrophic outflows are presumed to have created the Channeled Scablands' 60m-period giant current ripples under a 50m deep water flow. ECDO Europe detail for reference [4] [1] [4]

Craig Stone

71,574 Aufrufe • vor 2 Jahren

The Driller Bot from #Transformers Dark of the Moon was the most complex asset ILM had done for Transformers by that point. It had 70,000 individual parts, over 7x more than Optimus Prime. This sequence where it is crushing the skyscraper took 288 hours per frame to render with all of the reflections and simulations. During the last weekend, ILM used their entire render farm, amounting to 200,000 rendering hours per day which is 22.8 years of rendering time in 24 hours.

The Driller Bot from #Transformers Dark of the Moon was the most complex asset ILM had done for Transformers by that point. It had 70,000 individual parts, over 7x more than Optimus Prime. This sequence where it is crushing the skyscraper took 288 hours per frame to render with all of the reflections and simulations. During the last weekend, ILM used their entire render farm, amounting to 200,000 rendering hours per day which is 22.8 years of rendering time in 24 hours.

Rassoul Edji

5,686,101 Aufrufe • vor 1 Jahr

Fun fact: It would take the average PC roughly 138,069,000 hours or about 15,761 years to render Avatar: The Way of Water. Here’s how I worked it out: The average PC in 2024 has 6 cores. The average blade on WetaFXs renderfarm has between 16-64 cores. There is roughly 414,000 frames in the finished film, accounting for half of the film being 48fps and half being 24fps at the final runtime of 192 minutes. Each frame took an average of 20-80 hours to render on WetaFXs blades depending on shot complexity and accounting for the 4K delivery resolution. With that info, we can work out the average: We say that the average Weta blade has 40 cores (average between the 16-64 count). That gives a Weta to PC core ratio of 6.67 We also say that the average render time per frame is 50 hours (average of 20-80) Total render time for Weta: 50 hours x 414,000 frames = 20,700,000 hours To work out how long this would be on the average home PC we must multiply by the core ratio from earlier: 50 hours x 6.67 = 333.5 hours per frame Total render time on a home PC: 333.5 hours x 414,000 frames = 138,069,000 hours, which converted to years is 15,761 DISCLAIMER: This is all an educated guess done for fun based on publicly available technical information about the film and Wetas renderfarm. It does not account for any production optimizations, storage limits etc. The real number could be drastically higher. CREDITS: Video is from WetaFXs YouTube channel:

Rassoul Edji

37,819 Aufrufe • vor 1 Jahr

A video circulating on social media claims that under the #NewLabourCode, employees will be required to work 12 hours a day, totalling 72 hours per week. #PIBFactCheck ❌ The claim is #misleading! ✅ Under the recently introduced #labourcode, normal working hours are capped at 8 -12 hours per day and 48 hours per week. ✅ Flexibility of 12-hour workdays permitted for up to 4 days a week, with the remaining three days being paid holidays. ✅ 12-hour shift to include interval/spread-over. ✅ Overtime will be permitted only with the worker's consent. And, employers must pay all employees overtime wages at least twice the normal rate for any work done beyond the regular working hours. For more details, read:

A video circulating on social media claims that under the #NewLabourCode, employees will be required to work 12 hours a day, totalling 72 hours per week. #PIBFactCheck ❌ The claim is #misleading! ✅ Under the recently introduced #labourcode, normal working hours are capped at 8 -12 hours per day and 48 hours per week. ✅ Flexibility of 12-hour workdays permitted for up to 4 days a week, with the remaining three days being paid holidays. ✅ 12-hour shift to include interval/spread-over. ✅ Overtime will be permitted only with the worker's consent. And, employers must pay all employees overtime wages at least twice the normal rate for any work done beyond the regular working hours. For more details, read:

PIB Fact Check

24,546 Aufrufe • vor 8 Monaten

NEW: Nick Cannon meets & prays with incarcerated firefighters who were called up to fight the LA fires. Nearly 1000 incarcerated firefighters are working around the clock to fight the fires, making about $10 a day with a $1 per hour incentive during emergencies (NBC). Some of the men said they liked the program because it was better than being in prison. Celebrities like Kim Kardashian are calling for pay raises, noting how they are risking their lives while getting paid almost nothing. "During emergencies, crews can work a 24-hour shift, followed by 24 hours of rest. For example, for one 24-hour shift during an active emergency, the lowest skill level would earn $26.90 per day," said California's Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.

NEW: Nick Cannon meets & prays with incarcerated firefighters who were called up to fight the LA fires. Nearly 1000 incarcerated firefighters are working around the clock to fight the fires, making about $10 a day with a $1 per hour incentive during emergencies (NBC). Some of the men said they liked the program because it was better than being in prison. Celebrities like Kim Kardashian are calling for pay raises, noting how they are risking their lives while getting paid almost nothing. "During emergencies, crews can work a 24-hour shift, followed by 24 hours of rest. For example, for one 24-hour shift during an active emergency, the lowest skill level would earn $26.90 per day," said California's Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.

Collin Rugg

677,231 Aufrufe • vor 1 Jahr

A recent study reveals sea levels are rising far slower than we've been told. Researchers examined over 200 tide gauges from around the globe. In 2020, the average sea level rise was just 1.5 mm per year, or only 6 inches per century. This rate is less than half of what the IPCC claims, which is 3 to 4 mm per year. The study found no acceleration linked to man-made climate change. Where rises were noted, they were due to local factors like land subsidence and earthquakes, not CO2 emissions. The authors called it crazy that no one had compared real data to IPCC models. Their conclusion: the IPCC's predictions significantly overestimate sea level rise. Despite the facts, the media continues to push narratives of drowning cities - a political agenda, not scientific truth.

A recent study reveals sea levels are rising far slower than we've been told. Researchers examined over 200 tide gauges from around the globe. In 2020, the average sea level rise was just 1.5 mm per year, or only 6 inches per century. This rate is less than half of what the IPCC claims, which is 3 to 4 mm per year. The study found no acceleration linked to man-made climate change. Where rises were noted, they were due to local factors like land subsidence and earthquakes, not CO2 emissions. The authors called it crazy that no one had compared real data to IPCC models. Their conclusion: the IPCC's predictions significantly overestimate sea level rise. Despite the facts, the media continues to push narratives of drowning cities - a political agenda, not scientific truth.

Electroverse

25,030 Aufrufe • vor 5 Monaten

M.S. Barbano et al. (2010) investigated "the size, shape, position, pre-transport setting, and long-axis orientation of 175 boulders found along the south-eastern Ionian coast of Sicily. These megaclasts were deposited by the sea or moved from the same rocky coast to the shore platform and distributed within 60 m of the shoreline. Most boulders are rectangular to ellipsoidal, with sharp, broken edges. They are calcarenite fragments up to 27 t in mass."[1] Sicily detail: The ECDO State 1 to State 2 simulation detail is modelled over nine hours. The locations of the boulders are at (d) along the southeastern coast of Sicily. Orientation of the long axes of the boulders is visualised in the rose chart, closely matching the direction of flow seen in this region. Evidence of submarine cutting of the shelf can be seen southeast of the saddles in Calabria (a and b) and east of Sicily (c), where heavy flow may have been an agent of bench cutting along the flow axes (d) which aligns very closely with the ECDO moment of inertia for this location (12-13° west of north). Orange/red markers are marine fossil deposits. State 2 water levels are expected to have been higher than seen here as some returning water is lost from the simulation domain. [1] [2]

M.S. Barbano et al. (2010) investigated "the size, shape, position, pre-transport setting, and long-axis orientation of 175 boulders found along the south-eastern Ionian coast of Sicily. These megaclasts were deposited by the sea or moved from the same rocky coast to the shore platform and distributed within 60 m of the shoreline. Most boulders are rectangular to ellipsoidal, with sharp, broken edges. They are calcarenite fragments up to 27 t in mass."[1] Sicily detail: The ECDO State 1 to State 2 simulation detail is modelled over nine hours. The locations of the boulders are at (d) along the southeastern coast of Sicily. Orientation of the long axes of the boulders is visualised in the rose chart, closely matching the direction of flow seen in this region. Evidence of submarine cutting of the shelf can be seen southeast of the saddles in Calabria (a and b) and east of Sicily (c), where heavy flow may have been an agent of bench cutting along the flow axes (d) which aligns very closely with the ECDO moment of inertia for this location (12-13° west of north). Orange/red markers are marine fossil deposits. State 2 water levels are expected to have been higher than seen here as some returning water is lost from the simulation domain. [1] [2]

Craig Stone

28,110 Aufrufe • vor 9 Monaten

Elon Musk laid out the most ambitious compute expansion in human history and it ends with harnessing the Sun "We'll be launching with SpaceX orbital data centers at the 100 to 200 gigawatt per year level. Not cumulative; I mean per year" And this is just step one, the next step is Scale further from Earth to launch a full terawatt per year of AI compute into orbit It gets even crazier from here When even a terawatt isn't enough....Go to the Moon. Build factories. Build AI satellites Deploy a mass driver - the thing you only read about in sci-fi novels and push output to thousands of gigawatts per year and ultimately get to maybe a millionth and then a thousandth and maybe even a few percent of the sun's energy "It's difficult to imagine what an intelligence of that scale would think about but it's going to be incredibly exciting"

Elon Musk laid out the most ambitious compute expansion in human history and it ends with harnessing the Sun "We'll be launching with SpaceX orbital data centers at the 100 to 200 gigawatt per year level. Not cumulative; I mean per year" And this is just step one, the next step is Scale further from Earth to launch a full terawatt per year of AI compute into orbit It gets even crazier from here When even a terawatt isn't enough....Go to the Moon. Build factories. Build AI satellites Deploy a mass driver - the thing you only read about in sci-fi novels and push output to thousands of gigawatts per year and ultimately get to maybe a millionth and then a thousandth and maybe even a few percent of the sun's energy "It's difficult to imagine what an intelligence of that scale would think about but it's going to be incredibly exciting"

X Freeze

16,467 Aufrufe • vor 5 Monaten

More geometry level techniques! This time to create cool particle trails. In my early Houdini days I've struggled with particle trails, specifically tapering the beginning of the trails. This is because I was trying to do it directly within the simulation. However doing it after the simulation is much easier and faster. From this tapering setup, I've started to layer even more deformations like twisting, noise, and finally I've decided that in some cases it's better to just do it all at the geometry level :) #sidefxhoudini #houdini #houdinifx

More geometry level techniques! This time to create cool particle trails. In my early Houdini days I've struggled with particle trails, specifically tapering the beginning of the trails. This is because I was trying to do it directly within the simulation. However doing it after the simulation is much easier and faster. From this tapering setup, I've started to layer even more deformations like twisting, noise, and finally I've decided that in some cases it's better to just do it all at the geometry level :) #sidefxhoudini #houdini #houdinifx

Voxyde

16,466 Aufrufe • vor 1 Jahr

In 2004, the BBC warned the Maldives were "soon to be uninhabitable," claiming sea levels were rising 0.9 cm per year and that 80% of the islands could vanish within a century. More than two decades later though, reality says otherwise. The Maldives haven't sunk, they've exploded with growth: 12 new airports, expanded international terminals, record tourism of over 2 million visitors a year, and more than 170 resorts, with 7 added in 2024. Instead of disappearing under the waves, this so-called "paradise in peril" has shown no statistically significant sea level rise since the 1980s, according to satellite data. Here we have another 'climate catastrophe' headline completely undone by time.

In 2004, the BBC warned the Maldives were "soon to be uninhabitable," claiming sea levels were rising 0.9 cm per year and that 80% of the islands could vanish within a century. More than two decades later though, reality says otherwise. The Maldives haven't sunk, they've exploded with growth: 12 new airports, expanded international terminals, record tourism of over 2 million visitors a year, and more than 170 resorts, with 7 added in 2024. Instead of disappearing under the waves, this so-called "paradise in peril" has shown no statistically significant sea level rise since the 1980s, according to satellite data. Here we have another 'climate catastrophe' headline completely undone by time.

Electroverse

351,067 Aufrufe • vor 4 Monaten

Today, we’re pushing a major update to Edison Analysis, our data analysis agent, which is tuned for scientific research and SOTA across data analysis benchmarks. In contrast to Kosmos, which runs for 6-12 hours and produces tens of thousands of lines of code, Edison Analysis runs for seconds to minutes and is best for specific, well-defined computational tasks. It is available both on our platform under the Analysis tab, and via API, and costs only one credit per run, so it is available to users on both free and paid tiers. Edison Analysis is a modified version of the data analysis agent Kosmos uses in its trajectories. Try it out! One of the most important improvements over our previous data analysis agents has been the addition of a specialized data retrieval tool. Edison Analysis can either use this tool to access data, or can pull data down directly via API. To evaluate this tool, we ranked the most commonly used public data repositories across recent papers from BioRxiv, and created a new benchmark that measures the ability of a language agent system to retrieve raw data from those sources. Edison Analysis gets 71% on this benchmark, and we’ll be working to increase this over time. You can read more about our benchmarks in the our blog post, link below. Some features worth highlighting: 1. Edison Analysis produces a report on the analysis it runs, along with a Jupyter notebook that you can download to reproduce the analysis yourself. Every figure it produces is linked back to the specific lines of code used to produce the figure, to make it easy to reproduce. 2. It works well with both Python and R. 3. One of the best uses for Edison Analysis is to use it to retrieve datasets that you can then analyze with Kosmos. We have a bunch of major improvements to Edison Analysis coming in the next few months that we’re excited to share. In the meantime, congratulations to the team, especially Ludovico Mitchener, Jon Laurent, Conor Igoe , Alex Andonian, and many more.

Today, we’re pushing a major update to Edison Analysis, our data analysis agent, which is tuned for scientific research and SOTA across data analysis benchmarks. In contrast to Kosmos, which runs for 6-12 hours and produces tens of thousands of lines of code, Edison Analysis runs for seconds to minutes and is best for specific, well-defined computational tasks. It is available both on our platform under the Analysis tab, and via API, and costs only one credit per run, so it is available to users on both free and paid tiers. Edison Analysis is a modified version of the data analysis agent Kosmos uses in its trajectories. Try it out! One of the most important improvements over our previous data analysis agents has been the addition of a specialized data retrieval tool. Edison Analysis can either use this tool to access data, or can pull data down directly via API. To evaluate this tool, we ranked the most commonly used public data repositories across recent papers from BioRxiv, and created a new benchmark that measures the ability of a language agent system to retrieve raw data from those sources. Edison Analysis gets 71% on this benchmark, and we’ll be working to increase this over time. You can read more about our benchmarks in the our blog post, link below. Some features worth highlighting: 1. Edison Analysis produces a report on the analysis it runs, along with a Jupyter notebook that you can download to reproduce the analysis yourself. Every figure it produces is linked back to the specific lines of code used to produce the figure, to make it easy to reproduce. 2. It works well with both Python and R. 3. One of the best uses for Edison Analysis is to use it to retrieve datasets that you can then analyze with Kosmos. We have a bunch of major improvements to Edison Analysis coming in the next few months that we’re excited to share. In the meantime, congratulations to the team, especially Ludovico Mitchener, Jon Laurent, Conor Igoe , Alex Andonian, and many more.

Sam Rodriques

61,934 Aufrufe • vor 8 Monaten

This paper is describing something which sounds remarkably similar to an ECDO state 2 to state 1 rotation a half a billion years ago. Excerpts from Evidence for a Large-Scale Reorganization of Early Cambrian Continental Masses by Inertial Interchange True Polar Wander, Kirschvink et al. (1997): "..at least two tectonic plates, involving more than two-thirds of Earth's continental lithosphere, were involved in a rapid rotation of ~90° relative to the spin axis. We speculate that the entire lithosphere may have been involved in this rotation. // The new ages, along with paleomagnetic data, indicate that continents moved at rapid rates that are difficult to reconcile with our present understanding of mantle dynamics. // The pole for this sequence is >80° away from the Vendian-Early Cambrian poles, implying that Australia underwent a large rotation while remaining near the equator sometime between Tommotian and Late Cambrian time. // Australia rotated counterclockwise during this time. // Antarctica, India, Africa, South America, and perhaps parts of East Asia also rotated with Australia. // True polar wander (TPW) is the process through which quasi-rigid spheroids align their maximum moments of inertia with the spin axis, pushing positive mass anomalies toward the rotational equator. // A variant of this mechanism, inertial interchange true polar wander (IITPW), involves discrete bursts of TPW of up to 90° in geologically short intervals of time if the magnitudes of the intermediate and maximum moments of inertia cross. This would result in a rapid movement away from the spin axis by the geographic location of the former pole with rotation of the entire solid Earth centered about the minimum moment of inertia located on the equator. // These two poles, with their stated polarity interpretation, are separated by about 68°; together they yield a plausible tropical position for Siberia, nearly on the opposite side of the globe from Australia. // If the velocities are due to TPW, however, such geodynamical considerations are obviated because the entire mantle would have rotated along with the lithosphere." [1] [2] (by Ethical Skeptic ☀)

This paper is describing something which sounds remarkably similar to an ECDO state 2 to state 1 rotation a half a billion years ago. Excerpts from Evidence for a Large-Scale Reorganization of Early Cambrian Continental Masses by Inertial Interchange True Polar Wander, Kirschvink et al. (1997): "..at least two tectonic plates, involving more than two-thirds of Earth's continental lithosphere, were involved in a rapid rotation of ~90° relative to the spin axis. We speculate that the entire lithosphere may have been involved in this rotation. // The new ages, along with paleomagnetic data, indicate that continents moved at rapid rates that are difficult to reconcile with our present understanding of mantle dynamics. // The pole for this sequence is >80° away from the Vendian-Early Cambrian poles, implying that Australia underwent a large rotation while remaining near the equator sometime between Tommotian and Late Cambrian time. // Australia rotated counterclockwise during this time. // Antarctica, India, Africa, South America, and perhaps parts of East Asia also rotated with Australia. // True polar wander (TPW) is the process through which quasi-rigid spheroids align their maximum moments of inertia with the spin axis, pushing positive mass anomalies toward the rotational equator. // A variant of this mechanism, inertial interchange true polar wander (IITPW), involves discrete bursts of TPW of up to 90° in geologically short intervals of time if the magnitudes of the intermediate and maximum moments of inertia cross. This would result in a rapid movement away from the spin axis by the geographic location of the former pole with rotation of the entire solid Earth centered about the minimum moment of inertia located on the equator. // These two poles, with their stated polarity interpretation, are separated by about 68°; together they yield a plausible tropical position for Siberia, nearly on the opposite side of the globe from Australia. // If the velocities are due to TPW, however, such geodynamical considerations are obviated because the entire mantle would have rotated along with the lithosphere." [1] [2] (by Ethical Skeptic ☀)

Craig Stone

16,334 Aufrufe • vor 2 Jahren

Use this FREE tool to analyze data in 10 sec. This tool is used by more than 500,000 researchers. 1. Go to and log in 2. Click on Data Analysis and upload your data file. 3. Write your prompt for data analysis. 4. E.g., generate graphs for exploratory data analysis. 5. Liner will generate a variety of graphs for you. 6. It also generates an insightful data analysis report. ✦ You can edit the report. For example, you can: ✦ Insert citations in the report ✦ Make changes to the text ✦ Add/remove any graphs After making changes, you can download the report. Try Liner today. It’s FREE. Liner link:

Use this FREE tool to analyze data in 10 sec. This tool is used by more than 500,000 researchers. 1. Go to and log in 2. Click on Data Analysis and upload your data file. 3. Write your prompt for data analysis. 4. E.g., generate graphs for exploratory data analysis. 5. Liner will generate a variety of graphs for you. 6. It also generates an insightful data analysis report. ✦ You can edit the report. For example, you can: ✦ Insert citations in the report ✦ Make changes to the text ✦ Add/remove any graphs After making changes, you can download the report. Try Liner today. It’s FREE. Liner link:

Faheem Ullah

11,959 Aufrufe • vor 4 Monaten