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Building Data Pipelines has levels to it: - level 0 Understand the basic flow: Extract → Transform → Load (ETL) or ELT This is the foundation. - Extract: Pull data from sources (APIs, DBs, files) - Transform: Clean, filter, join, or enrich the data - Load: Store into a... warehouse or lake for analysis You’re not a data engineer until you’ve scheduled a job to pull CSVs off an SFTP server at 3AM! level 1 Master the tools: - Airflow for orchestration - dbt for transformations - Spark or PySpark for big data - Snowflake, BigQuery, Redshift for warehouses - Kafka or Kinesis for streaming Understand when to batch vs stream. Most companies think they need real-time data. They usually don’t. level 2 Handle complexity with modular design: - DAGs should be atomic, idempotent, and parameterized - Use task dependencies and sensors wisely - Break transformations into layers (staging → clean → marts) - Design for failure recovery. If a step fails, how do you re-run it? From scratch or just that part? Learn how to backfill without breaking the world. level 3 Data quality and observability: - Add tests for nulls, duplicates, and business logic - Use tools like Great Expectations, Monte Carlo, or built-in dbt tests - Track lineage so you know what downstream will break if upstream changes Know the difference between: - a late-arriving dimension - a broken SCD2 - and a pipeline silently dropping rows At this level, you understand that reliability > cleverness. level 4 Build for scale and maintainability: - Version control your pipeline configs - Use feature flags to toggle behavior in prod - Push vs pull architecture - Decouple compute and storage (e.g. Iceberg and Delta Lake) - Data mesh, data contracts, streaming joins, and CDC are words you throw around because you know how and when to use them. What else belongs in the journey to mastering data pipelines?show more

Zach Wilson

49,778 subscribers

16,688 views • 1 year ago •via X (Twitter)

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Zach Morris Wilson1 year ago

Subscribe to for more insights!

HUDI1 year ago

🚀 Introducing DATA DATA DATA: The Official HUDI Podcast! 🔥 💡 The podcast where data becomes power. We dive into Web3, crypto, data ownership, and the future. Engage, learn, and be part of the revolution. 🌍🔗 Knowledge is power—join the journey. #DataDataData #HUDI #Web3 #Podcast #DataOwnership #BigTech #Privacy #Crypto #AI #DigitalRevolution

A. Ibrahim, PhD1 year ago

Great insights Zach. Do you cover all these in any of your bootcamps? If yes link please. Met you last year in San Francisco btw. I am a fan. Thanks.

Mitch Call M1 year ago

Classic, these are big value posts Zach

Ulises FV1 year ago

Data

N1 year ago

Lovely summary!

Mamadou Tafsir Diallo1 year ago

Data

Quophi Amakye1 year ago

Data

The South Indian1 year ago

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Apache Spark has levels to it: - Level 0 You can run spark-shell or pyspark, it means you can start - Level 1 You understand the Spark execution model: •RDDs vs DataFrames vs Datasets •Transformations (map, filter, groupBy, join) vs Actions (collect, count, show) •Lazy execution & DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) Master these concepts, and you’ll have a solid foundation - Level 2 Optimizing Spark Queries •Understand Catalyst Optimizer and how it rewrites queries for efficiency. •Master columnar storage and Parquet vs JSON vs CSV. •Use broadcast joins to avoid shuffle nightmares •Shuffle operations are expensive. Reduce them with partitioning and good data modeling •Coalesce vs Repartition—know when to use them. •Avoid UDFs unless absolutely necessary (they bypass Catalyst optimization). Level 3 Tuning for Performance at Scale •Master spark.sql.autoBroadcastJoinThreshold. •Understand how Task Parallelism works and set spark.sql.shuffle.partitions properly. •Skewed Data? Use adaptive execution! •Use EXPLAIN and queryExecution.debug to analyze execution plans. - Level 4 Deep Dive into Cluster Resource Management •Spark on YARN vs Kubernetes vs Standalone—know the tradeoffs. •Understand Executor vs Driver Memory—tune spark.executor.memory and spark.driver.memory. •Dynamic allocation (spark.dynamicAllocation.enabled=true) can save costs. •When to use RDDs over DataFrames (spoiler: almost never). What else did I miss for mastering Spark and distributed compute?

Apache Spark has levels to it: - Level 0 You can run spark-shell or pyspark, it means you can start - Level 1 You understand the Spark execution model: •RDDs vs DataFrames vs Datasets •Transformations (map, filter, groupBy, join) vs Actions (collect, count, show) •Lazy execution & DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) Master these concepts, and you’ll have a solid foundation - Level 2 Optimizing Spark Queries •Understand Catalyst Optimizer and how it rewrites queries for efficiency. •Master columnar storage and Parquet vs JSON vs CSV. •Use broadcast joins to avoid shuffle nightmares •Shuffle operations are expensive. Reduce them with partitioning and good data modeling •Coalesce vs Repartition—know when to use them. •Avoid UDFs unless absolutely necessary (they bypass Catalyst optimization). Level 3 Tuning for Performance at Scale •Master spark.sql.autoBroadcastJoinThreshold. •Understand how Task Parallelism works and set spark.sql.shuffle.partitions properly. •Skewed Data? Use adaptive execution! •Use EXPLAIN and queryExecution.debug to analyze execution plans. - Level 4 Deep Dive into Cluster Resource Management •Spark on YARN vs Kubernetes vs Standalone—know the tradeoffs. •Understand Executor vs Driver Memory—tune spark.executor.memory and spark.driver.memory. •Dynamic allocation (spark.dynamicAllocation.enabled=true) can save costs. •When to use RDDs over DataFrames (spoiler: almost never). What else did I miss for mastering Spark and distributed compute?

Zach Wilson

36,123 views • 1 year ago

Here’s how I would learn data engineering in 2025: 1. The basics: - learn SQL — SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, JOIN, HAVING, etc - learn Python — data structures: objects, arrays, tuples, namedtuples — algorithms: recursion, loops 2. Intermediate - learn distributed compute — pick up PySpark or Snowflake or BigQuery - learn data make architecture — pick up iceberg or delta lake - learn job orchestration — pick up Airflow or Mage - learn data quality — pick up Great expectations 3. Advanced - learn the data modeling techniques — one big table vs kimball vs Inmon vs data vault techniques - learn machine learning features and vector databases — pick up pinecone and how to fine tune LLMs with high quality data My newsletter has a deeper roadmap here:

Here’s how I would learn data engineering in 2025: 1. The basics: - learn SQL — SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, JOIN, HAVING, etc - learn Python — data structures: objects, arrays, tuples, namedtuples — algorithms: recursion, loops 2. Intermediate - learn distributed compute — pick up PySpark or Snowflake or BigQuery - learn data make architecture — pick up iceberg or delta lake - learn job orchestration — pick up Airflow or Mage - learn data quality — pick up Great expectations 3. Advanced - learn the data modeling techniques — one big table vs kimball vs Inmon vs data vault techniques - learn machine learning features and vector databases — pick up pinecone and how to fine tune LLMs with high quality data My newsletter has a deeper roadmap here:

Zach Wilson

29,164 views • 1 year ago

In the next 2-3 years, the skills you need to build an ETL process will fundamentally differ from anything we've done in the last decade. The EXTRACT and LOAD steps of an ETL pipeline have been solved forever. They are boring, and I suspect they will continue to be boring. But the TRANSFORM step is where the money is at (and where innovation will continue happening!) An ETL pipeline that can use Large Language Models effectively to transform data is a whole new ballgame. I recorded a video to talk about this. And more importantly, I talk about how you can build ETL pipelines to transform UNSTRUCTURED data (the kind of data that's really hard to handle).

In the next 2-3 years, the skills you need to build an ETL process will fundamentally differ from anything we've done in the last decade. The EXTRACT and LOAD steps of an ETL pipeline have been solved forever. They are boring, and I suspect they will continue to be boring. But the TRANSFORM step is where the money is at (and where innovation will continue happening!) An ETL pipeline that can use Large Language Models effectively to transform data is a whole new ballgame. I recorded a video to talk about this. And more importantly, I talk about how you can build ETL pipelines to transform UNSTRUCTURED data (the kind of data that's really hard to handle).

Santiago

56,405 views • 1 year ago

Here's how I would learn data engineering basics in 2025: - Find a data source you care about (examples: gaming APIs, stock market, web scraping, etc) - Use Python to interact and ingest your source. Initially just write the data to a CSV. - Setup an account with Snowflake or Google BigQuery. - update your Python script to load a table in Snowflake/BigQuery - schedule your script with CRON in the cloud with a service like Heroku. - build aggregations and visualizations on top of your ingested data Only thing this misses is data quality and complex job orchestration which you can learn later! How would you learn data engineering nowadays?

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Zach Wilson

20,368 views • 11 months ago

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Santiago

40,441 views • 1 year ago

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Andrew Ng

84,686 views • 1 year ago

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Bri Teresi

24,987 views • 2 months ago

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118,937 views • 1 year ago

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40,745 views • 8 months ago

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57,745 views • 1 year ago

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Stoic

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Did you know you can use Promise.allSettled() for async error handling with a single promise? Collect errors and returned data at the same level!

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PhD Students - How to analyze data in seconds? 1. Go to 2. Upload your data 3. Describe how you want the data to be analyzed 4. Novix will handle the entire analysis It will perform the following data analysis tasks. - Load and validate the dataset - Generate graphs for exploratory analysis - Create histograms for numeric variables - Build a correlation heatmap - Create bar charts for categorical features - Generate box plots for score distributions - Create scatter plots for relationships - Generate a final report Download the report in PDF or Word format.

PhD Students - How to analyze data in seconds? 1. Go to 2. Upload your data 3. Describe how you want the data to be analyzed 4. Novix will handle the entire analysis It will perform the following data analysis tasks. - Load and validate the dataset - Generate graphs for exploratory analysis - Create histograms for numeric variables - Build a correlation heatmap - Create bar charts for categorical features - Generate box plots for score distributions - Create scatter plots for relationships - Generate a final report Download the report in PDF or Word format.

Faheem Ullah

15,784 views • 1 month ago

Did you know that Facebook made $134.9 billion in 2023 from selling your data? Our society has come to the point where we accepted an unfair model in which privacy is being exploited and data gifted to big tech that is selling it for billions. We intend to break the norm of how data is shared on the internet because it is outdated and unfair. You should be empowered with more control and monetization models for your data!

Did you know that Facebook made $134.9 billion in 2023 from selling your data? Our society has come to the point where we accepted an unfair model in which privacy is being exploited and data gifted to big tech that is selling it for billions. We intend to break the norm of how data is shared on the internet because it is outdated and unfair. You should be empowered with more control and monetization models for your data!

Solana ID 🪷

30,447 views • 1 year ago

A local utility company in Illinois has plans to help lower residents electrical bills They will be requiring new data centers and planned data centers to sign 10 year contracts saying they will be responsible for paying for upgrade costs and electricity usage costs “That means any new data centers would be on the hook for power upgrades and any energy they plan to use, even if the data center ends up not getting built or if they don't use as much power as planned or if they close. So if they use the power that they're applying for, then they'll pay their fair share of the cost of maintaining and building our grid through their rates”

A local utility company in Illinois has plans to help lower residents electrical bills They will be requiring new data centers and planned data centers to sign 10 year contracts saying they will be responsible for paying for upgrade costs and electricity usage costs “That means any new data centers would be on the hook for power upgrades and any energy they plan to use, even if the data center ends up not getting built or if they don't use as much power as planned or if they close. So if they use the power that they're applying for, then they'll pay their fair share of the cost of maintaining and building our grid through their rates”

Wall Street Apes

29,410 views • 2 months ago

Use this FREE tool to analyze data in 10 sec. This tool is used by more than 500,000 researchers. 1. Go to and log in 2. Click on Data Analysis and upload your data file. 3. Write your prompt for data analysis. 4. E.g., generate graphs for exploratory data analysis. 5. Liner will generate a variety of graphs for you. 6. It also generates an insightful data analysis report. ✦ You can edit the report. For example, you can: ✦ Insert citations in the report ✦ Make changes to the text ✦ Add/remove any graphs After making changes, you can download the report. Try Liner today. It’s FREE. Liner link:

Use this FREE tool to analyze data in 10 sec. This tool is used by more than 500,000 researchers. 1. Go to and log in 2. Click on Data Analysis and upload your data file. 3. Write your prompt for data analysis. 4. E.g., generate graphs for exploratory data analysis. 5. Liner will generate a variety of graphs for you. 6. It also generates an insightful data analysis report. ✦ You can edit the report. For example, you can: ✦ Insert citations in the report ✦ Make changes to the text ✦ Add/remove any graphs After making changes, you can download the report. Try Liner today. It’s FREE. Liner link:

Faheem Ullah

11,898 views • 2 months ago

SQL has levels to it: - level 1 SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, LIMIT Master these basic keywords and you’ll be well on your way to mastering SQL. - level 2 Mastering JOINs: Most common JOINs: INNER and LEFT Less common JOINs: FULL OUTER Joins you should avoid almost always: RIGHT and CROSS JOIN Mastering common table expressions (CTEs). The WITH keyword defines a CTE which you can imagine as a “variable” that you can query later. Using variables like this you can master algorithm techniques like recursion, breadth first search and more! CTEs also make your SQL much more readable and make your coworkers hate you less compared to nested sub queries. - level 3 Mastering window functions Window functions have 3 pieces: The function (i.e. SUM, RANK, AVG) The over clause to start the window The window definition which has 3 pieces: - how to split the window up with PARTITION BY - how to order the window with ORDER BY - how to restrict the window size with ROWS clause (useful for rolling monthly averages) Understand RANK vs DENSE_RANK vs ROW_NUMBER, I have been asked this in interviews a million times. - level 4 You understand table scans, b-tree indexes, and partitioning schemes to increase performance. Doing something like COUNT(CASE WHEN) is much better than doing multiple queries with a UNION ALL. UNION ALL is terrible for all sorts of reasons that I don’t want to get into in this post. B-trees indexes allow for efficient scanning of data in the WHERE clause. Use explain plans to understand if an index is actually being used or not! Partitioning is similar to indexes except it’s a “poor mans” index. It just keeps data in specific folders and skips the folders that don’t include the data I question. What else did I miss for mastering SQL?

SQL has levels to it: - level 1 SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, LIMIT Master these basic keywords and you’ll be well on your way to mastering SQL. - level 2 Mastering JOINs: Most common JOINs: INNER and LEFT Less common JOINs: FULL OUTER Joins you should avoid almost always: RIGHT and CROSS JOIN Mastering common table expressions (CTEs). The WITH keyword defines a CTE which you can imagine as a “variable” that you can query later. Using variables like this you can master algorithm techniques like recursion, breadth first search and more! CTEs also make your SQL much more readable and make your coworkers hate you less compared to nested sub queries. - level 3 Mastering window functions Window functions have 3 pieces: The function (i.e. SUM, RANK, AVG) The over clause to start the window The window definition which has 3 pieces: - how to split the window up with PARTITION BY - how to order the window with ORDER BY - how to restrict the window size with ROWS clause (useful for rolling monthly averages) Understand RANK vs DENSE_RANK vs ROW_NUMBER, I have been asked this in interviews a million times. - level 4 You understand table scans, b-tree indexes, and partitioning schemes to increase performance. Doing something like COUNT(CASE WHEN) is much better than doing multiple queries with a UNION ALL. UNION ALL is terrible for all sorts of reasons that I don’t want to get into in this post. B-trees indexes allow for efficient scanning of data in the WHERE clause. Use explain plans to understand if an index is actually being used or not! Partitioning is similar to indexes except it’s a “poor mans” index. It just keeps data in specific folders and skips the folders that don’t include the data I question. What else did I miss for mastering SQL?

Zach Wilson

79,472 views • 1 year ago

SQL has levels to it: - level 1 SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, LIMIT Master these basic keywords and you’ll be well on your way to mastering SQL. - level 2 Mastering JOINs: Most common JOINs: INNER and LEFT Less common JOINs: FULL OUTER Joins you should avoid almost always: RIGHT and CROSS JOIN Mastering common table expressions (CTEs). The WITH keyword defines a CTE which you can imagine as a “variable” that you can query later. Using variables like this you can master algorithm techniques like recursion, breadth first search and more! CTEs also make your SQL much more readable and make your coworkers hate you less compared to nested sub queries. - level 3 Mastering window functions Window functions have 3 pieces: The function (i.e. SUM, RANK, AVG) The over clause to start the window The window definition which has 3 pieces: - how to split the window up with PARTITION BY - how to order the window with ORDER BY - how to restrict the window size with ROWS clause (useful for rolling monthly averages) Understand RANK vs DENSE_RANK vs ROW_NUMBER, I have been asked this in interviews a million times. - level 4 You understand table scans, b-tree indexes, and partitioning schemes to increase performance. Doing something like COUNT(CASE WHEN) is much better than doing multiple queries with a UNION ALL. UNION ALL is terrible for all sorts of reasons that I don’t want to get into in this post. B-trees indexes allow for efficient scanning of data in the WHERE clause. Use explain plans to understand if an index is actually being used or not! Partitioning is similar to indexes except it’s a “poor mans” index. It just keeps data in specific folders and skips the folders that don’t include the data I question. What else did I miss for mastering SQL?

SQL has levels to it: - level 1 SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, LIMIT Master these basic keywords and you’ll be well on your way to mastering SQL. - level 2 Mastering JOINs: Most common JOINs: INNER and LEFT Less common JOINs: FULL OUTER Joins you should avoid almost always: RIGHT and CROSS JOIN Mastering common table expressions (CTEs). The WITH keyword defines a CTE which you can imagine as a “variable” that you can query later. Using variables like this you can master algorithm techniques like recursion, breadth first search and more! CTEs also make your SQL much more readable and make your coworkers hate you less compared to nested sub queries. - level 3 Mastering window functions Window functions have 3 pieces: The function (i.e. SUM, RANK, AVG) The over clause to start the window The window definition which has 3 pieces: - how to split the window up with PARTITION BY - how to order the window with ORDER BY - how to restrict the window size with ROWS clause (useful for rolling monthly averages) Understand RANK vs DENSE_RANK vs ROW_NUMBER, I have been asked this in interviews a million times. - level 4 You understand table scans, b-tree indexes, and partitioning schemes to increase performance. Doing something like COUNT(CASE WHEN) is much better than doing multiple queries with a UNION ALL. UNION ALL is terrible for all sorts of reasons that I don’t want to get into in this post. B-trees indexes allow for efficient scanning of data in the WHERE clause. Use explain plans to understand if an index is actually being used or not! Partitioning is similar to indexes except it’s a “poor mans” index. It just keeps data in specific folders and skips the folders that don’t include the data I question. What else did I miss for mastering SQL?

Zach Wilson

33,426 views • 1 month ago

Your agents can't keep up with real-time data. Especially when it's scattered across dozens of sources. Most teams waste weeks building custom connectors for every database, API, and data warehouse. Then they build ETL pipelines to sync everything. By the time your agent retrieves the data, it's already outdated. Picture this: Your Postgres database updated 5 minutes ago. Your MongoDB collection changed 2 minutes ago. Your agent is still pulling from yesterday's snapshot. This is why most production RAG systems fail. There's a better approach: MindsDB is an open-source AI platform with a federated data engine that lets you query multiple data sources in real-time using SQL - without moving any data. Here's what makes it different: ↳ Your data stays in place. No ETL pipelines or data duplication ↳ Query Postgres, MongoDB, REST APIs, and more using consistent SQL ↳ JOIN across different sources in real-time with a unified interface ↳ Works with both structured and un-structured data And here's the best part: You don't even need to write SQL. Just describe what you want in plain English, and MindsDB converts it to SQL automatically. The system does all the heavy lifting. The breakthrough for AI agents is simple: When data updates at the source, your agent gets fresh results immediately. No sync delays. No stale embeddings. No custom code for each integration. You can literally write a SQL query that joins a Postgres table with a MongoDB collection and gets live results. This is what production AI applications need but rarely get. In this video, I give you a complete walkthrough of what we just discussed and how to actually do it. Make sure you watch this till the end. I've shared the link to MindsDB's GitHub repo in the next tweet!

Your agents can't keep up with real-time data. Especially when it's scattered across dozens of sources. Most teams waste weeks building custom connectors for every database, API, and data warehouse. Then they build ETL pipelines to sync everything. By the time your agent retrieves the data, it's already outdated. Picture this: Your Postgres database updated 5 minutes ago. Your MongoDB collection changed 2 minutes ago. Your agent is still pulling from yesterday's snapshot. This is why most production RAG systems fail. There's a better approach: MindsDB is an open-source AI platform with a federated data engine that lets you query multiple data sources in real-time using SQL - without moving any data. Here's what makes it different: ↳ Your data stays in place. No ETL pipelines or data duplication ↳ Query Postgres, MongoDB, REST APIs, and more using consistent SQL ↳ JOIN across different sources in real-time with a unified interface ↳ Works with both structured and un-structured data And here's the best part: You don't even need to write SQL. Just describe what you want in plain English, and MindsDB converts it to SQL automatically. The system does all the heavy lifting. The breakthrough for AI agents is simple: When data updates at the source, your agent gets fresh results immediately. No sync delays. No stale embeddings. No custom code for each integration. You can literally write a SQL query that joins a Postgres table with a MongoDB collection and gets live results. This is what production AI applications need but rarely get. In this video, I give you a complete walkthrough of what we just discussed and how to actually do it. Make sure you watch this till the end. I've shared the link to MindsDB's GitHub repo in the next tweet!

Akshay 🚀

65,672 views • 7 months ago