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Constructing Weierstrass' function. Continuous, nowhere differentiable, unbounded variation, no intervals of increase or decrease. Fractal dimension 3/2. All things it has in common with mathematical Brownian motion

Almost Sure

8,116 subscribers

11,759 Aufrufe • vor 1 Jahr •via X (Twitter)

Kunst Wissenschaft & Technologie Bildung

Anya Rossi• Live Now

Private livecam show

9 Kommentare

Profilbild von Almost Sure

Almost Surevor 1 Jahr

second time I've written this animation from scratch, as the first was lost when I destroyed my laptop by spilling diet Coke on it, so may as well post it here

Profilbild von Almost Sure

Almost Surevor 1 Jahr

It is Hölder continuous with exponent 1/2. Unlike Brownian motion, which is only locally Hölder continuous for exponents 1/2-ε

Profilbild von FRANK E ELKINS

FRANK E ELKINSvor 2 Jahren

“Science doesn’t tell us why the Big Bang happened, how the singularity occurred in the first place, or why it exploded when it did. It tells us there is objective scientific evidence that it occurred. So, what exactly was the Big Bang?” – Book III The Enigmatic Mystery

Profilbild von Sam Power

Sam Powervor 1 Jahr

I learned recently that estimating the Hoelder continuity properties of these functions is surprisingly simple (compared to the care that is required for the negative results); really fun stuff!

Profilbild von Almost Sure

Almost Surevor 1 Jahr

indeed (fixed typos and relinked)

Profilbild von cédric bounya

cédric bounyavor 1 Jahr

Thanks for the nightmares ! 🫣

Profilbild von Abide By Reason

Abide By Reasonvor 1 Jahr

this next vid looks like it will be epic!

Profilbild von BIFURCATION{JESUS}

BIFURCATION{JESUS}vor 1 Jahr

€_n~ix1+n|¥+|-z{{^am+b-C}

Profilbild von William Selby

William Selbyvor 1 Jahr

I don't understand it. But it sure is cool!

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Once you swallow the fact that Brownian motion is continuous everywhere and differentiable nowhere, Itô’s quadratic variation is the next quiet shock waiting for you: Ordinary smooth curves have zero quadratic variation...if you chop time into tiny pieces and add up (increment)² over the interval, that sum goes to zero as your partition gets finer. But for Brownian motion that same sum doesn’t vanish, it locks onto the length of the time interval.😲 So, you have this path with no velocity anywhere, but its squared wiggles accumulate in a completely rigid, deterministic way. Over time T, the total quadratic variation is exactly T. 🫡 That’s the trade the universe makes here...you lose the classical derivative, but you gain a new calculus where the “dB times dB” term behaves like dt, and suddenly integrals against Brownian motion make sense and you can do stochastic calculus. 📝 Brownian motion refuses to be smooth, but its roughness is so structured that when you look at it through the lens of quadratic variation, the randomness averages out and you’re left with a clean clock ticking underneath the noise. #BrownianMotion #ProbabilityTheory #StochasticCalculus #RandomWalks #Ito #QuadraticVariation

Once you swallow the fact that Brownian motion is continuous everywhere and differentiable nowhere, Itô’s quadratic variation is the next quiet shock waiting for you: Ordinary smooth curves have zero quadratic variation...if you chop time into tiny pieces and add up (increment)² over the interval, that sum goes to zero as your partition gets finer. But for Brownian motion that same sum doesn’t vanish, it locks onto the length of the time interval.😲 So, you have this path with no velocity anywhere, but its squared wiggles accumulate in a completely rigid, deterministic way. Over time T, the total quadratic variation is exactly T. 🫡 That’s the trade the universe makes here...you lose the classical derivative, but you gain a new calculus where the “dB times dB” term behaves like dt, and suddenly integrals against Brownian motion make sense and you can do stochastic calculus. 📝 Brownian motion refuses to be smooth, but its roughness is so structured that when you look at it through the lens of quadratic variation, the randomness averages out and you’re left with a clean clock ticking underneath the noise. #BrownianMotion #ProbabilityTheory #StochasticCalculus #RandomWalks #Ito #QuadraticVariation

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There’s a random curve that is perfectly continuous in time, never jumps, models smooth noise in physics and finance… and yet with probability 1 it has no derivative at any point. If you zoom in anywhere, it never straightens out. Brownian motion started as a physics headache long before it became a clean mathematical object. In 1827, Robert Brown watched pollen grains jitter under a microscope and had no microscopic theory to blame; almost a century later, Einstein and Smoluchowski explained that jitter as the visible effect of countless molecular collisions, and then Wiener turned that physical picture into a precise random function of time that now underpins much of modern probability, physics, and quantitative finance. #BrownianMotion #ProbabilityTheory #StochasticCalculus #RandomWalks #MathematicalPhysics #QuantFinance

There’s a random curve that is perfectly continuous in time, never jumps, models smooth noise in physics and finance… and yet with probability 1 it has no derivative at any point. If you zoom in anywhere, it never straightens out. Brownian motion started as a physics headache long before it became a clean mathematical object. In 1827, Robert Brown watched pollen grains jitter under a microscope and had no microscopic theory to blame; almost a century later, Einstein and Smoluchowski explained that jitter as the visible effect of countless molecular collisions, and then Wiener turned that physical picture into a precise random function of time that now underpins much of modern probability, physics, and quantitative finance. #BrownianMotion #ProbabilityTheory #StochasticCalculus #RandomWalks #MathematicalPhysics #QuantFinance

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$Today we introduce Stochastic Differential Equations (SDEs). I find that the best way to introduce these complex concepts is to look at an application. This is part I of the lecture🙂 We look at the theory behind electromagnetic scattering/radar clutter which leads to anomaly detection on scattering statistics. When a narrowband wave scatters off a messy cloud of particles, the complex field at your receiver is a random phasor sum...at time t you can write the electric field as E_N(t) = Σⱼ₌₁ᴺ e^{iθⱼ(t)}, each term a unit arrow in the complex plane from scatterer j. This is exactly where the magic of Brownian motion appears naturally and in the most reasonable way. Think of all the microscopic chaos...tiny motions, index fluctuations, path jitters, Doppler shifts that shows up as small random kicks to the phases θⱼ(t) over very short times. If you just made θⱼ(t) random in an ad-hoc way (say, resampling independent angles at each time), the field would jump around unrealistically with no temporal structure. Brownian motion is what you get when you let each phase take the continuous-time limit of many tiny, independent kicks...it’s continuous in t, it has the right cumulative variance growth, and it remembers just enough of its past to look physical. So we model each phase as a Brownian walk, θⱼ(t) = θⱼ⁰ + σ_θ Bⱼ(t), with independent Brownian motions Bⱼ(t) and a phase-diffusion rate σ_θ. Brownian motion here isn’t window dressing...it’s the clean way to compress all the small random stuff into a single process that actually matches how the phases wander in time. #StochasticProcesses #BrownianMotion #ItoCalculus #RadarClutter #RayleighScattering #SignalProcessing$

Today we introduce Stochastic Differential Equations (SDEs). I find that the best way to introduce these complex concepts is to look at an application. This is part I of the lecture🙂 We look at the theory behind electromagnetic scattering/radar clutter which leads to anomaly detection on scattering statistics. When a narrowband wave scatters off a messy cloud of particles, the complex field at your receiver is a random phasor sum...at time t you can write the electric field as E_N(t) = Σⱼ₌₁ᴺ e^{iθⱼ(t)}, each term a unit arrow in the complex plane from scatterer j. This is exactly where the magic of Brownian motion appears naturally and in the most reasonable way. Think of all the microscopic chaos...tiny motions, index fluctuations, path jitters, Doppler shifts that shows up as small random kicks to the phases θⱼ(t) over very short times. If you just made θⱼ(t) random in an ad-hoc way (say, resampling independent angles at each time), the field would jump around unrealistically with no temporal structure. Brownian motion is what you get when you let each phase take the continuous-time limit of many tiny, independent kicks...it’s continuous in t, it has the right cumulative variance growth, and it remembers just enough of its past to look physical. So we model each phase as a Brownian walk, θⱼ(t) = θⱼ⁰ + σ_θ Bⱼ(t), with independent Brownian motions Bⱼ(t) and a phase-diffusion rate σ_θ. Brownian motion here isn’t window dressing...it’s the clean way to compress all the small random stuff into a single process that actually matches how the phases wander in time. #StochasticProcesses #BrownianMotion #ItoCalculus #RadarClutter #RayleighScattering #SignalProcessing

Mathelirium

55,319 Aufrufe • vor 7 Monaten

Once you’ve accepted that Brownian motion doesn’t have a classical dX/dt but does have this rigid quadratic variation, you’re ready for the first real Itô vs chain rule punch: take X_t = B_t and look at f(x) = x². In ordinary calculus you’d write d(B_t²) = 2 B_t dB_t and move on, because the only thing that survives is f′(x)·dx. Itô’s formula says that’s not enough for Brownian motion: the infinitely many tiny (dB_t)² terms don’t wash out, they add up to dt, so the correct identity is d(B_t²) = 2 B_t dB_t + dt (see insert formula). In the animation we fix one Brownian path, draw B_t² as the pale truth, then build the naive path that accumulates only the 2 B_t dB_t term and watch it drift away from B_t², while the corrected path that accumulates 2 B_t dB_t plus an extra linear drift t hugs B_t² almost perfectly. The whole point is visible on screen: the missing +t isn’t a technicality, it’s the deterministic shadow of quadratic variation correcting the chain rule so calculus survives contact with noise. #ItosFormula #BrownianMotion #StochasticCalculus #QuadraticVariation #RandomPaths #ProbabilityTheory

Once you’ve accepted that Brownian motion doesn’t have a classical dX/dt but does have this rigid quadratic variation, you’re ready for the first real Itô vs chain rule punch: take X_t = B_t and look at f(x) = x². In ordinary calculus you’d write d(B_t²) = 2 B_t dB_t and move on, because the only thing that survives is f′(x)·dx. Itô’s formula says that’s not enough for Brownian motion: the infinitely many tiny (dB_t)² terms don’t wash out, they add up to dt, so the correct identity is d(B_t²) = 2 B_t dB_t + dt (see insert formula). In the animation we fix one Brownian path, draw B_t² as the pale truth, then build the naive path that accumulates only the 2 B_t dB_t term and watch it drift away from B_t², while the corrected path that accumulates 2 B_t dB_t plus an extra linear drift t hugs B_t² almost perfectly. The whole point is visible on screen: the missing +t isn’t a technicality, it’s the deterministic shadow of quadratic variation correcting the chain rule so calculus survives contact with noise. #ItosFormula #BrownianMotion #StochasticCalculus #QuadraticVariation #RandomPaths #ProbabilityTheory

Mathelirium

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$Today we introduce Stochastic Differential Equations (SDEs), and the main thing to watch for is this: We’ll use Brownian motion as the basic noise source, then see how well-known SDEs drop out of it naturally, without guessing. I still think the best way into these concepts is through an application. We look at the theory behind electromagnetic scattering and radar clutter, which leads straight into anomaly detection on scattering statistics. When a narrowband wave scatters off a messy cloud of particles, the complex field at your receiver is a random phasor sum. At time t you can write the electric field as E_N(t) = Σⱼ₌₁ᴺ e^{iθⱼ(t)}, each term a unit arrow in the complex plane from scatterer j. This is exactly where Brownian motion shows up in the most reasonable way. Think of all the microscopic chaos: tiny motions, index fluctuations, path jitters, Doppler shifts. Over short times, all of that shows up as small random kicks to the phases θⱼ(t). If you made θⱼ(t) random in an ad-hoc way, like resampling a fresh independent angle at every instant, the field would jump around unrealistically with no physical time structure. Brownian motion is what you get when each phase takes the continuous-time limit of many tiny, independent kicks. It’s continuous in t, its variance grows the right way, and it carries just enough temporal structure to look physical. So we model each phase as a Brownian walk, θⱼ(t) = θⱼ⁰ + σ_θ Bⱼ(t), with independent Brownian motions Bⱼ(t) and a phase-diffusion rate σ_θ. Brownian motion here isn’t window dressing. It’s the clean way to compress all the small random stuff into a single process that actually matches how phases wander in time. This is called Rayleigh Scattering, but the same sum of many tiny coherent echoes shows up in lots of places...e.g. wireless multipath fading (phones/Wi-Fi), laser/optical links through atmospheric turbulence, ultrasound speckle in tissue, and sonar/underwater acoustics in rough or bubbly water. #StochasticProcesses #BrownianMotion #ItoCalculus #RadarClutter #RayleighScattering #SignalProcessing$

Today we introduce Stochastic Differential Equations (SDEs), and the main thing to watch for is this: We’ll use Brownian motion as the basic noise source, then see how well-known SDEs drop out of it naturally, without guessing. I still think the best way into these concepts is through an application. We look at the theory behind electromagnetic scattering and radar clutter, which leads straight into anomaly detection on scattering statistics. When a narrowband wave scatters off a messy cloud of particles, the complex field at your receiver is a random phasor sum. At time t you can write the electric field as E_N(t) = Σⱼ₌₁ᴺ e^{iθⱼ(t)}, each term a unit arrow in the complex plane from scatterer j. This is exactly where Brownian motion shows up in the most reasonable way. Think of all the microscopic chaos: tiny motions, index fluctuations, path jitters, Doppler shifts. Over short times, all of that shows up as small random kicks to the phases θⱼ(t). If you made θⱼ(t) random in an ad-hoc way, like resampling a fresh independent angle at every instant, the field would jump around unrealistically with no physical time structure. Brownian motion is what you get when each phase takes the continuous-time limit of many tiny, independent kicks. It’s continuous in t, its variance grows the right way, and it carries just enough temporal structure to look physical. So we model each phase as a Brownian walk, θⱼ(t) = θⱼ⁰ + σ_θ Bⱼ(t), with independent Brownian motions Bⱼ(t) and a phase-diffusion rate σ_θ. Brownian motion here isn’t window dressing. It’s the clean way to compress all the small random stuff into a single process that actually matches how phases wander in time. This is called Rayleigh Scattering, but the same sum of many tiny coherent echoes shows up in lots of places...e.g. wireless multipath fading (phones/Wi-Fi), laser/optical links through atmospheric turbulence, ultrasound speckle in tissue, and sonar/underwater acoustics in rough or bubbly water. #StochasticProcesses #BrownianMotion #ItoCalculus #RadarClutter #RayleighScattering #SignalProcessing

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