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David Reich doesn't think population size has been a big constraint on human evolution. Why? (1) The human genome already contains more than enough diversity for natural selection - we generally don't need to worry about having a large enough population for new mutations. (2) Sometimes if selection is...

26,455 次观看 • 2 个月前 •via X (Twitter)

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David Reich is back. He and collaborator Ali Akbari just published a paper that overturns a long-standing consensus about human evolution — that natural selection has been dormant in our species since the agricultural revolution. By scaling ancient DNA sequencing and developing a new statistical method, they found that selection has actually sped up. Selection went especially bonkers during the Bronze Age (around 3,000 years ago). That's when gene frequencies for everything from immune function to body fat to intelligence were most in flux. Over the last 10,000 years, selection pushed the genetic predictor of cognitive performance up by roughly a full standard deviation — most of it between 4,000 and 2,000 years ago. After we finished recording, David sketched out on a whiteboard his new heretical model about who the Neanderthals really were. Luckily, I took out my iPhone and managed to record it. He thinks the standard story (that Neanderthals are some separate archaic lineage we interbred with a little) just doesn't fit the evidence. Instead, he proposes that Neanderthals are essentially genetically-swamped modern humans. A small population somewhere around the Caucasus invented Middle Stone Age technology roughly 300,000 years ago and expanded outward. The ones that moved into Europe interbred with local archaic humans, got genetically swamped, and became Neanderthals. The same expansion went into Africa, met much more diverged archaic Africans, and that mixture became us. This means Neanderthals and modern humans share the same cultural ancestry — the only difference is which archaic humans they mixed with afterward. David is a brilliant and rigorous scholar. It was a real delight to learn from him again. 0:00:00 – Ancient DNA suggests strong selection over last 10,000 years 0:16:24 – Natural selection intensified during the Bronze Age 0:35:40 – Why didn't evolution max out intelligence? 0:58:00 – Evolution is limited by time, not population size 1:09:40 – Why no farming before the Ice Age? 1:17:52 – The Neanderthal puzzle David can’t stop thinking about 1:54:40 – The methodology behind this breakthrough

Dwarkesh Patel

272,073 次观看 • 2 个月前

ELON: EARTH IS NOT OVERPOPULATED—IT’S UNDERPOPULATED “A lot of people believe that the Earth can't sustain this level of human population, which is utterly untrue. It may seem in a crowded city that there are a lot of people, but actually, if you look down on an airplane and you say, look down, am I over a person? When you're on an airplane, the answer is no 99.9% of the time. All of the humans on Earth can fit on one floor in the city of New York. The cross sectional area of all humans, 8 billion humans, is small. So, we have this totally wrong idea that the Earth is overpopulated, when in fact it is underpopulated. We're starting to see pro-natalist politicians like Viktor Orbán, Giorgia Meloni, and hopefully more as time goes by. These have to translate into actual actions that change the birth rate or it doesn't matter. And so far, I've not seen any country making a meaningful dent in the birth rate. I would change the education system so that people are stopped being taught that we're overpopulated. A lot of it comes from this insane misanthropic book that Paul Ehrlich wrote, The Population Bomb. I hope he burns in hell that guy, seriously. The Earth can absolutely sustain its population. We could double or triple the population. There's a professor I was talking to at Oxford, his math says we could 10x the population without destroying the Amazon rainforest or anything terrible. I think we should expand the human population and increase the scope and scale of consciousness so we can better understand the nature of this universe, this wonderful universe and all the amazing things that exist. We need to stop teaching people false propaganda that the Earth is overpopulated.” Source: Elon Musk, Interview with Tucker Carlson, October 2024

Mario Nawfal

146,487 次观看 • 8 个月前

ELON: EARTH IS NOT OVERPOPULATED - IT’S UNDERPOPULATED “A lot of people believe that the Earth can't sustain this level of human population, which is utterly untrue. It may seem in a crowded city that there are a lot of people, but actually, if you look down on an airplane and you say, look down, am I over a person? When you're on an airplane, the answer is no 99.9% of the time. All of the humans on Earth can fit on one floor in the city of New York. The cross-sectional area of all humans, 8 billion humans, is small. So, we have this totally wrong idea that the Earth is overpopulated, when in fact it is underpopulated. We're starting to see pro-natalist politicians like Viktor Orbán, Giorgia Meloni, and hopefully more as time goes by. These have to translate into actual actions that change the birth rate or it doesn't matter. And so far, I've not seen any country making a meaningful dent in the birth rate. I would change the education system so that people are stopped being taught that we're overpopulated. A lot of it comes from this insane misanthropic book that Paul Ehrlich wrote, The Population Bomb. I hope he burns in hell that guy, seriously. The Earth can absolutely sustain its population. We could double or triple the population. There's a professor I was talking to at Oxford, his math says we could 10x the population without destroying the Amazon rainforest or anything terrible. I think we should expand the human population and increase the scope and scale of consciousness so we can better understand the nature of this universe, this wonderful universe and all the amazing things that exist. We need to stop teaching people false propaganda that the Earth is overpopulated.” Source: Elon Musk, Interview with Tucker Carlson, October 2024

Mario Nawfal

159,416 次观看 • 7 个月前

Tucker Carlson: "The whole point is to humiliate and degrade the indigenous population of the British Isles, the white population. I mean, that's the whole point. And are they really going to do something about it? What would that be exactly? You'd really have to force a lot of people to go back to their countries of origin, millions of people, and you need to do it really soon." "And are they actually willing to do that? I don't know. But these are existential questions that we have been browbeat into ignoring for decades." "But the question is like, is Ireland Ireland? If it's majority non-Irish, oh, shut up. They're Irish. No, they're actually not Irish. Same with the UK, same with England, Scotland, Wales." "Like, it's all changing so fast. Nothing like this has ever happened in all of history, except when, say, the Mongols swept across the steppe and raped everybody. Like, that was true demographic change on this scale." "But even that wasn't as profound as what we're seeing in every white country around the world. I would say the West, but Australia and New Zealand also. So like, what is that? Now, my brain is not big enough to understand what that is. I think, I mean, I have a lot of theories about it, but I don't know if they're true. All I know is what the numbers are. And that's real." "And no one feels that he can say it. Everyone's like, oh, well, if that were happening in China or India or Malaysia or Senegal, it doesn't matter. You'd be like, what the hell is that? Like, the population is totally different." "Look at graduation. Pick, I don't know, King's College Law School and look at the graduation picture for the last 30 years. Who's in it? Just like, let your eyes tell you the truth for once." "Like, this is a total change in population. Is it better? Is it worse? Can't have that conversation. Who's pushing this? Does the population want it? The population clearly doesn't want it." "There's no polling that's meaningful on the subject. I mean, there's no referendum on it. You don't get to decide. You've got no voice in it other than you get to go to jail if you complain loudly enough about it. What is this? I think it's the biggest and darkest thing that has happened in the last thousand years, for sure. And I think it's leading somewhere really, really bad." "It's not happening by accident. That's obvious because it's only happening in white countries. I mean, I think. Oh, shut up, white supremacist. In fact, I'm not a white supremacist. I'm just noticing what the hell's going on."

Camus

875,757 次观看 • 10 个月前