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Elon Musk: For Starship to work, we still need to solve a problem that has never been solved by anyone. “What's the single biggest remaining problem for Starship? It's having the heat shield be reusable. No one has ever made a reusable orbital heat shield. The heat shield's got... to make it through the ascent phase without shocking a bunch of tiles. And then it's going to come back in and also not lose a bunch of tiles or overheat the main airframe. Isn't that hard because it's kind of fundamentally a consumable. It just needs to last a very long time. We have brought the ship back and had it do a soft landing in the ocean. I've done that a few times. But it lost a lot of tiles. It was not reusable without a lot of work. So even though it did come to a soft landing, it would not have been reusable without a lot of work. So it's not really reusable in that sense. That's the biggest problem that remains. So if you want to be able to land it, refill propellant, and fly again, you can't do this laborious inspection of 40,000 tiles type of thing.” Interview with John Collison and Dwarkesh Patel, February 5, 2026show more

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Elon Musk says one heat shield problem could kill Starship's reusability for years. Starship is the most complicated machine humans have ever built. The hardest part isn't the engines. It isn't the steel. It isn't even the explosion margin on liftoff. Musk named the one remaining bottleneck. "It's having the heat shield be reusable. No one's ever made a reusable orbital heat shield." The shield does two impossible jobs. "It's gotta make it through the ascent phase without shucking a bunch of tiles, and then it's gotta come back in and also not lose a bunch of tiles or overheat the main airframe." 40,000 tiles per ship. Musk reframed the consumable problem through brake pads: "Your brake pads in your car are also consumable, but they last a very long time." The shield must consume slowly. It must not require inspection between launches. Musk on the current state: "We have brought the ship back and had it do a soft landing in the ocean. But it lost a lot of tiles." A soft landing is not reusability. The bar is daily launches. One ship. Many flights. Musk, on the gap that's left: "You can't do this laborious inspection of 40,000 tiles type of thing." The first reusable heat shield in history is the last gate to Mars. If you're new here, GeniusThinking is a gallery for the greatest minds in economics, psychology, and history. Follow along for more similar content. — Elon Musk ( Elon Musk ), CEO of Tesla and SpaceX, on Dwarkesh Patel's ( Dwarkesh Patel ) podcast

Elon Musk says one heat shield problem could kill Starship's reusability for years. Starship is the most complicated machine humans have ever built. The hardest part isn't the engines. It isn't the steel. It isn't even the explosion margin on liftoff. Musk named the one remaining bottleneck. "It's having the heat shield be reusable. No one's ever made a reusable orbital heat shield." The shield does two impossible jobs. "It's gotta make it through the ascent phase without shucking a bunch of tiles, and then it's gotta come back in and also not lose a bunch of tiles or overheat the main airframe." 40,000 tiles per ship. Musk reframed the consumable problem through brake pads: "Your brake pads in your car are also consumable, but they last a very long time." The shield must consume slowly. It must not require inspection between launches. Musk on the current state: "We have brought the ship back and had it do a soft landing in the ocean. But it lost a lot of tiles." A soft landing is not reusability. The bar is daily launches. One ship. Many flights. Musk, on the gap that's left: "You can't do this laborious inspection of 40,000 tiles type of thing." The first reusable heat shield in history is the last gate to Mars. If you're new here, GeniusThinking is a gallery for the greatest minds in economics, psychology, and history. Follow along for more similar content. — Elon Musk ( Elon Musk ), CEO of Tesla and SpaceX, on Dwarkesh Patel's ( Dwarkesh Patel ) podcast

GeniusThinking

636,150 views • 3 months ago

Elon Musk: It's got to be like Starship lands, you refill propellant and you just take off again. “You know, it's a terrible metaphor, but the important thing is that the cat gets skinned at the end of the day and then you arrive at some solution that enables full reusability. That's the key. Can you land the rocket and without any kind of laborious inspection, maybe you spend half an hour just visually scanning the tiles, but you can't go and test every tile and make sure the gaps are perfect and do 40,000 tile tests. It's got to be like it lands, you refill propellant, unless a whole bunch of tiles fell off, you just take off again. Rapid reusability is the key. We need to make the tiles not fall off because if a bunch of tiles are falling off, then we're just not gonna have a rapid reusability situation, [a refly] within an hour of landing type of thing.” From: Interview with Everyday Astronaut, May 27, 2025

Elon Musk: It's got to be like Starship lands, you refill propellant and you just take off again. “You know, it's a terrible metaphor, but the important thing is that the cat gets skinned at the end of the day and then you arrive at some solution that enables full reusability. That's the key. Can you land the rocket and without any kind of laborious inspection, maybe you spend half an hour just visually scanning the tiles, but you can't go and test every tile and make sure the gaps are perfect and do 40,000 tile tests. It's got to be like it lands, you refill propellant, unless a whole bunch of tiles fell off, you just take off again. Rapid reusability is the key. We need to make the tiles not fall off because if a bunch of tiles are falling off, then we're just not gonna have a rapid reusability situation, [a refly] within an hour of landing type of thing.” From: Interview with Everyday Astronaut, May 27, 2025

ELON CLIPS

1,709,627 views • 1 year ago

Here's Elon Musk back in 2010 announcing that SpaceX is going to try to build a fully and rapidly reusable orbit-class rocket. “The pivotal breakthrough that's necessary, that some company has to come up with to make life multiplanetary is a fully and rapidly reusable orbit-class rocket. This is a very difficult thing to do because we live on a planet where that is just barely possible. If gravity were a little lower, it would be easy. If it was a little higher, it would be impossible. Even for an expendable launch vehicle where you don't attempt any recovery, you get maybe 2% to 3% of your liftoff weight to orbit. Now you say, okay, let's make it reusable. Which means you've got to strengthen the stages, you've got to add a lot of weight, a lot of thermal protection, you've got to do a lot of things that add weight to that vehicle and still have a useful payload to orbit. Now, you're saying, of that meager 2% to 3% and maybe if you're really good, get it to 4%, you've got to add all that's necessary to bring the rocket stages back to the launchpad and be able to refly them and still have useful payloads to orbit. So, a very difficult thing. This has been attempted many times in the past and generally what's happened is when people have concluded that success was not one of the possible outcomes then the project's been abandoned. It's just a very tough engineering problem. It wasn't something that I thought I wasn't sure it could be solved, for a while, but then relatively recently, probably in the last 12 months or so, I've come to the conclusion that it can be solved. And I think SpaceX is going to try to do it. We could fail. I'm not saying we're certain of success here, but we're going to try to do it. We have a design that on paper, doing the calculations, doing the simulations, it does work. And now we need to make sure that those simulations and reality agree because generally when they don't, reality wins.” National Press Club, September 29, 2010

Here's Elon Musk back in 2010 announcing that SpaceX is going to try to build a fully and rapidly reusable orbit-class rocket. “The pivotal breakthrough that's necessary, that some company has to come up with to make life multiplanetary is a fully and rapidly reusable orbit-class rocket. This is a very difficult thing to do because we live on a planet where that is just barely possible. If gravity were a little lower, it would be easy. If it was a little higher, it would be impossible. Even for an expendable launch vehicle where you don't attempt any recovery, you get maybe 2% to 3% of your liftoff weight to orbit. Now you say, okay, let's make it reusable. Which means you've got to strengthen the stages, you've got to add a lot of weight, a lot of thermal protection, you've got to do a lot of things that add weight to that vehicle and still have a useful payload to orbit. Now, you're saying, of that meager 2% to 3% and maybe if you're really good, get it to 4%, you've got to add all that's necessary to bring the rocket stages back to the launchpad and be able to refly them and still have useful payloads to orbit. So, a very difficult thing. This has been attempted many times in the past and generally what's happened is when people have concluded that success was not one of the possible outcomes then the project's been abandoned. It's just a very tough engineering problem. It wasn't something that I thought I wasn't sure it could be solved, for a while, but then relatively recently, probably in the last 12 months or so, I've come to the conclusion that it can be solved. And I think SpaceX is going to try to do it. We could fail. I'm not saying we're certain of success here, but we're going to try to do it. We have a design that on paper, doing the calculations, doing the simulations, it does work. And now we need to make sure that those simulations and reality agree because generally when they don't, reality wins.” National Press Club, September 29, 2010

ELON CLIPS

14,920 views • 1 year ago

Here's Elon Musk in 2011 announcing he believes full and rapidly reusable rockets are achievable. “The pivotal breakthrough that some company has to come up with to make life multiplanetary is a fully and rapidly reusable orbit-class rocket. This is a very difficult thing to do because we live on a planet where that is just barely possible. If gravity were a little lower, it would be easy. If it was a little higher, it would be impossible. It's just a very tough engineering problem. I wasn't sure it could be solved for a while. But then, relatively recently, in the last twelve months or so, I've come to the conclusion that it can be solved. SpaceX is going to try to do it. We could fail. I'm not saying we're certain of success, but we're going to try to do it. We have a design that, on paper, doing the calculations, doing the simulations, does work. We need to make sure that those simulations and reality agree, because generally when they don't, reality wins.” National Press Club, 2011

Here's Elon Musk in 2011 announcing he believes full and rapidly reusable rockets are achievable. “The pivotal breakthrough that some company has to come up with to make life multiplanetary is a fully and rapidly reusable orbit-class rocket. This is a very difficult thing to do because we live on a planet where that is just barely possible. If gravity were a little lower, it would be easy. If it was a little higher, it would be impossible. It's just a very tough engineering problem. I wasn't sure it could be solved for a while. But then, relatively recently, in the last twelve months or so, I've come to the conclusion that it can be solved. SpaceX is going to try to do it. We could fail. I'm not saying we're certain of success, but we're going to try to do it. We have a design that, on paper, doing the calculations, doing the simulations, does work. We need to make sure that those simulations and reality agree, because generally when they don't, reality wins.” National Press Club, 2011

ELON CLIPS

19,955,019 views • 1 year ago

Elon Musk, 13 years ago: A fully and rapidly reusable rocket is barely possible. SpaceX is going to try to do it. We could fail, but we're going to try to do it. “The pivotal breakthrough that's necessary, that some company has to come up with to make life multiplanetary, is a fully and rapidly reusable orbit-class rocket. This is a very difficult thing to do because we live on a planet where that is just barely possible. If gravity were a little lower, it would be easy. If it was a little higher, it would be impossible. It's just a very tough engineering problem. I wasn't sure it could be solved for a while. But then, relatively recently, probably in the last twelve months or so, I've come to the conclusion that it can be solved. And I think, SpaceX is going to try to do it. Now, we could fail. I'm not saying we're certain of success here, but we're going to try to do it. And we have a design that, on paper, doing the calculations, doing the simulations, it does work. And now, we need to make sure that those simulations and reality agree, because generally when they don't, reality wins.” National Press Club, 2011

Elon Musk, 13 years ago: A fully and rapidly reusable rocket is barely possible. SpaceX is going to try to do it. We could fail, but we're going to try to do it. “The pivotal breakthrough that's necessary, that some company has to come up with to make life multiplanetary, is a fully and rapidly reusable orbit-class rocket. This is a very difficult thing to do because we live on a planet where that is just barely possible. If gravity were a little lower, it would be easy. If it was a little higher, it would be impossible. It's just a very tough engineering problem. I wasn't sure it could be solved for a while. But then, relatively recently, probably in the last twelve months or so, I've come to the conclusion that it can be solved. And I think, SpaceX is going to try to do it. Now, we could fail. I'm not saying we're certain of success here, but we're going to try to do it. And we have a design that, on paper, doing the calculations, doing the simulations, it does work. And now, we need to make sure that those simulations and reality agree, because generally when they don't, reality wins.” National Press Club, 2011

ELON CLIPS

43,664,594 views • 1 year ago

Elon Musk on why a fully reusable orbital heat shield is one of the hardest problems in rocketry: “No one has ever developed a fully reusable orbital heat shield. When you come in from orbital velocity, you come in like a flaming meteor - a raging ball of fire. It’s hard to have a heat shield that doesn’t partially melt or get destroyed in that process” This is exactly the brutal challenge SpaceX is solving right now SpaceX now has the most advanced heat tiles in history. These continuous V3 upgrades ensure the thermal protection system survives extreme reentry without needing complete refurbishment between flights

Elon Musk on why a fully reusable orbital heat shield is one of the hardest problems in rocketry: “No one has ever developed a fully reusable orbital heat shield. When you come in from orbital velocity, you come in like a flaming meteor - a raging ball of fire. It’s hard to have a heat shield that doesn’t partially melt or get destroyed in that process” This is exactly the brutal challenge SpaceX is solving right now SpaceX now has the most advanced heat tiles in history. These continuous V3 upgrades ensure the thermal protection system survives extreme reentry without needing complete refurbishment between flights

X Freeze

95,042 views • 4 months ago

Elon Musk: Sometimes things blow up — not always by accident. We intentionally push Starship beyond what it would ever face in a normal flight. We even removed heat shield tiles from the worst possible spots just to see if it could survive. It did — traveling from Texas to the Indian Ocean in about 40 minutes and still managing a soft landing.

Elon Musk: Sometimes things blow up — not always by accident. We intentionally push Starship beyond what it would ever face in a normal flight. We even removed heat shield tiles from the worst possible spots just to see if it could survive. It did — traveling from Texas to the Indian Ocean in about 40 minutes and still managing a soft landing.

Ian Miles Cheong

260,202 views • 9 months ago

Starship is the most complicated machine ever made by humans, by a long shot. Any project I can think of would be easier than this, and that's why no one has made a fully reusable orbital rocket It's a very hard problem that many smart people with immense resources have tried before and failed. Falcon is partially reusable, but the upper stage is not Starship Version 3 I think this design can be fully reusable, and that full reusability is what will enable us to become a multi-planet civilization Any technical problem even like a hydraulic or something like that, it's easier problem than us

Starship is the most complicated machine ever made by humans, by a long shot. Any project I can think of would be easier than this, and that's why no one has made a fully reusable orbital rocket It's a very hard problem that many smart people with immense resources have tried before and failed. Falcon is partially reusable, but the upper stage is not Starship Version 3 I think this design can be fully reusable, and that full reusability is what will enable us to become a multi-planet civilization Any technical problem even like a hydraulic or something like that, it's easier problem than us

X Freeze

16,672 views • 6 months ago

ELON: SOMEONE HAS TO SOLVE ROCKET REUSABILITY — WHETHER IT’S SPACEX OR SOMEONE ELSE “The cost of the fuel and oxygen on a Falcon 9 is 0.3% of the cost of the rocket. So, it's a very tiny number. It's very similar to an airplane. How much does it cost to fuel up an airplane, and how much does it cost to buy an airplane? They're very different things. If humanity is ever to expand beyond Earth and establish a self-sustaining base on another planet, it's critical that we solve this problem. Whether it's SpaceX or someone else, someone has to solve the problem, and we can have a hundred-fold reduction in the cost of spaceflight. That's what SpaceX has been trying to do, and really that's been the goal since the beginning of the company. So far, I've not been very successful in that regard, but I think we have a handle on it. We've got a design that closes in the simulations. If we can build that thing, it should work.” Source: SXSW, March 2013

ELON: SOMEONE HAS TO SOLVE ROCKET REUSABILITY — WHETHER IT’S SPACEX OR SOMEONE ELSE “The cost of the fuel and oxygen on a Falcon 9 is 0.3% of the cost of the rocket. So, it's a very tiny number. It's very similar to an airplane. How much does it cost to fuel up an airplane, and how much does it cost to buy an airplane? They're very different things. If humanity is ever to expand beyond Earth and establish a self-sustaining base on another planet, it's critical that we solve this problem. Whether it's SpaceX or someone else, someone has to solve the problem, and we can have a hundred-fold reduction in the cost of spaceflight. That's what SpaceX has been trying to do, and really that's been the goal since the beginning of the company. So far, I've not been very successful in that regard, but I think we have a handle on it. We've got a design that closes in the simulations. If we can build that thing, it should work.” Source: SXSW, March 2013

Mario Nawfal

2,652,416 views • 1 year ago

Here's Elon Musk explaining why Starships have often blown up so far. “When you do a new rocket development program, you have to explore the limits—the corners of the box, worst case this, worst case that—to figure out where the limits are. So you blow up, admittedly sometimes accidentally in the development process, but we intentionally subject it to a flight regime much worse than what we expect in normal flight. That way, when we put people on board or valuable cargo, it doesn't blow up. For example, for the flight you saw, we deliberately took heat shield tiles off Starship in some of the worst locations to test: if we lose a heat shield tile here, is it catastrophic or not? And nonetheless, Starship was able to do a soft landing in the Indian Ocean just west of Australia.” The Joe Rogan Experience, October 31, 2025

Here's Elon Musk explaining why Starships have often blown up so far. “When you do a new rocket development program, you have to explore the limits—the corners of the box, worst case this, worst case that—to figure out where the limits are. So you blow up, admittedly sometimes accidentally in the development process, but we intentionally subject it to a flight regime much worse than what we expect in normal flight. That way, when we put people on board or valuable cargo, it doesn't blow up. For example, for the flight you saw, we deliberately took heat shield tiles off Starship in some of the worst locations to test: if we lose a heat shield tile here, is it catastrophic or not? And nonetheless, Starship was able to do a soft landing in the Indian Ocean just west of Australia.” The Joe Rogan Experience, October 31, 2025

ELON CLIPS

51,883 views • 4 months ago

The reason why Elon Musk started working on reusable rockets "I started reading quite a bit about rockets to try and understand why they're so freaking expensive If one could make them reusable like airplanes, then the cost of rocketry would drop dramatically The cost of the fuel was maybe anywhere from 0.2% to 0.5% of the cost of the rocket I came to the conclusion that there wasn't really a good reason for rockets to be so expensive and that they could be a lot less even in an expendable format "Nobody had really been able to make a reusable rocket work... but if we can do that, then that would really be the key breakthrough" - Elon Musk

The reason why Elon Musk started working on reusable rockets "I started reading quite a bit about rockets to try and understand why they're so freaking expensive If one could make them reusable like airplanes, then the cost of rocketry would drop dramatically The cost of the fuel was maybe anywhere from 0.2% to 0.5% of the cost of the rocket I came to the conclusion that there wasn't really a good reason for rockets to be so expensive and that they could be a lot less even in an expendable format "Nobody had really been able to make a reusable rocket work... but if we can do that, then that would really be the key breakthrough" - Elon Musk

X Freeze

458,307 views • 5 months ago

Rick Rubin on being addicted to the miracle of creation: “I like the moment of revelation. So we're working on something and it's just okay. It's boring. I'd rather not be there. That's how it feels. But then something happens and it's like magic. Something appears. It's not like we made it. Something comes up in the process. It's conjured in the process. It’s like a miracle and that's the thing that's addictive. That feeling when it's like it's not good, it's not good, it's not good, it's not good. We try something and it doesn't work. Try something else and it doesn't work. But then all of the sudden what we're listening to is really cool. That's the [addictive] feeling, that moment of discovery where it goes from nothing to something really good. And then the whole rest of the process after that is protecting that because it's super delicate. When it happens it's like this miracle happened and this magic thing happened and now we have to protect it through the rest of the process to not ruin it. It's scary because you don't want it to end. You don't want it to stop because we know if it stops, we can't control it. We can't do it again. It's not like that. It's this moment in time where something magical happens. So we spend a lot of time waiting and I can't say that's fun. Waiting is not fun.”

Rick Rubin on being addicted to the miracle of creation: “I like the moment of revelation. So we're working on something and it's just okay. It's boring. I'd rather not be there. That's how it feels. But then something happens and it's like magic. Something appears. It's not like we made it. Something comes up in the process. It's conjured in the process. It’s like a miracle and that's the thing that's addictive. That feeling when it's like it's not good, it's not good, it's not good, it's not good. We try something and it doesn't work. Try something else and it doesn't work. But then all of the sudden what we're listening to is really cool. That's the [addictive] feeling, that moment of discovery where it goes from nothing to something really good. And then the whole rest of the process after that is protecting that because it's super delicate. When it happens it's like this miracle happened and this magic thing happened and now we have to protect it through the rest of the process to not ruin it. It's scary because you don't want it to end. You don't want it to stop because we know if it stops, we can't control it. We can't do it again. It's not like that. It's this moment in time where something magical happens. So we spend a lot of time waiting and I can't say that's fun. Waiting is not fun.”

David Senra

12,759 views • 2 months ago

.President Donald J. Trump: "In order to do it, they have to be a member of the Abraham Accords... it's time now that they do it. They, and others, didn't want to do it because of the problem that they had with Iran. You don't have that problem anymore... they were the bully of the Middle East. They're really not going to be that much of a bully anymore."

.President Donald J. Trump: "In order to do it, they have to be a member of the Abraham Accords... it's time now that they do it. They, and others, didn't want to do it because of the problem that they had with Iran. You don't have that problem anymore... they were the bully of the Middle East. They're really not going to be that much of a bully anymore."

Rapid Response 47

134,106 views • 26 days ago

“Man, Starship is a hard, hard, hard project. This is the biggest rocket ever made. It will have a thrust and mass double that of a Saturn V, which is the largest rocket to reach orbit. And it is intended to be fully and rapidly reusable.” Elon Musk

“Man, Starship is a hard, hard, hard project. This is the biggest rocket ever made. It will have a thrust and mass double that of a Saturn V, which is the largest rocket to reach orbit. And it is intended to be fully and rapidly reusable.” Elon Musk

Tesla Owners Silicon Valley

1,890,498 views • 1 year ago

Elon Musk on reusable heat shield and Mars reentry: — No one has created a truly reusable orbital heat shield before — Reentry involves extreme heat and pressure — very hard to withstand — Only advanced ceramics and carbon-based materials can survive it — SpaceX aims to make the first fully reusable, reliable orbital heat shield... difficult but physically achievable — CO₂ plasma releases free oxygen, which can burn the heat shield — Testing is done in CO₂ to ensure it works for both Earth and Mars

Elon Musk on reusable heat shield and Mars reentry: — No one has created a truly reusable orbital heat shield before — Reentry involves extreme heat and pressure — very hard to withstand — Only advanced ceramics and carbon-based materials can survive it — SpaceX aims to make the first fully reusable, reliable orbital heat shield... difficult but physically achievable — CO₂ plasma releases free oxygen, which can burn the heat shield — Testing is done in CO₂ to ensure it works for both Earth and Mars

Dima Zeniuk

349,319 views • 10 months ago

Elon Musk just described the most expensive mistake in engineering history. It lasted 70 years. Musk: “If we had to throw away airplanes every time we flew, flying would be far too expensive and basically no one would be flying airplanes.” That wasn’t a thought experiment. That was the actual business model of spaceflight since 1957. Build a rocket worth billions. Fly it once. Let the ocean swallow it. Then start over from nothing. Ships are reusable. Trains are reusable. Cars are reusable. Planes are reusable. If it can’t fly twice, it’s not transportation. It’s a stunt. For seven decades, spaceflight was a stunt. Musk: “Earth has a deep gravity well and a thick atmosphere, and these make it just barely possible to achieve reusability with a rocket.” Barely possible means it was always possible. The gravity was always light enough. The atmosphere was always thin enough. The margin was always there. “Barely possible” was rounded down to impossible. The entire industry believed the rounding, not the math. Musk: “It’s the first rocket design that is capable of full and rapid reusability. You simply cannot send this to the moon, to Mars, and to the rest of the solar system without a reusable rocket.” Every single-use rocket was a vote to stay grounded. For 70 years, the vote was unanimous. Starship didn’t break a law of physics. It proved “impossible” was a policy, not a constraint.

Elon Musk just described the most expensive mistake in engineering history. It lasted 70 years. Musk: “If we had to throw away airplanes every time we flew, flying would be far too expensive and basically no one would be flying airplanes.” That wasn’t a thought experiment. That was the actual business model of spaceflight since 1957. Build a rocket worth billions. Fly it once. Let the ocean swallow it. Then start over from nothing. Ships are reusable. Trains are reusable. Cars are reusable. Planes are reusable. If it can’t fly twice, it’s not transportation. It’s a stunt. For seven decades, spaceflight was a stunt. Musk: “Earth has a deep gravity well and a thick atmosphere, and these make it just barely possible to achieve reusability with a rocket.” Barely possible means it was always possible. The gravity was always light enough. The atmosphere was always thin enough. The margin was always there. “Barely possible” was rounded down to impossible. The entire industry believed the rounding, not the math. Musk: “It’s the first rocket design that is capable of full and rapid reusability. You simply cannot send this to the moon, to Mars, and to the rest of the solar system without a reusable rocket.” Every single-use rocket was a vote to stay grounded. For 70 years, the vote was unanimous. Starship didn’t break a law of physics. It proved “impossible” was a policy, not a constraint.

Dustin

46,044 views • 1 month ago