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Many protein complexes that drive key processes in cells are “molecular motors”—assemblies that consume (electro)chemical energy to produce mechanical work. A 2023 #SciencePerspective discusses how insights from biophysical, biochemical, and structural studies are starting to yield an understanding of the mechanism by which these motors extrude loops of DNA...

43,717 görüntüleme • 10 ay önce •via X (Twitter)

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This is how DNA turns coded information into functional proteins - the building blocks of the nanomachines that keep the cells in your body alive. This complex process highlights the sophisticated interconnected systems of Life which must all exist together from the beginning, or Life doesn't happen. First, an RNA molecule is copied from a short segment of DNA. Without the specifically ordered DNA information, RNA cannot form, proteins cannot be built, cells stop working, and life ceases to exist. Life is information first. Once the RNA Molecule is created, it gets ejected from the Polymerase where it was built, and it travels through a complex molecular machine called a Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC), which is an information recognition device that controls the flow of information in and out of a cell's nucleus. The NPC is highly complex - composed of about 500-1,000 protein subunits, derived from a set of about 35 distinct proteins. Without this molecular machine, there is no regulation for what goes in and out of the cell's nucleus, which would lead to catastrophic death for the cell. It must exist for cells to exist. Once the RNA Molecule passes through the NPC, it travels to the Ribosome, a 2-part chemical factory which reads the information on RNA and uses it to construct functional proteins using a specifically sequenced chain of amino acids. Once complete, this protein will then be sent to the section of the cell it belongs to integrate into another molecular machine and do its job. The Ribosome is another highly complex molecular machine - consisting of between 56-80 proteins. Without this molecular machines, proteins cannot be built. Proteins are the building blocks of every cell in every organism on Earth. Without Ribosomes, Life doesn't exist. If you're paying attention, you'll start to realize that Life relies on a highly sophisticated interdependent network of complex machines, which all rely on each other for the function of the system. DNA requires the cell for stability, but the cell requires the proteins for its structure and function, but those proteins require DNA and RNA to be built - it's a circle of necessary interdependence. Systems like this cannot be built by evolutionary processes, which requires that each piece of the process is built by gradual incremental means over lots of time. Without all the pieces there, from the beginning, none of it works. There is only one known source of complex & interdependent informational systems like those we find in life: and that is from Intelligence. Molecular Biology is the best and most obvious evidence of the Intelligent Design in Life.

Divinely Designed

62,517 görüntüleme • 6 ay önce

What seemed like an intractable problem is now possible: To design proteins with a specified nonlinear mechanical response, capturing complex folding and unfolding mechanisms in singe and few-shot computations. We present ForceGen, an end-to-end algorithm for de novo protein generation based on nonlinear mechanical unfolding responses. Rooted in the physics of protein mechanics, this generative strategy provides a powerful way to design new proteins rapidly, including exquisite and rapid predictions about their dynamical behavior. Proteins, like any other mechanical object, respond to forces in peculiar ways. Think of the different response you'd get from pulling on a steel cable versus pulling on a rubber band, or the difference between honey and glass. Now, we can design proteins with a set of desirable mechanical characteristics, with applications from health to sustainable plastics. The key to solving this problem was to integrate a protein language model with denoising diffusion methods, and using accurate atomistic-level physical simulation data to endow the model a first-principles understanding. ForceGen can solve both forward and inverse tasks: In the forward task, we can predict how stable a protein is, how it will unfold and what the forces involved are, all given just the sequence of amino acids. In the inverse task, we can design new proteins that meet complex nonlinear mechanical signature targets. Read the paper, led by LAMM@MIT postdoc Bo Ni, published in Science Advances: Why do we care about the mechanics of proteins? The mechanics of proteins are critical elements of many living systems - as evidenced in many studies of mechanobiology. Through evolution, nature has presented a set of remarkable protein materials with unique mechanical functions like elastins, silks, keratins or collagens that play crucial roles in biology. However, going beyond natural designs to discover proteins that meet specified mechanical properties remains challenging. So far, the only way to do this was to use existing evolutionary concepts or to manually alter proteins. With our new generative model we can directly design proteins to meet complex nonlinear mechanical property-design objectives. ForceGen leverages deep knowledge on protein sequences from a pretrained protein language model and maps mechanical unfolding responses to create proteins. Via full-atom molecular simulations for direct validation from physical and chemical principles, we demonstrate that the designed proteins are de novo, and fulfill the targeted mechanical properties, including unfolding energy and mechanical strength, and a detailed unfolding force-separation curves. ForceGen offers rapid pathways to explore the enormous mechanobiological protein sequence space unconstrained by biological synthesis, to enable the discovery of new protein materials with superior mechanical properties. B. Ni, D.L. Kaplan, M.J. Buehler, ForceGen: End-to-end de novo protein generation based on nonlinear mechanical unfolding responses using a language diffusion model. Sci. Adv. 10, eadl4000 (2024). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl4000 Codes and model weights available Hugging Face: David Kaplan

Markus J. Buehler

47,242 görüntüleme • 2 yıl önce

Professor Emeritus Yasufumi Murakami of Tokyo University of Science: "It is almost certain that vaccines are contaminated with DNA. mRNA vaccines containing the DNA causes turbo cancers." Professor Murakami explains the mechanism of turbo cancers: The covid vaccines are expected to contain only mRNA. However, it has been proven that the vaccines contain considerable amounts of DNA and other substances that should not be present. There is no doubt about it now. DNA can enter human cells very easily, regardless of length, and can get into cells everywhere. When DNA gets in the center of an important gene, the important gene will stop functioning. One problem is that the mRNA vaccine of Pfizer contains a promoter sequence of the cancer virus called SV40. This sequence could enter the human genome, and awakens and activates dormant carcinogenic genes. As a result, the risk of developing cancer increases. mRNA vaccines increase the risk of developing cancer while suppressing the immunity. Vaccination increases the risk of developing cancer dramatically compared to the unvaccinated state. The more people get vaccinated, the more people will probably get cancer. Vaccines appear to increase the risk of all types of cancers. There is credible information that the number of leukemia cases is on the rise. Vaccination causes the promoter sequence of the cancer virus to enter white blood cells and attach to red blood cells everywhere. As a result, more and more leukemia cases are reported. A lot of spikes of mRNA are produced. The spikes would be most protected from destruction. Possibly, long spike genes remain intact. So, if the long spike genes remain there, gene expression will continue to take place all the time. That is, spikes are generated forever. Once the DNA gets into the stem cells, the DNA will keep creating more and more spikes. As a result, IgG4 antibodies are induced. The number of spike-producing cells will not decrease, and it becomes impossible to get rid of spike-producing cells. As a results, It becomes normal for spikes to be present in cells. The produced spikes then flow into the bloodstream and cause a variety of health problems. So, any vaccine that induces IgG4 is deemed as a defective vaccine, and should no longer be produced. Normally, cancer cells are born and grow slowly. However, the vaccine suppresses the immunity, which makes it easier for cancer cells to grow. The vaccines cause turbo cancers. Suppression of the immunity is a major factor of turbo cancers. The increase in IgG4 antibodies results in suppression of cancer immunity. The more DNA the vaccine contains, the more intense the inflammation caused by the vaccine becomes. DNA is a foreign substance to the cells. So, DNA causes a severe reaction and kills the immune system of the cells. The more DNA the vaccine contains, the more severe the side effects caused by the vaccine become. Vaccines could contain many different impurities, but one possibility could be DNA. In the first place, DNA is something that should not be put into cells of your body.

You

574,563 görüntüleme • 2 yıl önce

A molecular biologist's devastating critique of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, outlining why they must be stopped. According to Dr. Janci Chunn Lindsey, a PhD molecular biologist and toxicologist, the public has been misled about the fundamental nature of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. She identifies them not as traditional vaccines, but as gene therapies—a claim she states was falsely denied from the outset. The core mechanism is this: your cells are instructed to produce a foreign viral protein (the spike protein), which your body is then triggered to attack. The critical issue? The genetic material doesn't stay in the arm as promised. It travels systemically, reaching the brain, bone marrow, ovaries, and testes. This widespread distribution means your own cells, in vital organs, become targets for your immune system. Dr. Lindsey links this to an explosion in autoimmunity and severe reproductive issues, citing a concerning similarity between the spike protein and syncytin proteins, which are essential for placental formation and fertility. Perhaps most alarmingly, she raises a specter from 30 years of gene therapy research: the risk of creating transgenic humans. With the genetic material confirmed in ovaries and testes, no studies have investigated if sperm or ova are transfected, potentially passing this genetic code to partners or children. She states plummeting birth rates and increased miscarriages are consistent with this risk. The initial assurances of mRNA's brief stability are also labeled a lie. Modifications make the RNA both highly stable and toxic to mitochondria. Studies have found mRNA in lymph nodes after 60 days and spike protein in the brain after 9 months. Furthermore, claims that the material would not interfere with DNA are challenged. Dr. Lindsey cites studies showing the genetic material does enter the nucleus, impairs DNA repair proteins, and can be reverse-transcribed into the human genome, posing a mutagenic risk that aligns with the observed increase in cancers. In conclusion, she states that past vaccines were pulled for far fewer casualties. Now, with children suffering heart attacks and strokes, regulatory bodies are absent. Her urgent call: to protect our children and our future, these shots must be stopped.

Camus

178,794 görüntüleme • 9 ay önce

Have you ever seen how DNA is organized? It's astounding. A single strand of your DNA, when stretched out, is ~2 meters, or ~6.5 feet long. If you stretched out all the DNA in your body end to end, it could cross the entire solar system, from the sun to Pluto, 17 times. You could wrap all your DNA around the Earth like a rubber band ball almost 2 million times. The storage capacity of DNA is so high that all the world’s digital data (estimated around 175 zettabytes by 2025) could theoretically be stored in just 178lbs of DNA. Imagine, one single server that could handle the entire world's annual data needs. And yet, all of this fits inside the nucleus of a cell, invisible to the naked eye. How is that even possible? To prevent DNA from becoming an tangled mess, unusable for anything, it is organized and packed very specifically. If not for this organization, DNA would be completely unusable for any of Life's processes. It would clump together, unable to be pulled apart to be read by the many interacting molecular systems. To start, smaller segments of DNA are coiled tightly around a special protein called a Histone, whose sole job is to keep DNA organized. This coiled product is called a Nucleosome, which are then further coiled and packed together into long fibers call Chromatin. Chromatin then is further coiled into larger structures called Chromosomes. This organization is not only incredibly efficient, but it also provides functionality to the DNA itself. Chromosome and Chromatin architecture actually effects how DNA functions and communicates with the different systems in the cell, and the number of chromosomes is important to overall function of the DNA in an organism. Without this specific organization, Life could not exist. What does this mean? This means DNA could not have evolved and functioned without simultaneous organization. And DNA can't be organized without the proteins and systems that hold it all together. On top of that, the fact that how DNA is organized affects its function is a clear sign of foresight and planning - all clear signs of intelligent design. The more we learn about molecular biology, the more obvious it is that this was all Created intelligently.

Divinely Designed

78,612 görüntüleme • 5 ay önce